原子转移自由基聚合合成支化聚丙烯腈

以二乙烯苯为支化单体,α-溴代异丁酸叔丁酯为引发剂,CuBr和2,2'-联吡啶为催化体系,利用本体和溶液原子转移自由基聚合合成了支化聚丙烯腈.采用核磁共振谱仪、凝胶渗透色谱仪和多角度激光光散射仪等测试了聚合物结构、相对分子质量及其分布.用无水乙酸钠对支化聚丙烯腈进行末端改性,得到了在硫氰酸钠水溶液中性能稳定、可长期保存的支化聚丙烯腈,而改性对聚合物的耐热性能没有影响.     

轻度交联的支化嵌段共聚物POEGMA-b-PnBMA的合成

介绍了一种通过原子转移自由基聚合的方法一步合成两亲性支化嵌段共聚物的方法,并对其进行表征,测试了聚合物的核磁共振氢谱和粒度。     

活性自由基聚合制备结构明晰的多支化共聚物(英)

通过原子转移自由基聚合向ＴＥＭＰＯ 体系变换的方法,成功地合成出结构明晰的多支化共聚物     

支化聚苯乙烯的合成及其与ABS的共混

以对氯甲基苯乙烯(CMS)、苯乙烯、2,2′-联吡啶(Bpy)和CuCl组成过渡金属催化原子转移自由基聚合制备支化聚苯乙烯(BPS)。研究了少量BPS的引入对丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(ABS)熔体流动性能和热性能的影响。以Bpy/CuCl作为络合催化剂,CMS和苯乙烯可顺利自缩合乙烯基聚合合成BPS。在ABS中加入少量的BPS后,共混物的拉伸强度小幅提高,耐热性能基本保持不变,而熔体黏度降低7%～18%,改善了ABS的加工性能。     

过氧类自引发单体的合成及其用于制备支化聚苯乙烯

以叔丁基过氧化氢为过氧化物母体,在氢氧化钠存在下与甲基丙烯酰氯反应合成自引发单体甲基丙烯酸过氧叔丁酯,并尝试与苯乙烯组成自引发共聚合反应体系简易制备支化聚苯乙烯。采用高效液相色谱、拉曼光谱、核磁共振波谱和差示扫描量热法等对引发单体结构和物性进行表征,并利用三检测体积排除色谱表征了支化聚苯乙烯的相对分子质量及其分布、特性黏度及支化结构。结果表明:制备了高纯度的目标引发单体,纯度大于98%;其过氧键分解行为与过氧化苯甲酰相近;与苯乙烯组成的自引发共聚合反应体系得到的聚苯乙烯具有较高的相对分子质量和支化程度。     

活性自由基聚合制备结构明晰的多支化共聚物

通过原子转移自由基聚合向ＴＥＭＰＯ体系变换的方法,成功地合成出结构明晰的多支化共聚物。     

星状支化PS的合成与表征

利用原子转移自由基聚合方法,以α-溴代苯乙烷为引发剂,CuBr／2,2'-联二吡啶作为催化体系,合成星状支化聚苯乙烯(PS)。引发二苯甲烷双马来酰亚胺／苯乙烯电荷转移络合物体系就地优先生成多官能团引发剂,再引发苯乙烯聚合。采用核磁共振、凝胶渗透色谱、多角度激光散射和特性黏数等分析方法对聚合过程、聚合物结构、聚合物相对分子质量及其分布进行分析与表征。由多角度激光散射法测定的绝对重均分子量是由凝胶渗透色谱测定的4倍左右,相同相对分子质量的线型PS的特性黏数是星状PS的20倍,证实聚合产物确实具有支化结构。     

星形共聚物聚己内酯-聚丙烯酸羟基乙酯的合成与载药性能

通过原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)制备了两亲性线形共聚物聚己内酯-聚丙烯酸羟基乙酯(LPCLPHEA)及四臂星形共聚物聚己内酯-聚丙烯酸羟基乙酯(4s PCL-PHEA),以芘为荧光探针,测定两种聚合物的临界胶束浓度(CMC),并以阿霉素(DOX)为模型药物,分析探讨聚合物的载药能力。实验通过红外光谱(FT-IR)、荧光分光光度计、马尔文激光粒度仪等对聚合物的结构、粒径、Zeta电位、载药等性能进行表征。结果表明,两种聚合物都能形成稳定的载药胶束,其中四臂星形结构聚合物比线形聚合物具有较低的粒径和临界胶束浓度、较高的载药量和包封率,可作为药物载药材料进行进一步研究。     

