抗冻蛋白对预发酵冷冻面团发酵流变特性和馒头品质的影响

运用F4发酵流变仪、质构仪等研究冻藏和冻融循环下抗冻蛋白对预醒发冷冻面团发酵流变学特性和馒头品质的影响。结果表明:随着冻藏时间的延长和冻融循环次数的增加,冷冻面团馒头的比容减小,硬度和咀嚼性明显增大,弹性和回复性下降。冷冻面团的最大发酵高度、气体总释放量和气体释放最大高度均明显下降。说明冻藏和冻融循环严重影响了酵母的产气能力和面团的持气性,与冻藏和冻融循环过程中重结晶和大冰晶的形成有关。添加抗冻蛋白的冷冻面团馒头品质得到明显改善,说明抗冻蛋白能够减缓冷冻面团馒头冻藏和冻融循环过程中品质下降。     

发酵面团气室结构稳定性调控理论研究进展

均一且细腻的气室结构是衡量发酵面制品品质优劣的关键因素。过去常认为发酵面制品的质构特性,尤其是产品内部气室结构主要与面筋蛋白网络的流变学性质相关。但近年来的研究成果表明发酵面团气体分散相与面筋蛋白网络半固态连续相基质之间存在粘弹性薄层液膜结构,它对面团调质时气体的渗透、发酵和醒发期间气泡的膨胀、以及面团焙烤过程中气泡粘弹性具有不同程度的影响。本文综述了影响发酵面团气室稳定性的两种理论机制,即面筋蛋白网络稳定理论和薄层液膜稳定理论,同时详述了影响面团气室稳定性的关键因素和调控手段,以期为发酵面制品品质改良提供新思路,并为多相食品体系功能特性改善提供理论支撑。     

Scanning electron microscopic observations of dough and bread supplemented with Gastrodia elata Blume powder

Dough and bread prepared from wheat flour containing varying amounts of added Gastrodia elata Blume (GEB) rhizome powder [0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% (w/w)] were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) during fermentation and baking. The structure of the doughs containing added GEB was found to be related to the protein matrix. Further, it was found that large starch granules and strings of small starch granules play an important role in dough structure. The control dough (no added GEB) had a membrane-like structure, and doughs with 0.5–1.0% added GEB had membrane-like structures that were more developed than those of the control, resulting in increased bread volumes. At 1.5–2.0% GEB levels, however, the doughs tended to have mesh-like structures and result in decreased bread volumes. The dough samples with 0.5 and 1.0% added GEB powder had well-developed gluten matrices with evenly dispersed starch granules. These samples resulted in breads with numerous gas bubble eruptions on their surfaces and consequently in larger loaf volumes than were obtained at other levels of GEB. After the second fermentation, many expanded starch granules were observed and these starch granules were dispersed more evenly than after the first fermentation. In 0.5–1.0% GEB bread, many of the large starch granules had expanded after fermentation, but small starch granules had not. The data obtained in this study suggest that bread baked with 0.5–1.0% GEB exhibits a better loaf volume due to the more complete development of a gluten matrix.     

酸面团发酵过程中面团流变及面筋蛋白降解变化研究

实验选用酿酒酵母、德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种和短乳杆菌进行不同菌种的酸面团发酵,研究发酵过程中面团流变及面筋蛋白降解变化,为酸面团制品及其品质与生产提供理论参考。分析了酿酒酵母(Sce)发酵、酿酒酵母和德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种混合(Sce-Lb)发酵以及酿酒酵母和短乳杆菌(Sce-Lbr)混合发酵过程中面团流变及面筋蛋白降解变化。研究结果表明:3种发酵方式下面团pH值都随着发酵时间增加而降低,且Sce-Lbr发酵时酸化速度最快;发酵过程中面团的弹性模量和黏性模量都随着发酵时间的增加而降低,发酵过程中弹性模量始终大于黏性模量即面团的损耗因子始终小于1,其中Sce-Lbr发酵过程中黏弹性降低程度最大;发酵过程中面团的湿面筋含量和面筋指数都降低,且降低程度为Sce-Lbr>Sce-Lb>Sce,与酸化程度一致,其中Sce-Lbr发酵至12 h时由于过度酸化导致面筋蛋白结构的完全破坏已经无法洗出湿面筋;发酵过程中面团中的游离巯基含量随着发酵时间的增加而显著增加,其中Sce发酵12 h后游离巯基含量趋于稳定,而Sce-Lb和Sce-Lbr长时发酵后其游离巯基含量持续显著增加。     

