Influence of the temperature and hydraulic retention time in bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge

At ambient temperature (25 °C), bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge was investigated with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 10 days and compared to that at a mesophilic condition (35 °C). The methane production and methane content in the biogas at ambient temperature were 612.8 mL/L·d and 73.3%, respectively, which were not significantly lower than that of the mesophilic condition. Additionally, the VS removal was 54.5% which was similar for both temperature conditions. However, for a HRT of 20 days, the bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion at ambient temperature became more stable, and the VS removal improved up to 65.0%. For the HRT of 10 days, the net energy production at ambient temperature was about 168 kJ/L·d, which was similar to the mesophilic condition; however, the apparent energy efficiency at ambient temperature was 249.2% which was significantly higher than 197.7% at the mesophilic condition. The bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion that can save the thermal energy input at ambient temperature is recommended for the treatment of organic waste including sewage sludge in moderate and cold climate regions.     

UASFF start-up for biohydrogen and biomethane production from treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent

A start-up study was conducted to produce biohydrogen and biomethane from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) using a two-stage up-flow anaerobic sludge fixed-film (UASFF) bioreactor. 100% molasses was used to start the system, and POME was added at 10% increments until it reached 100% after 59 days. During this period of continuous operation, the HRT and temperature were adjusted in order to optimize the condition for biogas production. Hydrogen and methane gas production fluctuated between 53–70% and 90–95%, respectively, in the last four days of operation (days 56–59), with POME percentage being increased from 70% to 100% (30%–0% molasses). Using 100% raw POME led to a total COD removal of 83.70%, average gas production rates of 5.29 L H₂ d⁻¹ (57.11% H₂) and 9.60 L CH₄ d⁻¹ (94.08% CH₄), in their respective units. This output is comparable to, if not better than using 100% molasses as substrate. This work concludes that based on the relative consistency of biogas production on days 56–59, the two-stage UASFF bioreactor operating at a final HRT of 4 h and temperature of 43 °C has taken a period of two months for start-up.     

Starting-up low temperature dry anaerobic digestion of cow feces and wheat straw

Psychrophilic dry anaerobic digestion (PDAD) of animal manures and agriculture residues is of high interest in cold-climate regions. This paper reports the results of a start-up experiment (113 days) of PDAD of cow feces and wheat straw mixture (at two total solids (TS) of 18 and 21%) in laboratory scale sequence batch reactor (SBR) at 20 °C. An average specific methane yield (SMY) of 96.1 ± 5 L of CH₄ per kg of volatile solid (VS) corrected to standard pressure and temperature (101.3 kPa and 273 K) (_NL CH₄ kg⁻¹ VS) has been achieved for a feed with TS of 18% along with an organic loading rate (OLR) 4.0 g total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) kg⁻¹ inoculum day⁻¹ and a treatment cycle length (TCL) of 21 days. An average SMY of 149.9 ± 14 _NL CH₄ kg⁻¹ VS with a maximum daily CH₄ production rate of 7.2 ± 0.7 _NL CH₄ kg⁻¹ VS day⁻¹ have been obtained for a feed with total solid of 21% along with an average daily inoculum OLR of 4.2 g TCOD kg⁻¹ inoculum day⁻¹ and TCL of 21 days. The rapid decrease in volatile fatty acids concentration after 7 days of treatment and their low concentration thereafter indicated that hydrolysis was the reaction limiting step. The results indicate that PDAD of cow feces and wheat straw is feasible at feed TS of 21%.     

Semi-continuous co-digestion of solid slaughterhouse waste, manure, and fruit and vegetable waste

The potential of semi-continuous mesophilic anaerobic digestion (AD) for the treatment of solid slaughterhouse waste, fruit-vegetable wastes, and manure in a co-digestion process has been experimentally evaluated. A study was made at laboratory scale using four 2 L reactors working semi-continuously at 35 °C. The effect of the organic loading rate (OLR) was initially examined (using equal proportion of the three components on a volatile solids, VS, basis). Anaerobic co-digestion with OLRs in the range 0.3–1.3 kg VS m⁻³ d⁻¹ resulted in methane yields of 0.3 m³ kg⁻¹ VS added, with a methane content in the biogas of 54–56%. However, at a further increased loading, the biogas production decreased and there was a reduction in the methane yield indicating organic overload or insufficient buffering capacity in the digester.In the second part of the investigation, co-digestion was studied in a mixture experiment using 10 different feed compositions. The digestion of mixed substrates was in all cases better than that of the pure substrates, with the exception of the mixture of equal amounts of (VS/VS) solid cattle–swine slaughterhouse waste (SCSSW) with fruit and vegetable waste (FVW). For all other mixtures, the steady-state biogas production for the mixture was in the range 1.1–1.6 L d⁻¹, with a methane content of 50–57% after 60 days of operation. The methane yields were in the range 0.27–0.35 m³ kg⁻¹ VS added and VS reductions of more than 50% and up to 67% were obtained.     

