Hydropower potential of municipal water supply dams in Turkey: A case study in Ulutan Dam

This paper aims to analyze the hydropower potential of municipal water supply dams in Turkey. The facility is in favor with the energy policy of Turkish Government and European Union. In the study, the design head of the power plant was selected as the average water level of the reservoir and the discharge was calculated from the annual water supply of the dam. It has been estimated that the existing 45 municipal water supply dams of Turkey have an electric energy potential of 173 GWh/year, corresponding to about 24,000,000 Euro/year economic benefit. The financing of these facilities can be provided from international funding institutions. For a case study, Zonguldak Ulutan Dam and its water treatment plant have been investigated in detail. The current electricity consumption of the water treatment plant is 4,500,000 kWh/year and the facility provides 35,000 m³/day water to 6 settlements. The installation of a hydropower plant on the mentioned water treatment plant will cut the electric consumption by 24%. The proposed project has a payback period of 1.4 years and it can produce clean and feasible energy.     

The greenland hydropower as a source of electrolytic hydrogen

A preliminary assessment of the Greenland hydropower potential is presented. Based on classical exploitation techniques the proven mean annual power capacity is estimated at 15–40 GW while the ultimate potential is between 100 GW and 1 TW.

This potential will not only satisfy the energy needs of Greenland itself but will also allow for large scale energy export. One of the best solutions for transporting this energy is the in situ synthesis of ammonia on the basis of liquefied air and electrolytic hydrogen, a suggestion already made in the project “Energy Depot” of the U.S. army. The ammonia would then be shipped overseas by LNG-tankers in liquid form. Expected costs are comparable to current prices on the world's market.     

Operation and simulation of city of Gaziantep water supply system in Turkey

Water supply systems are becoming more important, since there are increasing requirements to improve operation whilst improving the environment so that their behaviour can be fully understood and the total process is optimised. This paper presents simulation and control of water supply system of Gaziantep city in Turkey for management purposes. The main objectives are to ensure the behaviour of a water supply system and to regulate the water flow and heads by manipulating the water pumps. The system consists of a sequence of pumping stations that deliver water through pipelines to intermediate storage reservoirs. The model used is obtained using dominant system variables that represent active and passive dynamical elements. The hydraulic models also include the nonlinear coupling between flows and reservoir heads. The polynomial H_∞ optimisation method is used to design a level controller that regulates water flow and heads through the system. The whole system is simulated, and the results are presented and compared with the real-time measured data.     

As a renewable energy hydropower for sustainable development in Turkey

The most important renewable sources are hydropower, biomass, geothermal, solar and wind. Turkey's geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of these renewable energy sources. In recently, electricity has demand increased significantly; it is the fastest growing end-use of energy. Therefore, technical, economic and environmental benefits of hydroelectric power make it an important contributor to the future world energy mix. In the world, particularly in the developing countries renewable energy resources appear to be one of the most efficient and effective solutions for sustainable energy development in Turkey. Turkey's geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of the renewable energy sources. This paper deals with policies to meet increasing energy and electricity demand for sustainable energy development in Turkey. Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433 GWh/year, but only 125 GWh/year of the total hydroelectric potential of Turkey can be economically used.     

The role of hydroelectric power and contribution of small hydropower plants for sustainable development in Turkey

Turkey is a rapidly growing country regarding its economy and population and therefore has a large and continuously increasing energy demand. Turkey mostly meets its energy demand from imported fossil sources. However apart from petroleum and natural gas, Turkey has almost all kinds of energy resources and hence it would not need to meet its energy demand through import. In addition, Turkey has very large potential of hydraulic energy but to date only one-third of this significant economical potential could be used. This ratio seems insufficient when compared with that of European countries.In this paper the role of hydroelectric power, its potential and its present status are investigated in detail for Turkey. Especially the small scale hydropower plant is emphasized as Turkey's renewable energy source. Furthermore the water resources of Turkey are examined.     

A renewable perspective for sustainable energy development in Turkey: The case of small hydropower plants

Renewable energy resources provide a large share of the total energy consumption of many developing countries. Turkey's renewable sources are the second largest source for energy production after coal. About two-thirds of the renewable energy produced is obtained from biomass, while the rest is mainly from hydroelectric energy. Hydropower is today the most important kind of renewable and sustainable energy. In Turkey, most of the important water power plants have been developed; hence, only a modest increase in the hydroelectric generating capability can be anticipated in the next two decades. Turkey has a gross annual hydro potential of 433,000 GWh, which is almost 1% of world total potential. Its share is about 16% of the total hydropower capacity in Europe. The total gross electricity production of Turkey has reached about 140,283 GWh in 2003, 75% of this is produced from thermal sources and the reminder 25% from hydropower. The main objective in doing the present study is to investigate the sustainable development of Turkey's small hydropower (SHP) plants. Development of SHP began in 1902 in Turkey. Total installed projects capacity of SHP plant is 2.45% and the total energy potential is about 2.96%, which have installed capacity less than 10 MW.     