HS-SPME-GC-MS法分析发酵过程中荞麦和小麦面团香气成分变化

采用顶空固相微萃取技术和气相色谱-质谱联用技术对比分析荞麦和小麦在不同发酵剂作用下发酵过程中产生香气成分的差异。并基于保留指数和质谱鉴定对挥发性化合物进行鉴定。研究发现未发酵荞麦面团检出38?种香气成分,在酵母和乳酸菌发酵过程中共分别检测出80?种和63?种香气成分;未发酵小麦面团检出11?种香气成分,在酵母和乳酸菌发酵过程中共分别产生42?种和17?种。发酵过程中,荞麦和小麦面团香气种类增加,其中荞麦面团呈现更多香气成分。烃类和酯类是荞麦面团酵母发酵前后主要香气成分,烃类主要为单萜烯和倍半萜烯类,酯类是荞麦面团经乳酸菌发酵前后主要香气成分。小麦经过酵母发酵产生香气成分包括烃类、酯类、醇类、酸类、醛类及醚类,经过乳酸菌发酵产生香气成分种类相对较少,有烃类、酯类、酮类及醛类。荞麦发酵后产生更多活性香气成分。酵母和乳酸菌发酵荞麦和小麦后,香气成分有明显差异。在发酵过程中,香气成分随着发酵时间延长而发生转化。     

Effect of carrot (Daucus carota) antifreeze proteins on the fermentation capacity of frozen dough

Carrot (Daucus carota) antifreeze proteins have strong anti-recrystallization ability and potential uses in food industry. In this study, the effects of carrot concentrated protein supplementation containing 18.3% carrot antifreeze protein on the fermentation capacity of frozen dough were evaluated. Adding carrot concentrated protein to frozen dough increased the retention capacity of the dough, decreased mortality of the yeast, caused a thermal-hysteresis phenomenon during freezing–thawing cycle, and retarded the crystal forming. The application of carrot concentrated protein in frozen dough was proved to be a promising improver for the frozen dough fermentation.     

2 种方法提取阿拉伯木聚糖对馒头面团特性及品质的影响

分别采用水提法和酶提法从小麦淀粉加工废水中分离阿拉伯木聚糖（araboxylan,AX）,并研究水提AX和酶提AX对小麦面团的粉质特性、流变发酵特性、糊化特性及水分分布的影响,运用扫描电镜、质构仪分析AX对馒头品质的影响。结果显示：酶提AX样品AX纯度为86.81%,较水提AX样品AX纯度高;适量添加水提AX和酶提AX均能改善面团的粉质特性,后者效果更为显著;AX使面粉的糊化作用降低;AX的添加降低了馒头的硬度、咀嚼性;酶提AX使馒头的蛋白质网络结构在挤压后仍能保持较好的完整性,而水提AX对馒头的面筋网络结构造成了一定影响,挤压后大量淀粉颗粒暴露出来;酶提AX的添加增加了面团的持气性,使馒头瓤气孔较为均匀,而水提AX使馒头瓤气孔大小不均匀,木聚糖内切酶可改善此破坏作用。因此,在小麦面粉制品中添加高纯度酶提AX可以实现多种优化目标。     

On-line observation of dough fermentation by magnetic resonance imaging and volumetric measurements

The fermentation of bread and cake dough was monitored on-line by two types of volumetric measurements and by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The volumetric measurements enabled independent determination of the actual dough volume and the amount of carbon dioxide that permeated out of the dough. MRI allowed us to obtain an insight into the developing dough and to observe the pore structure during proofing. Due to the non-destructive and non-invasive character of the methods, no sample preparation was necessary, and the fermentation process was not influenced by the measurements. Both methods provided results that were in accordance with each other. The data were used to derive formal reaction-kinetic data for the course of the fermentation process in bread and cake doughs.     

