对两个无线传感器网络中匿名身份认证协议的安全性分析

针对设计安全高效的无线传感器网络环境下匿名认证协议的问题,基于广泛接受的攻击者能力假设,采用基于场景的攻击技术,对新近提出的两个无线传感器网络环境下的双因子匿名身份认证协议进行了安全性分析。指出刘聪等提出的协议(刘聪,高峰修,马传贵,等.无线传感器网络中具有匿名性的用户认证协议.计算机工程,2012,38(22):99-103)无法实现所声称的抗离线口令猜测攻击,且在协议可用性方面存在根本性设计缺陷;指出闫丽丽等提出的协议(闫丽丽,张仕斌,昌燕.一种传感器网络用户认证与密钥协商协议.小型微型计算机系统,2013,34(10):2342-2344)不能抵抗用户仿冒攻击和离线口令猜测攻击,且无法实现用户不可追踪性。结果表明,这两个匿名身份认证协议都存在严重安全缺陷,不适于在实际无线传感器网络环境中应用。     

一种无线传感器网络用户认证与密钥协商协议

随着无线传感器网络的发展,外部用户可以直接访问传感器内部节点获取信息,因此如何认证外部用户的身份,只允许授权用户获取节点数据,保证传输数据的保密性和完整性,已成为当前无线传感器网络研究的热点问题.本文基于用户口令和智能卡提出一个无线传感器网络用户认证与密钥协商协议,协议中采用哈希和异或运算实现主体的身份认证和密钥协商功能.为了分析协议的安全性,本文扩展了串空间理论,构造了分析无线传感器网络认证与密钥协商协议的形式化方法,证明了协议的安全性.最后,文中分析了协议的执行效率,并与同类协议进行了比较.     

无线传感器网络下多因素身份认证协议的内部人员攻击

无线传感器网络技术一经提出,迅速得到学术界、工业界的广泛关注,在国防军事、环境监测、智能家居、健康护理等领域发挥着重要作用.身份认证是保障无线传感器网络实时访问的关键安全技术.基于增强的攻击者模型,提出一种被长期忽略的内部攻击威胁,对无线传感器网络环境下的两个代表性认证协议进行了安全性分析.指出Mir等人的协议无法抵抗内部攻击和智能卡丢失攻击,且未实现前向安全性;指出Fang等人的协议同样无法实现所声称的前向安全性特性,且对内部攻击和智能卡丢失攻击是脆弱的.针对协议具体失误之处,提出相应的解决方案.总结了7类应对内部攻击的解决方案.指出了现有方法的不足,提出了合理的解决方案.     

改进的三方口令认证密钥交换协议

基于三方的口令认证密钥交换（3PAKE）协议是客户通过与可信服务器共享一个口令验证元,在两客户进行通信时通过此可信服务器进行会话密钥的建立与共享,从而进行通信。首先对李文敏等人提出的协议进行安全性分析,发现该协议易受离线字典攻击和服务器泄露攻击。提出了一个改进协议,该协议能够提供双向认证、会话密钥机密性和前向安全性,能够有效抵抗多种攻击,包括离线字典攻击和服务器泄露攻击。     

对三个多服务器环境下匿名认证协议的分析

设计安全高效的多服务器环境下匿名身份认证协议是当前安全协议领域的研究热点。基于广泛接受的攻击者模型,对多服务器环境下的三个代表性匿名认证协议进行了安全性分析.指出Wan等协议无法实现所声称的离线口令猜测攻击,且未实现用户匿名性和前向安全性;指出Amin等协议同样不能抵抗离线口令猜测攻击,且不能提供匿名性,对两种破坏前向安全性的攻击是脆弱的;指出Reedy等协议不能抵抗所声称的用户仿冒攻击和离线口令猜测攻击,且无法实现用户不可追踪性.突出强调这些协议失败的根本原因在于,违反协议设计的三个基本原则：公钥原则、用户匿名性原则和前向安全性原则.明确协议的具体失误之处,并提出相应修正方法.     