Biogas production from brown grease using a pilot-scale high-rate anaerobic digester

Food wastes are typically disposed of in landfills for convenience and economic reasons. However, landfilling food wastes increases the organic content of leachate and the risk of soil contamination. A sound alternative for managing food wastes is anaerobic digestion, which reduces organic pollution and produces biogas for energy recovery. In this study, anaerobic digestion of a common food waste, brown grease, was investigated using a pilot-scale, high-rate, completely-mixed digester (5.8 m³). The digestibility, biogas production and the impact of blending of liquid waste streams from a nearby pulp and paper mill were assessed. The 343-day evaluation was divided into 5 intensive evaluation stages. The organic removal efficiency was found to be 58 ± 9% in terms of COD and 55 ± 8% in terms of VS at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 11.6 ± 3.8 days. The removal was comparable to those found in organic solid digesters (45–60%), but at a much shorter HRT. Methane yield was estimated to be 0.40–0.77 m³-CH_4@STP kg-VS_removed⁻¹, higher than the typical range of other food wastes (0.11–0.42 m³-CH_4@STP kg-VS_removed⁻¹), with a mean methane content of 75% and <200 ppm of hydrogen sulfide in the biogas. The blending of selected liquid wastes from a paper mill at 10 vol% of brown grease slurry did not cause significant reduction in digester performance. Using a pseudo-first-order rate law, the observed degradation constant was estimated to be 0.10–0.19 d⁻¹ compared to 0.03–0.40 d⁻¹ for other organic solids. These results demonstrate that brown grease is a readily digestible substrate that has excellent potential for energy recovery through anaerobic digestion.     

Dark fermentative biohydrogen production from confectionery wastewater in continuous-flow reactors

The production of biohydrogen from industrial wastewater through the dark fermentation (DF) process has attracted increased interest in recent years. To implement a DF process on a large scale, a thorough knowledge of laboratory scale process control is required. The operating parameters and design features of the reactors have a great influence on the efficiency of the process. In this work, the possibility of continuous production of biohydrogen from confectionery wastewater was evaluated. The DF process was carried out at 37 ± 1 °C in two different reactors: an upflow anaerobic filter (AF) and a fluidized bed reactor (AFB). Polyurethane foam (PU) was used to immobilize the biomass. The DF process was studied at four hydraulic retention times (HRT) (1.5, 2.5, 7.5 and 15 days) and the corresponding organic loading rates (OLR) (9.21, 6.12, 2.04 and 1.02 g COD_init/(L day)). The highest hydrogen yield (HY) (44.73 ml/g COD_init) and hydrogen production rate (HPR) (92.5 ml/(L day)) was observed in AFB at HRT of 7.5 days and 2.5 days, respectively. The highest concentration of hydrogen in biogas was 34% in AF and 36% in AFB at HRT of 7.5 days. In contrast to AF, the COD removal efficiency in AFB increased with increasing HRT. The pH of the effluent was low (3.95–4.38). However, due to the use of PU for biomass immobilization, it is possible that there were local zones in the reactor that were optimal for the functioning of not only acidogens, but also methanogens. This was evidenced by a rather high content of methane in biogas (2.5% in AF and 9.6% in AFB at HRT of 15 days). These results provide valuable data for optimizing the continuous DF of wastewater from confectionery and other food industries to produce biohydrogen or biohythane.     