Flour quality and disproportionation of bubbles in bread doughs

The bread making process transforms wheat flour doughs into highly porous breads. Bread has been shown (Wang, Austin and Bell, 2011) to be a single, open cell that is massively interconnected giving it a maze-like structure that encompasses the entire volume. The solid strands are also porous and contain closed cells. How the bubbles in dough mix partition into these open and closed cells in bread is not known. This study was undertaken to track changes in bubbles in doughs using 3-D X-ray microtomography techniques as doughs proofed and were baked. The mechanical properties of doughs were measured to establish how dough rheology impacted bubble growth. The doughs were made with ‘medium strong’ Canadian flour (CWRS) and ‘weak’ Australian flours (Wylk). Both doughs had similar protein amounts and strain-hardening characteristics; however the CWRS dough was more elastic. The scans identified formation of clusters of partially-coalesced bubbles from which one cluster grew to form a massively interconnected, single, closed cell in doughs as doughs proofed. Microscopy studies confirmed that the open cell in breads was made of partially-coalesced bubbles. Compared to the dough made with the Australian flours, the dough made from Canadian flour had a thicker dough layer separating bubbles, smaller size bubbles and a slower rate of formation of the continuous structure. This study highlights the critical role of dough elasticity and the disproportionation phenomena of bubble growth in controlling the quality of cell structures in dough and baked products.     

冻藏对非发酵面团水分状态及冰晶形态的影响

为明确不同搅拌时间及冻藏过程中,非发酵冷冻面团中水分的状态及分布情况,采用低场核磁共振技术(LF-NMR)测定粉质仪和面过程中面团及其冻藏后的水分结合状态及比例的变化情况.结果表明:在面团搅拌过程中,刚离开500 BU时的面团中强结合水比例(A21)最高,弱结合水比例(A22)最低,水分结合状态最好,面筋充分水合.不同...     

Simple improvement in freeze-tolerance of bakers' yeast with poly-gamma-glutamate

We examined the effect of poly-gamma-glutamate (PGA) on the freeze-tolerance of four types of commercial bakers' yeast (freeze-tolerant, osmotic-tolerant, low-temperature-sensitive, and ordinary bakers' yeasts). The survival ratio of ordinary bakers' yeast cells frozen at -30 degrees C for 3 d in a medium (0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% peptone, and 2% glucose: YPD medium) was improved by adding more than 1% PGA to the medium; the survival ratio increased from about 10% to more than 70%. All PGA preparations, which differed in average molecular mass (50, 2,000, 4,000, 6,000, 8,000, and 10,000 kDa), showed a similar cryoprotecive effect on the cells. Similar results were also obtained with other types of bakers' yeast, sake yeast and beer yeast. When the four types of bakers' yeast cell were frozen at -30 degrees C for 3 d in dough supplemented with more than 1% PGA, the cells (after freezing and thawing) showed higher leavening ability than those frozen in dough without PGA, irrespective of the molecular mass of PGA. Thus, PGA appears to protect bakers' yeast from lethal freeze injury, leading to a high leavening ability after freezing and thawing. PGA did not decrease the original leavening ability of the bakers' yeast, and was not decomposed by the yeast cells. PGA suppressed the decrease in leavening ability during a prolonged fermentation time, probably because PGA adsorbed inhibitory metabolites accumulated in the dough. PGA could prove useful for improving the freeze-tolerance of bakers' yeast by its addition to dough.     

