Appraisal and optimization of agricultural water use in large irrigation schemes: I. Theory

A new approach on the functioning of an irrigation scheme has been presented. A mathematical representation of the irrigation system based on measured system properties, such as losses due to percolation and to poor management, in only a part of the system is used. This mathematical representation is termed an equivalent irrigation network. The merit of this approach is that it reduces the number of required streamflow measurements.When water amounts are measured for a number of paths in the irrigation network, so-called path efficiencies are obtained. The path efficiency is a measure of the amount of water lost along the way. The numerical model that simulates the operation of the irrigation system is based on the path efficiencies. This simulation model in turn is used to calculate different objective functions, corresponding with different optimization goals, like uniform water distribution, minimum groundwater extraction, minimum cost of water supply.This paper gives the theoretical background of the approach. The application to an actual irrigation scheme will be discussed in a second paper.     

上海市水资源和水环境的可持续发展

从上海市的水域分布、水资源总量和水污染状况等方面分析上海市的水资源和水环境状况 ,分析结果表明 ,影响上海市水资源和水环境可持续发展主要有三大因素 :废污水的排放和治理问题 ;河网水动力条件和人工调节能力问题 ;流域资源的配置和环境影响问题。上海市水资源配置的主要目标是 :以水资源综合利用为核心 ,确保市民饮用水优质供给为首要目标 ,建立完善黄浦江水源、长江水源、地下水源和供水管网为重点的水资源配置系统 ,形成城镇供水、工业用水、农田灌溉、内河航运、环境用水相协调 ,水量、水质实时监控系统和合理的价格机制相配套的水资源配置体系。上海市水环境治理的主要目标是 :以水功能区划为依据 ,以“一江一湖十二河”为重点 ,以“六线六厂”污水处理骨干设施为基础 ,统筹兼顾城乡河网的内河航运、城市景观、生态环境等综合功能 ,形成污水收集处理、长期调水、定期清淤和长效管理相结合的水环境保护体系。     

驷马山灌区综合信息管理平台建设浅析

为更好地服务于灌区建设,改善灌区现代化水平不高、水资源管理落后、无法实现统一调度、供配水控制工程不能实时监控、水量统计与计费征收等问题,本文通过深入开发和利用水利信息资源,利用云计算、大数据、人工智能、物联网等新一代信息技术,构建驷马山灌区综合信息管理平台。该平台具有基于一张图实现水量、水位、水质等监测信息的实时监视与预警功能,辅助工作人员制订用、配水计划,实现供配水调度管理、水量统计与计费征收等功能,满足工作人员和领导科学决策的需要,为管理决策提供便捷的信息技术支持,提升了灌区信息化的水平。     

吕梁地区大中型灌区建设管理的经验及对策

文中介绍了吕梁地区大中型灌区在改变供水配水制度、供水结构、改造配套供水设施、改变投资机制及人事分配制度方面的作法和经验，并论述了今后应抓紧的几项工作。     

渠塘供水模式下灌区信息管理系统的设计

以引大灌区为对象研究了渠塘供水模式下灌区信息管理系统的设计。该设计以充分利用渠塘联控调水模式、最大限度提高灌区水资源的利用率为目标,由监测子系统提供塘群、渠系水情等实时信息,基于B/S结构的信息管理系统将完成动态配水、GIS查询等功能,实现对塘水、渠水的信息化管理和调度,突出渠塘供水模式的特色,充分发挥塘的二次调蓄功能。     

IB-ICCMSP: An Integrated Irrigation Water Optimal Allocation and Planning Model Based on Inventory Theory under Uncertainty

In this study, an inventory-theory-based inexact chance-constrained multi-stage stochastic programming (IB-ICCMSP) model under multi-uncertainties is developed. IB-ICCMSP integrates inventory theory into an inexact chance-constrained multi-stage stochastic optimization framework. This method can not only effectively address system multiple uncertainties (e.g. discrete intervals and probability density functions) and dynamic features, but also provide water transferring and allocating schemes among multiple stages. The developed model is applied to irrigation water allocation optimization system in Zhangye City, Gansu province, China. Based on the runoff simulation prediction of Yingluo Gorge and water supply–demand balance analysis of the 12 irrigation areas in Zhangye City, different optimal irrigation water measures are generated under different flow levels and different probabilities in the planning year. The obtained results are valuable for supporting the adjustment of the existing irrigation patterns and identifying desired water-allocation plans for irrigation under multi-uncertainties.     