Thermophilic hydrogen and methane production from sugarcane stillage in two-stage anaerobic fluidized bed reactors

This study evaluated the feasibility of H₂ and CH₄ production in two-stage thermophilic (55 °C) anaerobic digestion of sugarcane stillage (5,000 to 10,000 mg COD.L⁻¹) using an acidogenic anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR-A) with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 4 h and a methanogenic AFBR (AFBR-S) with HRTs of 24 h–10 h. To compare two-stage digestion with single-stage digestion, a third methanogenic reactor (AFBR-M) with a HRT of 24 h was fed with increasing stillage concentrations (5,000 to 10,000 mg COD.L⁻¹). The AFBR-M produced a methane content of 68.4 ± 7.2%, a maximum yield of 0.30 ± 0.04 L CH₄.g COD⁻¹, a production rate of 3.78 ± 0.40 L CH₄.day⁻¹.L⁻¹ and a COD removal of 73.2 ± 5.0% at an organic loading rate (OLR) of 7.5 kg COD.m⁻³.day⁻¹. In contrast, the two-stage AFBR-A system produced a hydrogen content of 23.9 ± 5.6%, a production rate of 1.30 ± 0.16 L H₂.day⁻¹.L⁻¹ and a yield of 0.34 ± 0.08 mmol H₂.g CODap⁻¹. Additionally, the decrease in the HRT from 18 h to 10 h in the AFBR-S favored a higher methane production, improving the maximum methane content (74.5 ± 6.0%), production rate (5.57 ± 0.38 L CH₄.day⁻¹.L⁻¹) and yield (0.26 ± 0.06 L CH₄.g COD⁻¹) at an OLR of 21.6 kg COD.m⁻³.day⁻¹ (HRT of 10 h) with a total COD removal of 70.1 ± 7.1%. Under the applied COD of 10,000 mg L⁻¹, the two-stage system showed a 52.8% higher energy yield than the single-stage anaerobic digestion system. These results show that, relative to a single-stage system, two-stage anaerobic digestion systems produce more hydrogen and methane while achieving similar treatment efficiencies.     

Ethanol and biogas production from birch by NMMO pretreatment

Birch wood was pretreated with N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO or NMO) followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation to ethanol or digestion to biogas. The pretreatments were carried out with NMMO (w_NMMO = 85%) at 130 °C for 3 h, and the effects of drying after the pretreatment were investigated. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the untreated wood resulted in 8%–10% of theoretical glucose yield after 4 days hydrolysis, while the NMMO pretreatment improved this yield to 91%. Consequently, ethanol production yield from NMMO-pretreated materials resulted in around 9-fold improvement compared to the untreated wood. On the other hand, drying of the pretreated wood had a negative impact and decreased the yield of enzymatic hydrolysis by 4%–10%. Digestion of the untreated wood with thermophilic bacteria resulted in maximum methane yield of 158 cm³ g⁻¹ of VS in 30 days, while the NMMO pretreatment improved the methane yield up to 232 cm³ g⁻¹ of VS (80% of the theoretical biogas yield) in just 9 days.     

Performance evaluation of bio-hydrogen and bio-methane cogeneration from corn stover over a range of initial pH and temperature

Temperature and pH are key factors that have significant effects on the anaerobic fermentation process. Hence, in this study, a combined bio-hydrogen and bio-methane production process over a range of initial pH and temperature was evaluated. Corn stover was taken as substrate, bio-hydrogen and bio-methane yield, biogas composition and energy conversion efficiency were analyzed. Results showed that the highest hydrogen yield of 69.02 ± 1.75 mL/g VS was obtained with fermentation conditions at initial pH 8 and 35 °C, and the highest methane yield of 249.36 ± 9.81 mL/g VS was obtained from the photofermentation effluent at initial pH 6 and 30 °C. Highest hydrogen and methane contents in the produced biogas were 14.42% and 46.46%, respectively. Furthermore, the highest energy conversion efficiency of 48.83% was obtained with fermentation condition at pH 6 and 30 °C.     

Methane yield of oat husks

The biogas yield of solid manure from dairy cattle depends on its quality and the proportion of excreta and organic litter material contained within. The biogas yield of both faeces and straw is available in literature. Straw is a common litter material of mixed farms. However, straw is scarcely available on dairy farms. Oat husks are appropriate to replace or supplement straw for use as litter material. In this study, the actual methane yield and the total methane potential of oat husks were determined. Based on an optimized test with ground oat husks, the total methane potential resulted from regression and extrapolation of the experimental data. The total methane potential was determined with 242 L_N CH₄ kg⁻¹ VS added. Additionally, the actual methane yield over retention time at a digestion temperature of 37 °C was determined, using untreated oat husks. For 42 days of retention, the methane yield was 202 L_N CH₄ kg⁻¹ VS added at 52% CH₄ content. Results indicate that the methane yield of oat husks reaches the same level as that of straw. The total methane potential is not higher, but digestion of oat husks may proceed faster. Verification of the laboratory results on-farm revealed that the contribution of oat husks to overall methane production of a prototype biogas plant for solid manure might reach up to 80%.     