海藻酸丙二醇酯对全麦冷冻面团冻藏稳定性和烘焙特性的影响

本文研究了海藻酸丙二醇酯（Propylene glycol alginate,PGA）对全麦冷冻面团冻藏期间稳定性的影响,并探究了冷冻面团烘焙面包品质的变化。将0.3%的PGA加入全麦面团,通过测定冷冻面团冻藏1、2、3、4和5周后发酵特性、流变特性、蛋白质二级结构、微观结构以及面包的比容、质构特性、内部纹理结构和老化程度等,研究冷冻面团冻藏期间的稳定性。结果表明,随着冻藏时间的延长,添加PGA的冷冻面团在冻藏5周后具有较好的保水性,其发酵特性及流变特性相对于对照组均有所改善。冻藏5周后,对照组与PGA组其面包比容分别下降了19.872%和14.153%;面包硬度分别升高了64.186%和36.386%;气孔表面积分率分别下降了3.497%和2.300%;老化焓值分别上升了65.142%和42.416%。添加PGA能延缓冷冻面团冻藏期间β-折叠含量的上升和β-转角相对含量的下降。电镜扫描图（SEM）显示,随着冻藏时间的延长,PGA组的冷冻面团孔洞数目相比对照组明显减少且大小均匀,面筋网络结构完整性和连续性提高。研究结果表明PGA可以有效地延缓冷冻面团在冻藏期间的品质劣变,维持冷冻面团的稳定性并提高面包的烘焙特性。     

Modelling Wheat Flour Dough Proofing Behaviour: Effects of Mixing Conditions on Porosity and Stability

Kinetics of porosity and stability of dough expansion during proofing have been fitted with Gompertz and exponential models, respectively, for 24 distinct mixing conditions and same dough composition. Data for 10 conditions were used to relate the parameters of the models to mixing variables, specific power, and texturing time, through power regression models. Interpretation of the relationships between the mixing variables and the parameters of the Gompertz and exponential models emphasises the influence of dough rheological properties on dough expansion during fermentation and likely on bubbles distribution. The prediction performances of these porosity and stability models were evaluated using the root mean square error and mean absolute percentage error, for time series of the remaining 14 mixing conditions. The results show that integrating the mixing variables into the models significantly improves the prediction accuracy compared to control models whose parameters values are arithmetic means. Finally, we present an application where the mixing variables are determined in order to obtain a dough exhibiting the desired features during proofing, such as high levels of porosity and stability. Intensive mixing yields the best result but a more interesting trade-off can be obtained with intermediary mixing processes.     

藜麦粉对冷冻面团特性及其面包品质的影响

将藜麦和小麦粉按一定比例混合,用快速粘度分析法测定混合粉糊化特性,流变仪测定了冻藏过程中小麦-藜麦冷冻面团的流变学特性,核磁共振法测定面团中水分迁移,并测定其发酵体积变化,最后分析了冷冻面团组织状态与产品品质的关系。结果表明：藜麦粉对冷冻面团及面包的品质均有改善。藜麦粉降低了混合粉体系的糊化粘度和崩解值。冻藏后,冷冻面团的弹性模量和粘性模量增加,小麦粉冷冻面团损耗角正切值增加了4.73%,添加量为5%时冷冻面团损耗角正切值仅增加0.41%;小麦冷冻面团自由水上升了3.90%,藜麦添加后仅上升2.40%,可见藜麦粉能冷冻面团降低水分迁移程度;同时,添加藜麦粉能维持面团面筋网络结构的完整性,发酵体积由26.42 mL/h增大到29.17 mL/h。不同添加量的藜麦粉对面团及面包的品质改善程度不同,最适添加量为10%,烘烤后面包比容为3.08 mL/g,硬度为2803.48 g。本研究可为开发藜麦冷冻面团提供理论基础,在藜麦新产品开发方面具有重要的指导意义。     

Production of microbial exopolysaccharides in the sourdough and its effects on the rheological properties of dough