朔州桑干河流域灌区的改革实践

在社会主义市场经济条件下,朔州市桑干河流域原有的分市县管辖的8处大中型灌区的管理体制和运行机制已不适应水管单位生存发展的需求.从解决长期以来水管单位面临的诸多实际问题出发,按照程序报请各级政府批准后,原分散管理的8处灌区统一划归桑干河水利管理局管理.该改革以理顺关系、设置机构为突破口,建立起了以流域为建制的新型水管体制,在运行过程中不断探索和解决改革中出现的新情况和新问题,有利于维护水资源的可持续利用和生态与环境的协调发展.     

Development and application of a simulation model for reservoir management

The success of irrigation system operation and planning depends on accurate quantification of supply and demand, and an equitable distribution of available water. The ultimate aim of this study was to determine how to meet the irrigation water demands if possible or to minimize the gap between the water supply and the demand. Most of the irrigation literature focuses only on the demand and the distribution aspects of this issue Irrigation projects that receive water from reservoirs, however, can be challenging to manage because the annual fluctuations in available water release from a reservoir can have a considerable impact on the irrigation management strategy. In real‐world situations, the reservoir operating rules guide reservoir operators in making actual water release decisions. This study develops a water balance simulation model for reservoir management, as well as testing it for Kangsabati Reservoir, West Bengal, India. Two rule curves for deciding irrigation water available from the reservoir were generated by taking the average and minimum stage values on a daily basis for a 16‐year period (1988–2003). Maintaining a minimum stage of 120.4 m throughout the year served as another rule to decide the release water available for irrigation. The minimum allowable stage of reservoir corresponding to a particular date of the year can be determined from those reservoir specific rule curves generated for irrigation purposes. The maximum permissible water release/outflow for irrigation from the test reservoir was taken as the volume of water available above the minimum allowable stage corresponding to the selected rule curve. The saturated hydraulic conductivity value (K_S) was calibrated to be 4.31 mm day^?1 for Kangsabati Reservoir.     

内陆干旱灌区优化配水模型及管理模式

从新疆生产实际需要和灌区现状出发,针对灌区灌溉方式、种植面积改变后,渠系水量如何分配及先进的灌溉节水技术推广难等问题,围绕灌溉渠系优化配水模型及灌区现代化管理模式两方面内容开展研究,构建了多种作物同时灌溉,基于遗传算法的渠系优化配水模型,探讨了适应市场经济、利于推广的新型灌区管理模式,为今后节水方向和政府决策提供依据。     

自主管理灌排区探讨

自主管理灌排区是一种新型的农业灌溉管理模式,它通过组建供水单位或供水公司和用水者协会,建立符合市场机制要求的供、用水管理制度,实现用水者自主管理灌区水利设施和有偿用水,保证灌区的良性运行。     

GIS-Integrated Rice Irrigation Management Information System for a River-Fed Scheme

The Tanjung Karang Irrigation Scheme is one of the large rice granaries in Malaysia. Irrigation management for rice irrigation is difficult because of different planting schedules, variability in soil and crop conditions and unreliable intake of water in the main canal due to the absence of storage reservoir and their uneven distribution to tertiary canals. In view of this concern, the scheme needs the daily estimation of the available water for irrigation and its equitable allocation among tertiary canals to cater trade-offs in water use for the scheme. Easy access of these spatially and temporally distributed data helps to make management system simpler. A GIS-integrated tool known as RIMIS was developed for equitable irrigation supply to tertiary canals and the characterization of their irrigation delivery performance as the season advances. RIMIS dynamically links a field irrigation demand prediction model for the area irrigated by a canal network in GIS. The system can correctly simulate and evaluate recommended irrigation supplies among tertiary canals that match the available discharge at the system head with the crop water demand for the actual field conditions. The user-interface was developed using ArcObjects and Visual Basic for Application (VBA) programming languages in ArcGIS software. RIMIS can give information on the uniformity of water distribution and the shortfall or excess and what decisions to adopt for the next day. It ensures equal sharing of water for the tail-end users. The system helps to keep input and output databases always updated with respect to the real field conditions. The results are displayed on the computer screen together with colour-coded maps, graphs and tables in a comprehensible form. This will help irrigation managers to enhance decision-making in the management and operation of the irrigation system. The development of the overall system and procedures is illustrated with data from a study area.     

基于供应链管理模式的灌区水资源运用研究

在灌区水资源联合运用系统中引入供应链管理模式,并建立了协调机制与信息共享机制,以确保供应链管理中信息和水量的畅通。以河北省石津灌区为例进行了供应链结构设计,并建立了灌区水资源联合运用规划系统。经研究得出,供应链理论与方法在灌区水资源联合运用系统中的应用是可行的,水资源利用效率将进一步提高,并可使整体效益最大化。提出的这一管理模式是灌区水资源管理方法和思路的创新,具有重要的参考价值和实践意义。     