基于CK模型的安全节点认证密钥交换协议

无线传感器网络中的节点常常被部署在非安全的环境中,因而容易遭受假冒等安全威胁。为保护可信节点之间数据通信安全,基于计算性Diffie-Hellman假设,提出一种节点认证与密钥交换协议。推荐方案不仅能实现对参与节点真实身份的鉴别,而且生成一个参与方共享的秘密密钥,为参与方之间的数据交换建立一个安全的通信信道。并证明了推荐方案能实现CK模型下认证和密钥协商的协议的安全目标。此外,对安全属性的分析表明该协议具备前向安全、已知会话密钥安全、抗密钥泄漏假冒及未知密钥共享攻击的能力。     

无线传感器网络密钥种子管理和分配模型及应用

随机密钥种子预分配方案是实现安全的无线传感器网络应用的首选方案,该方案在无线传感器网络节点布置之前建立和分配某种密钥种子信息,在网络节点布置之后利用密钥种子信息建立或发现节点之间安全的通信链路.根据传感器网络的通信保密和节点认证需求,提出了通用密钥种子管理和分配模型(KSMA).该模型可用于预分配方案的安全分析,描述了预分配方案的5个安全属性.在KSMA模型中,基于单向累加器,定义了一类新的密钥种子结构,提出了新的密钥种子预分配方案和节点秘密共享发现协议,并在UC(universally composable)安全框架中对新的秘密共享发现协议进行了可证明安全分析.在新方案中说明了如何设定密钥池参数和节点密钥链参数的方法,该方法不仅保证了高概率的安全链路建立,而且可以通过节点身份证人确认机制实现节点之间身份认证,有效地防御传感器网络Sybil攻击.通过与其他方案的分析对比,新方案改善了网络安全弹性、综合性能良好.     

基于二次剩余的多服务器环境下的身份认证协议

多服务器环境下的身份认证协议实现了用户只需要一次注册即可跟多个服务器实现交互认证,基于二次剩余构造了一个注册中心在线的多服务器环境下身份认证协议。该协议中,注册中心参与实现对用户的认证并协助用户和服务器建立后继通信的会话密钥,并且服务器之间是可以相互区分的。协议能够抵抗字典攻击、口令泄露模仿攻击常见攻击,同时能够实现相互认证,以及前向安全、已知会话密钥安全和无密钥控制等会话密钥的安全属性。     

口令Zipf分布对相关安全协议的影响分析

身份认证是确保网络与信息系统安全的第一道防线,口令则是最普遍的身份认证方式。现有研究通常假设用户构造的口令服从均匀分布,然而,最新的研究表明,口令服从Zipf分布,这意味着目前大部分口令相关安全协议都低估了攻击者优势,并不能达到所声称的安全性。针对上述问题,文中以Gj■steen等提出的基于口令的签名(Password-Based Signatures,PBS)协议以及Jarecki等提出的口令保护秘密共享(Password-Protected Secret Sharing,PPSS)协议为典型代表,从口令服从Zipf分布这一基本假设出发,分析了这两个协议的安全性证明缺陷,并重新定义了其安全性。同时,文中给出了对上述两个协议的改进:对于PBS协议,重新计算了攻击者优势,并通过限制攻击者猜测次数和委托可信第三方保管密钥,使得改进后的PBS协议可以抵御恶意攻击者仿冒一般用户的攻击,以及恶意服务器猜测用户口令并伪造签名的攻击;对于PPSS协议,基于诱饵口令思想,在服务器端设置了Honey_List以检测并阻止在线口令猜测攻击。     

无线传感器网络中基于节点行为和身份的可信认证

针对无线传感器网络(WSN)开放性和资源受限导致易受外部和内部攻击以及节点失效等问题,提出了一种高效、安全的可信节点间身份认证方案。方案采用基于身份和双线性对理论实现认证密钥协商与更新,通过基于Beta分布的节点行为信誉的管理计算其信任度,利用信任度识别节点是否可信并采用对称密码体制结合信息认证码实现可信节点间认证。方案不仅能防范窃听、注入、重放、拒绝服务等多种外部攻击,而且能够抵御选择性转发、Wormhole攻击、Sinkhole攻击和女巫攻击等内部威胁。与SPINS方案相比,所提方案在同一网络环境下有较长的网络生命期、较小的认证时延、更高的安全性及可扩展性,在无人值守安全性要求较高的WSN领域具有较好的应用价值。     