空调冷凝水作为水资源的回收利用

理论分析了在户式空调、中央空调末端装置的空调冷凝水的产生量，介绍了冷凝水作为冷却塔补充水、景观灌溉、水景等用途及注意事项。     

Collecting dew as a water source on small islands: the dew equipment for water project in Bis˘evo (Croatia)

In many regions and geographical settings, dew water collection can serve as a water source, supplementing rain and fog water collection. This is particularly useful when precipitation is low or lacking, especially in remote areas and islands in the dry season. A project called Dew Equipment for Water (DEW) was initiated for a 15.1 m² roof in the island of Biševo (Croatia), equipped with commercial plastic cover selected for its superior dew collection properties. Measurements of both rain and dew water will be performed over several years and data will be correlated with meteorological data collected in situ. Preliminary measurements during the period 21 April–21 October 2005 showed that dew water contributed significantly, 26% of the total collected water.     

Hydropower for sustainable energy development in Turkey: The small hydropower case of the Eastern Black Sea Region

Turkey is a rich country from the point of variety and potential of renewable energy resources. Hydros, winds, biomass, solar and geothermal are important renewable and environmentally friendly sources for energy in Turkey. Turkey produces large amount of hydropower with a total gross hydropower potential of 433 TW h/yr, which is equal to 13.8% of the total hydropower potential of Europe. Technically useable potential is 216 TW h/yr and economic potential is 140 TW h/yr. The main aim of the present study is to investigate hydropower potential of Turkey and small hydropower plants in Eastern Black Sea Region for sustainable energy development in Turkey. The geography of Turkey especially, Eastern Black Sea Region supports and suitable the development of the small hydro plants to increase the energy generation and utilization of available water sources in Turkey. Besides, the paper deals with hydropower policies to meet ever increasing energy demand for sustainable development of Turkey.     

Assessment of small hydropower (SHP) development in Turkey: Laws,regulations and EU policy perspective

This paper aims to evaluate the development of small hydropower (SHP) in Turkey and discusses the current situation of SHP plants in terms of government policy, economical aspects and environmental impacts taking EU policy into account. The laws published in recent years in Turkey succeeded in promoting the utilization of renewable energy for electricity generation, but it is considered that those laws are not fully compatible with EU policy. After the publication of Renewable Energy Law (Law No. 5346) there occurred a boost in SHP project along with hydropower development. Thus, the hydropower potential of Turkey increased 15% and the construction of hydropower plants also increased by a factor of four in 2007 as compared to 2006. Investment and operating costs are in favor of SHP development in Turkey as having the lowest costs among European countries (300–1000 €/kW as investment cost and 1 €cent/kWh as operating cost). Turkish governments have taken precautions for environmental issues resulted from renewable energy utilization but these are obviously not adequate. It is concluded that more attention must be paid on environmental issues and monitoring of the facilities must be enabled with further laws or regulations.     

商州市城区供水水源浅析

本文分析了目前商州市城区供水水源现状及存在问题,并提出了加强水资源统一管理、开发二龙山水库地表水、提高水资源利用率等解决对策。     

Long-time simulation of water distribution systems for the design of small hydropower systems

The implementation of small hydropower systems (SHPS) in existing Alpine Water distribution systems (WDS) is a meaningful strategy for the reduction of CO₂ emissions. Typically, the water consumption patterns of one or several representative days are used for the design procedure of these systems. For the design of the SHPS in WDS, the most important issue is to preserve the water supply without constraints. However, regarding water quality issues (especially related to water age), SHPS can exert a positive influence on the WDS performance. In this study, a long-time simulation model (10 years) is established for a WDS model and is subsequently used for the design of the SHPS. This study is performed to establish a more efficient design of these systems and to evaluate the long-term effects on the pressure and water quality issues, i.e., water age. With a simulation time over one decade on an hourly basis, full load hours and water flows for different turbine sizes are determined in detail. Based on that information, the detailed design and optimisation of the SHPS were performed, and the most cost-efficient device size was determined.     

Modelling and performance of a small siphonic hydropower system

A siphon turbine is a low-head, axial-flow hydropower device that can be installed across an impound structure, such as a weir. A laboratory-scale siphon turbine and generator system is built from both off-the-shelf components and bespoke components designed using well-documented guidance. This paper proposes a modelling method for the system, which allows performance to be assessed as a function of operating variables including head, electric load, runner speed and flow rate. An un-modified, commercially available propeller is used for the runner, whose blade geometry is defined within the model as a set of polynomials. This enables flow angles at any radial position on a blade to be determined as a function of the system operating point. Consequently, the impact of design changes on system performance can be quantified, such as part-load efficiency for example. Testing using the laboratory-scale system is conducted up to a maximum gross head of 0.25 m, to validate the component models and then to demonstrate that the final system model provides satisfactory agreement with experiments over the operational speed and head range. The model therefore permits rapid conceptual design to be carried out without the need for computationally intensive co-optimisation of components.     