江苏省农业节水问题研究

分析了江苏省水资源的特点 ,指出发展节水灌溉可以提高水资源和土地利用率 ,缓解水资源供需矛盾 ,促进农业可持续发展。提出江苏省发展农业节水的主要途径为加强渠道防渗 ,推广水稻节水高效灌溉技术 ,发展沟灌、畦灌、喷灌、微灌地膜覆盖栽培技术。提出为加快节水农业的发展 ,必须依法治水 ,广泛筹集资金 ,改革水利工程管理体制 ,加大科技投入 ,理顺水费价格。     

汾河灌区存在的问题和发展对策

汾河灌区灌溉供水严重不足，每年平均只灌一次，每亩次净灌５７ ｍ３ ，严重制约着农业生产的发展。为此，加速发展河井双灌，合理引用区间（ 洪） 水，取消沿河高灌抽水，发展工业供水市场，开展节水灌溉等，可促进灌区农业的持续发展。     

Conjunctive Operation of Reservoirs and Ponds Using a Simulation-Optimization Model of Irrigation Systems

Water resource management in arid agricultural irrigation regions is a great challenge for managers and decision makers. In some of those regions, many ponds have been built to ensure an adequate water supply for irrigation. Therefore, reservoirs and ponds should be managed conjunctively to minimize shortages of water. In this study, a new integrated mathematical model of conjunctive, or integrated, operation of reservoirs and ponds to maximize the water supply has been proposed for a reservoir-pond irrigation system. This objective has been achieved via the use of two models: an optimal model, which is used to determine the optimal discharge of reservoirs, and a simulation model, which considers the regulatory role of ponds and reservoirs and simulates their water supply to the irrigation system. An adaptive genetic algorithm has been employed in this study to solve the nonlinear and multi-dimensional reservoirs optimization problem. This methodology has been applied to the Yarkant River Basin to demonstrate its applicability, and three scenarios are presented. The main objective of the simulation-optimization model in the Yarkant River Basin is to minimize shortages in meeting irrigation demands for nine sub-irrigation systems subject to the constraint of ecological water transfer to the Tarim River. The optimizing effect of the model was particularly prominent under the third scenario, i.e., the XBD, MMK, and ART Reservoirs and 16 ponds conjunctively operated to meet the water demand of the YKB. The frequency of success (FS) in meeting agricultural water demands reaches up to 75%, and the value for ecological demand is 50.98%. The results demonstrate the importance of the conjunctive combined use approach for management of water resources in irrigation system of arid regions.     

基于原水-净化水耦合配置的多目标递解控制模型

针对我国水资源开发利用和管理中出现的新情况与新问题,根据国家新的治水方针和珠海市水务一体化管理的实际需要,建立了珠海市水资源优化配置模型———基于原水净化水耦合配置的多目标递解控制模型,并提出了分解协调耦合计算流程.通过模型耦合迭代计算和综合对比分析,给出珠海市原水净化水耦合配置的推荐方案,为珠海市未来20年的水资源优化配置和安全供给体系分期建设提供了科学的依据.     

松辽平原某大型抽水站新站址砂土震动液化可能性分析及其对策

通过哈达山水利枢纽工程、月亮泡蓄滞洪区工程、引嫩入白工程、前郭灌区改善配套工程、松原灌区及大安灌区的工程勘察,对松辽平原的砂土液化有了一些认识。本文仅以介绍前郭灌区第二灌区锡泊屯新站址的地层结构与砂土的一般性质,对砂土液化可能性进行了评价,并提出砂土振动液化的防治对策。结合本国在处理砂土液化地基中的一些经验,探讨新站址地基砂土振动液化的方法。     

灌区水管理信息化建设应注意的问题

灌区信息化可以显著促进灌溉管理现代化,提高灌区供水服务的安全性、公平性、可靠性和灵活性。因此,在开展灌区信息化建设过程中,灌区相关管理单位的主要任务是梳理管理脉络和职责划分,集中精力完成灌区信息化建设需求分析以及应达到的具体目标。     

WebGIS及三维可视化技术在铜川新区供水管网中的应用研究

分析了当前供水管网管理信息系统中存在的两个主要问题———系统结构的不合理以及管网信息二维显示的局限性,为此就铜川新区的供水管网管理提出了一套基于WebGIS和三维可视化技术的解决方案,系统结构采用B/S模式,并利用MapXtreme实现了网络化,利用OpenGL技术实现了三维可视化。     

新疆奎屯市土地复垦中的水资源平衡分析研究

对新疆奎屯市土地复垦项目中的水资源平衡进行研究,结合区域特性对干旱半干旱地区供水量与需水量进行综合分析,确定项目区内水资源供给量是否完全能满足耕种需求,并在自然条件下对该地区农作物的种植习惯进行考虑,根据该区的综合灌水定额以及植物的生长特点和灌溉制度,确定机井数目,以满足正常灌溉要求。