Exopolysaccharides (EPS) are exogenous microbial metabolites which are secreted mainly by bacteria and microalgae during growth. In addition to natural polysaccharides present in cereal grains flour and dough, microbial flora is usually involved in production of polysaccharide on sourdough fermentation. Total polysaccharides (microbial and flour) were extracted from sourdough and dough samples dehydrated and were added at the rate of 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% and 2.5% (w/w flour based) on the dough to investigate its effects on the rheological properties of the dough. Addition of polysaccharides to the dough increased the water absorption and decreased the dough softening after 20 min. Resistance to extension after 45, 90 and 135 min resting time was decreased by increasing the percentage of the added polysaccharides. Longer fermentation time for each level of polysaccharides led to greater stability. No significant differences were observed in the extensibility of dough. The overall effects of different levels of added polysaccharides resulted in a decrease in resistance to extension ratio of the samples. Energy input decreased in all cases. It seems therefore that addition of polysaccharides may be useful when bread is to be made with stronger flour and longer fermentation time is needed.     

磷酸盐在速冻馒头中的应用

本研究探讨了复合磷酸盐在速冻馒头生产中的应用。结果表明,磷酸盐至少有如下作用：1、赋予馒头亮丽的光泽,改善馒头质地和口感：2、增加馒头的保水能力,减少馒头在成型、醒发和蒸制后冷却过程中的水分损失;3、增加馒头的膨松度,打面用水的硬度较高时其效果尤为显著：4、减少馒头解冻后的开裂;5、当馒头制作时使用一些含色素的天然物如胡萝卜时,磷酸盐对色素具有良好的稳定作用。     

The effects of low mixing temperature on dough rheology and bread properties

In this research, the effects of a low mixing temperature on dough rheology and the quality of bread were investigated. In the experiments, strong flour samples (Type 550), 1.5% salt, 3% of yeast and 1% additive mixture were used and dough samples were mixed at 17 °C (low temperature), 23 °C (control) and 30 °C (high temperature). Five different periods (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min) were applied at the bulk fermentation stage. At the final proofing stage, the dough was fermented until it reached a constant height. It was determined that almost every bread from dough samples mixed at 17 °C resulted in not only the highest bread volume and bread weight, but also the best texture, elasticity and crumb structure. The results of dough samples mixed at 23 °C were worse than those of dough samples mixed at 17 °C. The worst results were obtained from dough samples mixed at 30 °C (high temperature). As a result, it may be concluded that the quality of bread from dough samples mixed at low temperature (17 °C) is superior to those from dough samples mixed at the higher temperatures. Besides these findings, it may also be stated that prolonging the period of bulk fermentation in dough samples mixed at 17 °C positively develops baking performances.     

Imaging of the Fermentation Process of Bread Dough and the Grain Structure of Baked Breads by Magnetic Resonance Imaging

ABSTRACT: Fermentation processes of bread doughs were traced by MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), which suggests that punching and rounding treatment after the first fermentation promotes the development of elasticity and extensibility of gluten fibrils that makes thin grain walls of the pores connecting between adjacent pores with small holes, and a thin smooth crust after baking. While pore generation was small, expansion of the dough was low, gluten networks formed were large and coarse, and gluten fibrils were undeveloped in the frozen dough. Prefermentation could not essentially alleviate the inferior properties of the frozen dough. The grain structures of the bread using frozen dough were characterized by thick network walls without the connection between pores and a thick crust with rough surface.     

Effect of fermentation on naturally occurring deoxynivalenol (DON) in Argentinean bread processing technology.

The stability of naturally occurring DON was evaluated during the fermentation stage of the bread-making process on a pilot scale. Two different products, French bread and Vienna bread, were prepared with naturally contaminated wheat flour (150 mg kg(-1)) under controlled experimental conditions. Dough was fermented at 30, 40 and 50 degrees C according to standard procedures employed in Argentinean low-technology bakeries. When the dough was fermented at 50 degrees C, the maximum reduction was 56% for the Vienna bread, with French bread being reduced by 41%. DON reduction during bread-making occurs not only in the baker due to thermal decomposition, but also during the fermentation step. The Argentinean traditional bread-making process might reduce DON levels during the fermentation stages if the dough is leavened at temperatures > 30 degrees C.