Production of methane by co-digestion of cassava pulp with various concentrations of pig manure

Cassava pulp is a major by-product produced in a cassava starch factory, containing 50–60% of starch (dry basis). Therefore, in this study we are considering its potential as a raw material substrate for the production of methane. To ensure sufficient amounts of nutrients for the anaerobic digestion process, the potential of co-digestion of cassava pulp (CP) with pig manure (PM) was further examined. The effect of the co-substrate mixture ratio was carried out in a semi-continuously fed stirred tank reactor (CSTR) operated under mesophilic condition (37 °C) and at a constant OLR of 3.5 kg VS m^?3 d^?1 and a HRT of 15 days. The results showed that co-digestion resulted in higher methane production and reduction of volatile solids (VS) but lower buffering capacity. Compared to the digestion of PM alone, the specific methane yield increased 41% higher when co-digested with CP in concentrations up to 60% of the incoming VS. This was probably due to an increase in available easily degradable carbohydrates as the CP ratio in feedstock increased. The highest methane yield and VS removal of 306 mL g^?1 VS_added and 61%, respectively, were achieved with good process stability (VFA:Alkalinity ratio < 0.1) when CP accounted for 60% of the feedstock VS. A further increase of CP of the feedstock led to a decrease in methane yield and solid reductions. This appeared to be caused by an extremely high C:N ratio of the feedstock resulting in a deficiency of ammonium nitrogen for microbial growth and buffering capacity.     

Enhanced biogas production from anaerobic co-digestion of municipal wastewater treatment sludge and fat,oil and grease (FOG) by a modified two-stage thermophilic digester system with selected thermo-chemical pre-treatment

Anaerobic co-digestions with fat, oil and grease (FOG) were investigated in two-stage thermophilic (55 °C) semi-continuous flow co-digestion systems. One two-stage co-digestion system (System I) was modified to incorporate a thermo-chemical pre-treatment of pH = 10 at 55 °C, which was the best pre-treatment condition for FOG co-digestion identified during laboratory-scale biochemical methane potential (BMP) testing. The other two-stage co-digestion system (System II) was operated without a pre-treatment process. The anaerobic digester of each digestion system had a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 days. An organic loading rate (OLR) of 1.83 ± 0.09 g TVS/L·d was applied to each digestion system. It was found that System I effectively enhanced biogas production as the thermo-chemical pre-treatment improved the substrate hydrolysis including increased COD solubilization and VFA concentrations. Overall, the modified System I yielded a 25.14 ± 2.14 L/d biogas production rate, which was substantially higher than the 18.73 ± 1.11 L/d obtained in the System II.     

Enhancement of biogas production from sunnhemp using alkaline pretreatment

This study investigates enhancing the biogas production of sunnhemp by pretreatment, before the anaerobic digestion and co-digestion processes, to address the complex and recalcitrant structure of the plant. Fresh sunnhemp harvested at a cutting interval of 50 days is used in the study. Five systems (each with a 5 litre useable volume) are operated semi-continuously with five different ratios of the feedstock by feeding separate feedstocks every five days with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 40 days. The system operates at room temperature (30 °C). The study uses sunnhemp as 20% of the feedstock and also considers sunnhemp mixed with cow manure at different ratios, with the weighed sunnhemp being pretreated with dilute sodium hydroxide. Pretreatment of sunnhemp before digestion produces a methane (CH₄) yield 89% greater than that of the untreated sunnhemp. It requires 3.597 kg of dry sunnhemp to produce 1 m³ of CH₄ and the annual CH₄ yield per hectare is 19,015 m³. In the pretreatment of sunnhemp before co-digestion, the increased CH₄ yield depends on the amount of pretreated sunnhemp in the feedstocks. However, the %CH₄, the CH₄ production level and the system stability depend on the optimal ratio of the sunnhemp to cow manure. The initially prepared sunnhemp to cow manure ratio is recommended at 10 g:10 g in 80 mL of water. At this ratio, the %CH₄ and the CH₄ yield are 53.84% and 313 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD) removed, respectively, and the COD removal efficiency is 56.4%. Sunnhemp has high potential and it is worth pretreating before producing biogas. Using sunnhemp to produce biogas is recommended to decrease greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate global warming.     