A secure and robust temporal credential-based three-factor user authentication scheme for wireless sensor networks

User authentication is one of the most important security services required for the resource-constrained wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In user authentication, for critical applications of WSNs, a legitimate user is allowed to query and collect the real-time data at any time from a sensor node of the network as and when he/she demands for it. In order to get the real-time information from the nodes, the user needs to be first authenticated by the nodes as well as the gateway node (GWN) of WSN so that illegal access to nodes do not happen in the network. Recently, Jiang et al. proposed an efficient two-factor user authentication scheme with unlinkability property in WSNs Jiang (2014). In this paper, we analyze Jiang et al.’s scheme. Unfortunately, we point out that Jiang et al.’s scheme has still several drawbacks such as (1) it fails to protect privileged insider attack, (2) inefficient registration phase for the sensor nodes, (3) it fails to provide proper authentication in login and authentication phase, (4) it fails to update properly the new changed password of a user in the password update phase, (5) it lacks of supporting dynamic sensor node addition after initial deployment of nodes in the network, and (6) it lacks the formal security verification. In order to withstand these pitfalls found in Jiang et al.’s scheme, we aim to propose a three-factor user authentication scheme for WSNs. Our scheme preserves the original merits of Jiang et al.’s scheme. Our scheme is efficient as compared to Jiang et al.’s scheme and other schemes. Furthermore, our scheme provides better security features and higher security level than other schemes. In addition, we simulate our scheme for the formal security analysis using the widely-accepted AVISPA (Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications) tool. The simulation results clearly demonstrate that our scheme is also secure.     

A user friendly mutual authentication and key agreement scheme for wireless sensor networks using chaotic maps

Spread of wireless network technology has opened new doors to utilize sensor technology in various areas via Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Many authentication protocols for among the service seeker users, sensing component sensor nodes (SNs) and the service provider base-station or gateway node (GWN) are available to realize services from WSNs efficiently and without any fear of deceit. Recently, Li et al. and He et al. independently proposed mutual authentication and key agreement schemes for WSNs. We find that both the schemes achieve mutual authentication, establish session key and resist many known attacks but still have security weaknesses. We show the applicability of stolen verifier, user impersonation, password guessing and smart card loss attacks on Li et al.’s scheme. Although their scheme employs the feature of dynamic identity, an attacker can reveal and guess the identity of a registered user. We demonstrate the susceptibility of He et al.’s scheme to password guessing attack. In both the schemes, the security of the session key established between user and SNs is imperfect due to lack of forward secrecy and session-specific temporary information leakage attack. In addition both the schemes impose extra computational load on resource scanty sensor-nodes and are not user friendly due to absence of user anonymity and lack of password change facility. To handle these drawbacks, we design a mutual authentication and key agreement scheme for WSN using chaotic maps. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to propose an authentication scheme for WSN based on chaotic maps. We show the superiority of the proposed scheme over its predecessor schemes by means of detailed security analysis and comparative evaluation. We also formally analyze our scheme using BAN logic.     

FBSS:一种基于公平盲签名和秘密共享的车载网隐私保护方案*

车载自组织网络是移动自组网络及无线传感器网络在交通领域的一种应用,由车辆节点,路侧单元,服务提供商等构成的一种新型移动自组织网络。车载自组网络利用无线信道进行数据传输,由于车载自组织网络本身的开放性和传输信息的敏感性,不可避免的面临信息的泄漏和攻击。如何保证车载自组织网络中的身份隐私和可信通信是亟待解决的关键问题。现有的工作通常采用认证机制,但在车辆认证的过程中不可避免地泄漏了用户的隐私,随后提出的匿名认证方案解决了隐私保护问题却忽略了匿名滥用的情况。针对上述问题,本文提出一种基于公平盲签名和秘密共享的匿名认证方案-FBSS。通过安全性分析和实验,该方案具有较高的匿名性和较高的效率。     