纤维素-g-PGMA接枝共聚物的可控合成

以棉纤维为原料,甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)为单体,离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐(BMIMCl)为反应介质,采用原子转移自由基聚合法(ATRP)制备纤维素-g-PGMA接枝共聚物。通过FT-IR和GPC等仪器对产物结构进行了表征。动力学研究结果显示,GMA在离子液体中的ATRP聚合反应动力学呈一级反应动力学规律,并且相对分子质量随单体转化率呈线性增加,相对分子质量分布较窄,表明该聚合反应是活性可控的;合成的纤维素接枝共聚物在丙酮溶液中具有自组装行为。     

氮氧稳定自由基聚合与原子转移自由基聚合结合制备梳形支化聚苯乙烯的反应行为

为了实现对梳形支化聚苯乙烯结构的精确控制,采用核磁共振(1H-NMR)、多角度激光散射联用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC-MALLS)和气相色谱(GC)表征聚合物结构和观察反应动力学,研究了苯乙烯(St)与对氯甲基苯乙烯(p-CMS)氮氧稳定自由基共聚合(NMP)制备P(St-co-CMS)的反应行为以及以P(St-co-CMS)为大分子引发剂引发苯乙烯原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)制备梳形支化聚苯乙烯的反应行为。结果表明,在反应温度为130℃,苯甲醚为溶剂,BPO/HTEMPO为引发体系引发St与p-CMS的氮氧稳定自由基共聚合过程中,St和p-CMS的转化速率接近,p-CMS按其在单体混合物中的比例均匀进入共聚物分子链,共聚物分子量随转化率增加线性增大,P(St-co-CMS)的组成和分子量可控。在反应温度为100℃,苯甲醚为溶剂,CuCl/PMDETA为催化体系,P(St-co-CMS)为引发剂引发St的ATRP反应体系中,氯甲基全部用于引发St聚合,形成梳形支链;低转化率阶段,聚合物分子量随转化率增加呈线性增长,分子量分布较窄;在较高转化率下,聚合体系发生交联,形成凝胶;P(St-co-CMS)中p-CMS含量越高,凝胶越早发生。通过选择不同p-CMS含量的P(St-co-CMS)为大分子引发剂以及将苯乙烯转化率控制在一定范围,制得了主链分子量在25000~30000、支链数目在6.3~42.6、支链分子量在6000~17000的一系列梳形支化PS。     

Preparation of hyperbranched polymers through ATRP of in situ formed AB* monomer

The self‐condensing vinyl polymerization of an AB* monomer formed in situ by atom transfer radical addition from divinylbenzene (DVB) and (1‐bromoethyl)benzene (BEB) using atom transfer radical polymerization technique was studied. The catalyst concentration has a dramatic effect on polymerization. To study the polymerization mechanism and to achieve high molecular weight polymer, the polymerization was carried out in bulk with a catalyst to monomer ratio, 2,2′‐bipyridine to DVB, of 0.2 at 90°C. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectroscopy and size‐exclusion chromatography coupled with multiangle laser light scattering were used to analyze the polymerization aliquots and the obtained polymer. The intrinsic viscosities of the prepared polymers were also measured. Experimental results, from the comparison of the apparent molecular weights measured by size‐exclusion chromatography with the absolute values measured by multiangle laser light scattering as well as viscosity measurements, indicate the existence of hyperbranched structures in the prepared polymers. In sharp contrast to hyperbranched polymers from AB* monomer preprepared, hyperbranched ploy(divinylbenzene) prepared at equimolar amount of DVB and BEB has numerous residual pendant vinyl groups rather than only one double bond at its focal point. The hyperbranched polymers show relatively narrow molecular weight distribution (2.13–3.77) and exhibit excellent solubility in common organic solvents such as acetone. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 850–856, 2006     

Preparation of hyperbranched copolymers of maleimide inimer and styrene by ATRP

Novel hyperbranched copolymers were prepared by the atom transfer radical copolymerization of N-(4-α-bromobutyryloxy phenyl) maleimide (BBPMI) with styrene in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) using the complex of CuBr/2,2′-bipyridine as catalyst. The copolymerization behavior was investigated by comparison of the conversion of double bond of BBPMI determined by ¹H NMR with that of styrene. The hyperbranched structure of resulting copolymers was verified by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS). The influences of dosage of catalyst and monomer ratio on the polymerization rate and structure of the resulting polymers were also investigated. The glass transition temperature of the resulting hyperbranched copolymer increases with increasing mole fraction of BBPMI, f_BBPMI. The resulting copolymers exhibit improved solubility in organic solvents; however, they show lower thermal stabilities than their linear analogues.     