Biogas production from the sludge of the municipal wastewater treatment plant of Adrar city (southwest of Algeria)

This study deals with the treatment and valorization of sludge issued from the municipal wastewater treatment plant of Adrar city (southwest of Algeria). The sludge considered was a complex mixture of substances, essentially organic matters with a rate of 54%. An acute biological activity of the crude substrate was noted (1.67 10⁶ germs/1 ml). The diluted sludge with a content of 16 g/l of total solids (TS) was fermented in a digester of one litter capacity under anaerobic conditions during 33 days. The quantity of biogas produced was 280.31 Nml with a yield of 30 Nml of biogas/mg of COD removed. The COD, BOD and TS reduction yields were 88, 90 and 81% respectively, followed by a complete destruction of the pathogenic flora particularly Escherichia coli. This study presented an important energetic opportunity by producing 30,950 KWh.     

Effects of the reduction of the hydraulic retention time to 1.5 days at constant organic loading in CSTR,ASBR, and fixed-bed reactors – Performance and methanogenic community composition

The hydraulic retention time (HRT) is one of the key parameters in biogas processes and often it is postulated that a minimum HRT of 10–25 days is obligatory in continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) to prevent a washout of slow growing methanogens. In this study the effects of the reduction of the HRT from 6 to 1.5 days on performance and methanogenic community composition in different systems with and without immobilization operated with simulated thin stillage (STS) at mesophilic conditions and constant organic loading rates (OLR) of 10 g L⁻¹d⁻¹ of volatile solids were investigated. With the reduction of the HRT process instability was first observed in the anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) (at HRT of 3 days) followed by the CSTR (at HRT of 2 days). The fixed bed reactor (FBR) was stable until the end of the experiment, but the reduction of the HRT to 1.5 days caused a decrease of the specific biogas production to about 450 L kg⁻¹ of VS compared to about 600 L kg⁻¹ of VS at HRTs of 4–5 days. Methanoculleus and Methanosarcina were the dominant genera under stable process conditions in the CSTR and the ASBR and members of Methanosaeta and Methanospirillum were only present at HRT of 4 days and lower. In the effluent of the FBR Methanosarcina spp. were not detected and Methanosaeta spp. were more abundant then in the other reactors.     

Production of methane from ozonated palm oil mill effluent

Methane (CH₄) production from palm oil mill effluent (POME) pre-treated by ozonation was conducted under mesophilic (37 °C) condition. The results demonstrated that methane can be produced from both non-ozonated and ozonated POME at a concentration range of 3,000 to 15,000 mg COD L⁻¹. Methane yield rised 54% when POME was pre-treated by ozonation at POME concentration of 15,000 mg COD L⁻¹. The methane yield increased the POME concentration was increased. At POME above 15,000 mg COD L⁻¹, the methane yield was dropped dramatically. The methane production rates (R_max) and yields exerted similar trend regarding the POME concentration. Accumulation of volatile fatty acids in the reactor posed the drop of methane production. Ozonation pretreatment process of POME can improve the biodegradability of the complex organic matter in POME and enhanced methane yield and rate at POME concentration range of 3,000–15,000 mg COD L⁻¹.     

Long-term stability of hydrogen and organic acids production in an anaerobic fluidized-bed reactor using heat treated anaerobic sludge inoculum

This study evaluates the stability of hydrogen and organic acids production in an anaerobic fluidized-bed reactor (AFBR) that contains expanded clay (2.8–3.35 mm in diameter) as a support medium and is operated on a long-term basis. The reactor was inoculated with thermally pre-treated anaerobic sludge and operated with decreasing hydraulic retention time (HRT), from 8 h to 1 h, at a controlled temperature of 30 °C and a pH of about 3.8. Glucose (2000 mg L^?1) was used as the substrate, generating conversion rates of 92–98%. Decreasing the HRT from 8 h to 1 h led to an increase in average hydrogen-production rates, with a maximum value of 1.28 L h^?1 L^?1 for an HRT of 1 h. In general, hydrogen yield production increased as HRT decreased, reaching 2.29 mol of H₂/mol glucose at an HRT of 2 h and yielding a maximum hydrogen content of 37% in the biogas. No methane was detected in the biogas throughout the period of operation. The main soluble metabolites (SMP) were acetic acid (46.94–53.84% of SMP) and butyric acid (34.51–42.16% of SMP), with less than 15.49% ethanol. The steady performance of the AFBR may be attributed to adequate thermal treatment of the inoculum, the selection of a suitable support medium for microbial adhesion, and the choice of satisfactory environmental conditions imposed on the system. The results show that stable hydrogen production and organic acids production were maintained in the AFBR over a period of 178 days.     