Fuel supply chain analysis of Turkey

In spite of its natural sources, Turkey depends on other countries in terms of energy production, and a transfer from conventional fossil sources to sustainable energy sources is strongly necessary. Among the sustainable energy sources, biomass is the subject of this study. The characteristics, logistic aspects, environmental aspects, economical, legal and technical aspects are investigated in order to show that the possible biomass co-firing is very important for the construction of economic, sustainable and environmentally friendly energy systems.     

Self-contained photovoltaic unit as a source of power supply for a milking parlor on a cattle farm

The results of research on the development of a photovoltaic unit on the basis of a photovoltaic photo heat-recovering battery to provide a milking parlor on a cattle farm with electric energy and hot water are presented.     

The trend of small hydropower development in China

The paper makes an analysis of the status quo and existing issues of small hydropower (SHP) in China and based on the logistic growth curve model forecasts the installed capacity of SHP and cost of newly built SHP in the future. It also explores the opportunity of the clean development mechanism (CDM) in SHP projects and puts forward suggestions and recommendations on enhancing the SHP market competitiveness.     

小型牛奶收集站热泵热水供应系统应用分析

以日产2.0t的小奶站为例,提出利用热泵技术回收鲜奶余热加热牧场清洗用水的热水供水系统.分析和计算了采用热泵技术后的节能量,并对锅炉热水系统和热泵热水系统的投资成本、年运行费用及经济效益和社会效益进行了分析.两种方案比较表明:采用新的热泵热水供应系统一举多得,多投资部分两年就能收回.     

Potentials and economic viability of small grain residue use as a source of energy in Serbia

One of the numerous challenges awaiting Serbia in the process of European integration is the increase in use of renewable sources of energy. The reason for such an increase is not merely a formal acceptance of European goals but the high energy import dependence, a relatively developed agricultural sector, with insufficiently exploited potentials of biomass, accompanied by an ever-growing awareness of the need for establishing long-lasting sustainable development. Serbia has a relatively undeveloped livestock sector which can absorb a limited portion of the biomass produced. Additionally, insufficient awareness on the part of farmers and the preconception of the low cost-effectiveness of biomass utilisation for the purpose of energy production are factors which, unsurprisingly, contribute to the current practice of burning the largest portion of the biomass produced on site, which is economically and ecologically unacceptable. This paper analyses the amounts of biomass available in Serbia and the prospects of its economically viable utilisation. The cost analysis conducted indicates that the energy obtained from small rectangular straw bales (the most widespread way of utilisation), is less costly by 28%, than the energy obtained from coal, whereas the energy obtained from round bales is cheaper by 34%. Sensitivity analysis has shown that the results obtained are relatively resistant to price changes in the most important inputs. The sensitivity is higher towards the efficiency of the machinery used; therefore, insistent efforts should be made for creating conditions where the introduction of more up-to-date technical solutions, already existing in developed countries, will become feasible.     

Global water footprint assessment of hydropower

Hydropower is an important renewable energy source, but it can consume a lot of water due to evaporation from the reservoir surface, which may contribute to water scarcity. Previous studies mostly used a gross evaporation approach for water footprint assessment where all the evaporation is attributed to hydropower. They fail to consider both evapotranspiration before the dam construction, which should be deducted from the footprint, and the seasonal storage dynamics of water. These considerations are critical for assessing reservoir impacts on water scarcity using temporally explicit water stress indices. This study seeks to fill this gap: we calculate the water footprints of ∼1500 hydropower plants which cover 43% of the global annual hydroelectricity generation. Apart from reduced water availability, alterations of the flow regime can also adversely affect ecosystems. Therefore, environmental flow requirements are also analysed.This novel approach for the water footprint assessment of hydropower indicates that previous studies mostly overrated the impacts of hydropower on water scarcity, often because reservoirs store water in periods of low scarcity and release water during months of high water scarcity. By contrast, flow alterations generally affect the environment more than water consumption. Since impacts vary broadly among plants, plant-specific evaluations are necessary.     

污水源冷热水机组的热力学分析

阐述了污水源冷热水机组在制冷和热泵工况下的各个设备的火用损失及整个机组的的火用效率计算公式,计算分析了机组在夏季制冷和冬季制热工况下各个设备在不同污水温度下的火用损失系数及整个机组的火用效率。