Synthesis and characterization of well-defined comb-like branched polymers

Well-defined comb-like branched polymers having one branch in each repeating unit have been successfully synthesized by the coupling reaction of living polystyrene (PS) and polyisoprene (PI) anions with 1, 1-diphenylethenyl (DPE) groups along PS backbone prepared via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of 4-vinylbenzyloxy benzophenone (Sc) followed by Wittig reaction. The resulting comb-like branched polymers were characterized by IR, ¹H-NMR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and static light scattering (SLS) in detail. The effect of living chains and DPE group molar ratio on grafting efficiency was discussed. The results show the coupling reaction of living chains and DPE groups was highly effective, and the coupling efficiency can be controlled via the feed molar ratios of living chains and DPE groups. Moreover, the effect of molecular weights of backbone (PSe) and PSLi or PILi on grafting efficiency was also discussed. The results show that when excess living polymers were used, the almost quantitative grafting efficiency could be achieved. __________ Translated from Acta Polymerica Sinica (China), 2007, (3): 203–208 [译自: 高分子学报]     

Synthesis of an amphiphilic glucose‐carrying graft copolymer and its use for membrane surface modification

A graft copolymer of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) with a glucose‐carrying methacrylate, 3‐O‐methacryloyl‐1,2:5,6‐di‐O‐isopropylidene‐D ‐glucofuranose, was synthesized via the atom transfer radical polymerization technique with commercial PVDF as the macroinitiator. After a treatment with 88% formic acid, the isopropylidenyl groups of the precursor graft copolymer [poly(vinylidene fluoride)‐g‐poly(3‐O‐methacryloyl‐1,2:5,6‐di‐O‐isopropylidene‐ D ‐glucofuranose)] were converted into hydroxyl groups, and this produced an amphiphilic graft copolymer (PVDF‐g‐PMAG) [poly(vinylidene fluoride)‐g‐poly(3‐O‐methacryloyl‐α,β‐D‐glucopyranose)] with glycopolymer side chains and a narrow molecular weight distribution (weight‐average molecular weight/number‐average molecular weight < 1.29). This glucose‐carrying graft copolymer was characterized with Fourier transform infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, gel permeation chromatography, and thermogravimetric analysis. A novel porous membrane prepared from blends of PVDF with PVDF‐g‐PMAG via an immersion–precipitation technique exhibited significantly enhanced hydrophilicity and an anti‐protein‐adsorption property. The surface chemical composition and morphology of the membrane were studied with X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Preparation of branched polyacrylonitrile through self‐condensing vinyl copolymerization

Branched polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was prepared through a self‐condensing vinyl copolymerization of acrylonitrile and 2‐(2‐bromopropionyloxy)ethyl acrylate (BPEA). The branched architecture of the product was confirmed by NMR spectra and the average degree of branching (DB ) was estimated. Through a comparison of the intrinsic viscosity of the product with that of its linear analogue, the contraction factor g′ was calculated. It was found that the viscosity of the branched PAN was obviously lower that that of linear PAN. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Architecture of rod–brush block copolymers synthesized by a combination of coordination polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization

A combination of coordination polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was applied to a novel synthesis of rod–brush block copolymers. The procedure included the following steps: (1) the monoesterification reaction of ethylene glycol with 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide (BIBB) yielded the bifunctional initiator monobromobutyryloxy ethylene glycol and (2) a trichlorocyclopentadienyl titanium (CpTiCl₃; bifunctional initiator) catalyst was prepared from a mixture of CpTiCl₃ and bifunctional initiator. The coordination polymerization of n-butyl isocyanate initiated by such a catalyst provided a well-defined macroinitiator, poly(n-butyl isocyanate)–bromine (PBIC–Br). (3) The ATRP method of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate initiated by PBIC–Br provided rod [poly(n-butyl isocyanate) (PBIC)]–coil [poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA)] block copolymers with a CuCl/CuCl₂/2,2′-bipyridyl catalyst. (4) The esterfication of PBIC-block-PHEMA with BIBB yielded a block-type macroinitiator, and (5) ATRP of methyl methacrylate with a block-type macroinitiator provided rod–brush block copolymers. We found from the solution properties that such rod–brush block copolymers formed nanostructured macromolecules in solution. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008