Mild alkaline pre-treatments loosen fibre structure enhancing methane production from biomass crops and residues

Three ligno-cellulosic substrates representing varying levels of biodegradability (giant reed, GR; fibre sorghum, FS; barley straw, BS) were combined with mild alkaline pre-treatments (NaOH 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 N at 25 °C for 24 h) plus untreated controls, to study pre-treatment effects on physical-chemical structure, anaerobic digestibility and methane output of the three substrates. In a batch anaerobic digestion (AD) assay (58 days; 35 °C; 4 g VS l⁻¹), the most recalcitrant substrate (GR) staged the highest increase in cumulative methane yield: +30% with NaOH 0.15 N over 190 ml CH₄ g⁻¹ VS in untreated GR. Conversely, the least recalcitrant substrate (FS) exhibited the lowest gain (+10% over 248 ml CH₄ g⁻¹ VS), while an intermediate behaviour was shown by BS (+15% over 232 ml CH₄ g⁻¹ VS). Pre-treatments speeded AD kinetics and reduced technical digestion time (i.e., the time needed to achieve 80% methane potential), which are the premises for increased production capacity of full scale AD plants. Fibre components (cellulose, hemicellulose and acid insoluble lignin determined after acid hydrolysis) and substrate structure (Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy) outlined reductions of the three fibre components after pre-treatments, supporting claims of loosened binding of lignin with cellulose and hemicellulose. Hence, mild alkaline pre-treatments were shown to improve the biodegradability of ligno-cellulosic substrates to an extent proportional to their recalcitrance. In turn, this contributes to mitigate the food vs. fuel controversy raised by the use of whole plant cereals (namely, maize) as feedstocks for biogas production.     

Effect of salt and sodium concentration on the anaerobic methanisation of the halophyte Tripolium pannonicum

The halophyte species Sea Aster (Tripolium pannonicum) was grown with different concentrations of artificial seawater. In a second experiment, T. pannonicum was cultivated with a nutrient solution containing different concentrations of NaCl. This halophyte biomass was used to determine the biogas production potential. According to the findings, it is possible to produce high yields of methane using biomass from halophytes cultivated in the presence of salt. Biogas and methane yield are influenced by the salt content of the plant tissue, however, high concentrations of salt in the anaerobic reactors itself inhibit the biogas and methane production. The highest methane yield is obtained using plant substrates grown at 22.5 g L⁻¹ sea-salt with a value of 313 cm³ g⁻¹ of VS. When treating T. pannonicum with different concentrations of NaCl, biogas and methane yields are highest when using plant substrates grown at 30 g L⁻¹ to produce values of 554 cm³ g⁻¹ of VS and 447 cm³ g⁻¹ of VS, respectively. Other research was carried out to study the effect of sodium on the biogas and methane yields using substrate from T. pannonicum cultured under non-saline conditions and adding different amounts of NaCl to the anaerobic reactors. Adding NaCl to the reactors decreases the biogas and methane production but using a salt-adapted inoculum increases the biogas yield in comparison to the non-adapted inoculum.     

Pre-treatment study on two-stage biohydrogen and biomethane productions in a continuous co-digestion process from a mixture of swine manure and pineapple waste

This study involves continuous co-digestion of swine manure and pineapple waste mixture using two-stage anaerobic reactors and examines hydraulic retention time (HRT) and substrate heat pre-treatment. The maximum hydrogen and methane production rates of 1488.62 and 991.57 mL/L/d, respectively, reached optimal HRTs of 4.5 h in the hydrogen production fermenter (HPF) and 9 d in the methane production fermenter (MPF) using heat pre-treatment. Acetic acid is a dominant volatile fatty acid of the soluble metabolites with values 70%–73% under all the tested conditions and increased values under heat pre-treatment and high HRT. Firmicutes and Euryarchaeota are the main bacteria species detected in HPF and MPF, respectively. The optimal total energy of 196.47 kJ/L/d and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of 90% were obtained by a complete anaerobic co-digestion process at a high substrate concentration of 105 g COD/L and low HRT of 4.5 h. This shows that the two-stage co-digestion process could increase the COD removal efficiency, hydrogen production rate, and net energy gains and produce high quality biogas and significantly reduce fermentation time.