Nursing care in common breast problems in early breast feeding]

We examined and contrasted morning reports at two hospitals, university and community, that have a pediatric residency program. Patient diagnoses assigned at morning report were compared with final diagnoses to assess disease categories discussed and the value of including outpatient follow-up in this educational forum. Data were obtained during morning reports for 6 months by chief residents at university and private community hospitals. Pertinent history, physical examination, and laboratory and radiologic findings were recorded and were assigned a tentative morning report diagnosis based on morning report discussion. Cases were then reviewed at discharge and at 6 months to determine final diagnoses. At the university hospital, 58% of the cases were undiagnosed before presentation at morning report. Of those cases, 23% were assigned a diagnosis at morning report that differed from the final diagnosis. Similarly, at the private community hospital, 28% of cases were undiagnosed before presentation at morning report. Of those cases, 73% were assigned a diagnosis that differed from the final diagnosis. We conclude that the provision of follow-up at morning report is important for maximizing resident education.     

Opinion of alumni about the teaching of nursing diagnosis according to North American Nursing Diagnosis Association

Family members who care for chronically ill relatives at home are subject to demands beyond their usual daily responsibilities. These demands can develop into a pattern that disrupts all aspects of the life of the caregiver. The article examines the existing literature on caregiver burden and reconceptualizes the dimensions of caregiver burden within the context of the Roy adaptation model.     

Patient outcome--towards a definition and classification of nursing care outcome

Within the context of the desired unambiguousness in definitions and classifications of the nursing terminology, this literature research attempts to inventory the divergent meanings in recent professional nursing literature of the concept 'patient outcome', as well as the classifications used. Data analysis and interpretation was carried out by means of analytic induction. The results clearly show the ambiguousness of the concept. Nursing literature appears to pay little attention to the study of the structure of (the) patient outcome(s). Then, the context in which the patient outcome has to be situated appears to be described in many divergent ways. Finally, classifications of patient outcomes are found in many variants. This report concludes with suggestions for an unequivocal definition of patient outcome, as well as for the construction of (a) classification(s) of patient outcomes.     

Structures for the international classification of nursing practice

The following is a walk through the architectural principles behind the classification of nursing phenomena and of nursing interventions in the Alpha version of the International Classification for Nursing Practice. While some architectural principles are common to the two classifications, other principles are particular to one or the other classification.     

Specialism in nursing: the case of nursing care for elderly people

Is elderly care nursing a specialty? This paper reports results from an interview-based study which aims to uncover the distinctive elements of nursing work with elderly people. Within the context of sociological literature on specialism it is concluded that a case for seeing elderly care nursing as a specialty area can be made. However, that case has implications for the continued marginalization of elderly people in society.     

Reasons for the different classification of structural steels according to their transition temperatures under different test conditions

Examples for the different classification of two steels under two test conditions if the curves transition temperature versus grain size intersect. Coherence of these curves with the curves for the temperature dependence of the Hall-Petch parameters σ_i, and k_y and with the value of a fracture parameter k_f. Technical significance of the results.     

Study of major volatiles in wines and discriminant analysis applied to classification according to region

The major volatiles of eighty eight wines (white, rosè and red) from Madrid were studied. The samples came from the three districts forming the "Vinos de Madrid" DO (Denominación de Origen) region: Arganda, Navalcarnero and San Martín, and were analyzed by gas chromatography. The resulting data were treated by Stepwise Discriminant Analysis (SDA) in order to ascertain the efficacity of these compounds in classifying the wines according to their geographical origin. The results confirm that the above components were of little use in classifying the red and white wines and, although a correct classification percentage of 90.91% was obtained for the rosés when all the variables were used, this too was considered unsatisfactory.     

Is the quest for evidence-based care detrimental to children's nursing?

Evidence-based care and the expanded role of the nurse are inexorably linked. Facets of this are found in every specialist area of nursing. Children's nurses are no exception and they have proved their commitment to family-centred care over a period of many years. However, within the ranks of nurse educationalists now employed by the universities and not the NHS new tensions have emerged. The research-led ethos of the universities demands that nurses demonstrate expertise in the field of scientific enquiry. Although the philosophy of caring and research are not incongruent, there exists the potential that family empowerment may take a back seat to academic prowess. This article examines the background to this dilemma.     

Persistence: the key to nursing diagnosis development

Respiratory system evaluation and diagnosis is one basis of physiological assessment. Nurses perform independently and collaboratively in all areas of respiratory nursing, and there is a need to describe what it is they diagnose and how the diagnosis relates to the selected nursing interventions. Nursing diagnosis is an appropriate method to describe patients' responses to illness. Respiratory nurses in all educational, practice, and professional arenas have an opportunity to be involved in research that validates existing respiratory nursing diagnoses and promotes development of specific diagnoses that patients experience.     

Study of neonatal immunological function in breast feeding and formula feeding

OBJECTIVE: To determine 4 immunoglobulins and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) in maternal and neonatal serum, in order to study the immunological functions in the neonates. METHODS: 80 cases were divided into three groups: (1) breast feeding group (30 cases), (2) formula feeding group (20 cases), and (3) mixed feeding group (30 cases). Maternal serum was collected prior to delivery and on the sixth day after delivery. Neonatal serum was collected on the third and sixth day after delivery. Umbilical blood at birth was obtained also. Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), IgA, IgG, IgM and sIL-2R levels in the sera were determined by radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The SIgA, IgA, IgG, IgM and sIL-2R levels in maternal serum were not significantly different among 3 groups, while neonatal serum SIgA, IgA, IgG, IgM and sIL-2R levels on the sixth day after delivery in the breast feeding group were significantly higher than those in the formula breeding group (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.05, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Breast feeding may improve neonatal humoral and cellular immunity.     

Cultural implications for nursing care of the Amish

The Amish are a conservative Protestant religious sect with a unique set of culture and traditions. In order to provide culturally appropriate and sensitive health care, it is imperative for nurses and other health care providers to have a basic understanding of variations of Amish lifestyle from other cultural groups. Application of Giger and Davidhizar's Transcultural Assessment Model provides information and nursing implications to assist nurses and other health care personnel when caring for Amish clients.     

Adapting to the change in medical models to increase the quality of nursing care

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on the maturation, fertilization, and cleavage of murine oocytes. METHODS: Immature and mature murine oocytes were cultured alone or together with murine spermatozoa in vitro. Various concentrations of IGF-I were added to the media as experimental groups, and was not added as controls. Then the rates of maturation, fertilization and cleavage of murine oocytes were observed, and compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: The rates of maturation, fertilization and cleavage of murine oocytes in experimental groups were significantly higher than those in the controls (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). Unequal blastomeres and cell fragments were observed in both groups, but the differences during the same cultured period were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: IGF-I could induce murine oocyte maturation, promote its fertilization and cleavage in vitro, and do no harm to the fertilized oocytes and embryos.