对两个基于智能卡的多服务器身份认证方案的密码学分析与改进

身份认证是用户访问网络资源时的一个重要安全问题。近来,Xu等(XU C, JIA Z, WEN F, et al. Cryptanalysis and improvement of a dynamic ID based remote user authentication scheme using smart cards [J]. Journal of Computational Information Systems, 2013, 9(14): 5513-5520)提出了一个基于智能卡的动态身份用户认证方案。分析指出其方案不能抵抗中间人攻击和会话密钥泄露攻击,且无法实现会话密钥前向安全性。此外,指出Choi等(CHOI Y, NAM J, LEE D, et al. Security enhanced anonymous multiserver authenticated key agreement scheme using smart cards and biometrics [J]. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, 2014: 281305)提出的基于智能卡和生物特征的匿名多服务器身份认证方案(简称CNL方案)易遭受智能卡丢失攻击、服务器模仿攻击,且不能提保护用户的匿名性。最后,基于生物特征和扩展混沌映射,提出了一个安全的多服务器认证方案,安全分析结果表明,新方案消除了Xu方案和CNL方案的安全漏洞。     

An enhanced smart card based remote user password authentication scheme

Smart card based password authentication is one of the simplest and efficient authentication mechanisms to ensure secure communication in insecure network environments. Recently, Chen et al. have pointed out the weaknesses of some password authentication schemes and proposed a robust smart card based remote user password authentication scheme to improve the security. As per their claims, their scheme is efficient and can ensure forward secrecy of the session key. However, we find that Chen et al.'s scheme cannot really ensure forward secrecy, and it cannot detect the wrong password in login phase. Besides, the password change phase of Chen et al.'s scheme is unfriendly and inefficient since the user has to communicate with the server to update his/her password. In this paper, we propose a modified smart card based remote user password authentication scheme to overcome the aforementioned weaknesses. The analysis shows that our proposed scheme is user friendly and more secure than other related schemes.     

Dynamic ID-based remote user password authentication schemes using smart cards: A review

Remote user authentication is a mechanism, in which the remote server verifies the legitimacy of a user over an insecure communication channel. Until now, there have been ample of remote user authentication schemes published in the literature and each published scheme has its own merits and demerits. A common feature among most of the published schemes is that the user's identity (ID) is static in all the transaction sessions, which may leak some information about that user and can create risk of identity theft during the message transmission. To overcome this risk, many researchers have proposed dynamic ID based remote user authentication schemes. In this paper, we have defined all the security requirements and all the goals an ideal password authentication scheme should satisfy and achieve. We have presented the results of our survey through six of the currently available dynamic ID based remote user authentication schemes. All the schemes are vulnerable to guessing attack except Khan et al.'s scheme, and do not meet the goals such as session key agreement, secret key forward secrecy. In the future, we hope an ideal dynamic ID based password authentication scheme, which meets all the security requirements and achieves all the goals can be developed.     

Efficient and secure two-factor dynamic ID-based password authentication scheme with provable security

Password-based remote user authentication schemes using smart cards are designed to ensure that only a user who possesses both the smart card and the corresponding password can gain access to the remote servers. Despite many research efforts, it remains a challenging task to design a secure password-based authentication scheme with user anonymity. The author uses Kumari et al.’s scheme as the case study. Their scheme uses non-public key primitives. The author first presents the cryptanalysis of Kumari et al.’s scheme in which he shows that their scheme is vulnerable to user impersonation attack, and does not provide forward secrecy and user anonymity. Using the case study, he has identified that public-key techniques are indispensable to construct a two-factor authentication scheme with security attributes, such as user anonymity, unlinkability and forward secrecy under the nontamper resistance assumption of the smart card. The author proposes a password-based authentication scheme using elliptic curve cryptography. Through the informal and formal security analysis, he shows that proposed scheme is secure against various known attacks, including the attacks found in Kumari’s scheme. Furthermore, he verifies the correctness of mutual authentication using the BAN logic.     

基于改进Das协议的无线传感器网络用户认证协议UAPL

针对在无线传感器网络中采用用户认证的方式获取节点数据时,容易出现密码被破译,以及容易遭受多种网络攻击等安全性问题,在改进Das协议的双因素身份验证的基础上,引入了用户与网关、网关与传感器节点之间的互相验证机制以及用户密码变更机制,提出了UAPL协议。UAPL协议具有防止网关节点旁路攻击、伪装攻击等网络攻击的安全验证机制,提供的密码变更防护能防止由于密码泄露而引发的安全问题。实验结果表明,UAPL协议与其他改进Das协议相比具有较高的安全性。