The energy situation in Nigeria

In this paper we examine Nigeria's energy problems and the spolicy which the government has adopted to solve them.     

Future demand for electricity in Nigeria

Availability and reliability of electricity supplies have always been vexed issue in Nigeria. With an estimated population of 130 million people in AD 2005, Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and belongs to the group of countries with the lowest electricity consumption per capita in the continent. Nigeria is also ranked among the poorest countries in the world. This paper examines the likely trend in the demand for electricity over the next 25 years under the assumptions that (i) there is a rapid economic development such that Nigeria transforms from low- to middle-income economy during this period, (ii) Nigeria meets the millennium development goals (MDG) in AD 2015, and (iii) the country achieves the status of an industrializing nation. For these to happen, this paper projects that electric-power generation will have to rise from the current capacity of 6500 MW to over 160 GW in AD 2030. This level of supply will be significant enough to increase the per capita electricity consumption to about 5000 kWh per capita by the year 2030. Even then, this just compares with the AD 2003 per capital consumption of some industrializing countries. Analysis of the level of investment required to meet the projected power demand indicates that annual investment cost will rise from US$3.8 billion in AD 2006 to a peak of US$21 billion in AD 2028. The total investment stream over the 25 year period comes to US$262 billion or roughly US$10 billion per annum.     

煤化工的最高境界——煤制油

煤制油是以煤炭为原料生产液体燃料和化工原料的煤化工技术的简称。通常有两种技术路线,直接液化和间接液化。神华煤直接液化项目先期工程将于2007年建成投产。     

Energy sources for Nigeria

Nigeria's energy resources and energy future are discussed.     

On energy for sustainable development in Nigeria

The fuel driving the engine of growth and sustainable development of any nation is the nation's access to reliable and adequate energy. Access to energy is a crucial enabling condition for achieving sustainable development. Prudent energy policies and research can play an important role in steering both industrialized and developing countries onto more sustainable energy development paths. Specifically, they can strengthen the three pillars of sustainable development: the economy, by boosting productivity; social welfare, by improving living standards and enhancing safety and security; and the environment, by reducing indoor and outdoor pollution and remediating environmental degradation. Many factors that need to be considered and appropriately addressed in moving towards energy sustainability in Nigeria are examined in this article. These include full exploitation and promotion of renewable energy resources and application of energy conservation measures in various sectors such as manufacturing industrial set-up, office and residential buildings and transportation.     

Municipal solid-waste in Port Harcourt,Nigeria

In Port Harcourt metropolis, municipal solid-waste (MSW) is generated and collected in large quantities, but some remains as litter in parts of the municipality. Refuse is mostly buried, but some reckless open-burning ensues, so posing environmental hazards. Waste collected from different receptacles and dumpsites in the city was subjected to analysis: on average, it consisted of 66.6% volatile solids, 13.5% fixed solids, 19.1% liquid and 0.8% other components. The average biodegradability fraction is 0.807, with a carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of 27:1. The energy content of the refuse was 7.25 MJ/kg as collected. These results indicate that such refuse is amenable to several disposal options with less adverse impact on the environment. It is also a source of energy.     

露天煤场煤堆自燃的防止措施

叙述了堆放在露天煤场的煤堆发生氧化自燃现象的原因,以山西河津电厂为例,提出了防止煤堆氧化自燃的综合预防措施。     

燃煤火力发电厂原煤斗堵煤问题的分析及对策

介绍了火力发电厂原煤斗堵煤发生堵煤的影响,分析了堵煤的原因,将堵煤的原因归纳为煤质原因、设计原因和运行原因三个方面,论述了诸如安装煤斗疏松机、增大原煤斗出口尺寸等多种预防堵煤和解决堵煤问题的方式,提出了电厂中应对原煤斗堵煤的建议.     

Fuel subsidy in Nigeria: Fact or fallacy

Opinions have differed sharply in Nigeria on the continued existence of fuel subsidy. The opponents of Government-planned removal of fuel subsidy argue that the existence of fuel subsidy is a fallacy. On the other hand, the proponents opine that the existence of fuel subsidy is a fact. The objective of this study is to empirically examine these claims and counter-claims. It is therefore hypothesized that there is no significant relationship between fuel demand and fuel subsidy factors. Multiple linear regression was used to test the research hypothesis. The result suggests that there is a significant relationship between the fuel demand and fuel subsidy factors (fuel subsidy, and price of fuel), at 0.01 level (R² = 50.4). This implies that fuel subsidy factors accounted for 50.4 percent changes in demand for fuel. This result is empirical evidence that fuel subsidy is a fact and not a fallacy. This study recommends a gradually controlled withdrawal of fuel subsidy at the level it will be minimally harmful to the economy.     

关于煤矿开采中采煤技术探讨

叙述了中国煤矿开采的落后局面,分析了煤矿开采新技术的技术背景,探讨了现代采煤技术在煤炭开采中的利用。     

煤矿开采中的采煤技术分析

分析了中国采煤技术的现状,重点介绍了几种常见的采煤技术,最后分析了采煤技术选择的原则,以不断推进煤炭开采技术创新,保证煤炭生产稳定。     

煤矿开采中的采煤技术研究

煤炭资源短缺形势日益严峻,这一点是有目共睹的,因此如何在确保安全生产的前提下,提高采煤效率和产量,进而打破束缚中国社会经济发展的一大障碍显得尤为关键。而采煤技术作为改善煤炭产量和质量的重要手段,则必须予以不断改进和创新,以期使其更为安全、高效和高产。对此,概述了煤矿开采中的采煤技术,并就其应用发展进行了研究。     

Energetic analysis of fruit juice processing operations in Nigeria

Energy and exergy studies were conducted in an orange juice manufacturing industry in Nigeria to determine the energy consumption pattern and methods of energy optimization in the company. An adaptation of the process analysis method of energy accounting was used to evaluate the energy requirement for each of the eight defined unit operations. The types of energy used in the manufacturing of orange juice were electrical, steam and manual with the respective proportions of 18.51%, 80.91% and 0.58% of the total energy. It was estimated that an average energy intensity of 1.12 MJ/kg was required for the manufacturing of orange juice. The most energy intensive operation was identified as the pasteurizer followed by packaging unit with energy intensities of 0.932 and 0.119 MJ/kg, respectively. The exergy analysis revealed that the pasteurizer was responsible for most of the inefficiency (over 90%) followed by packaging (6.60%). It was suggested that the capacity of the pasteurizer be increased to reduce the level of inefficiency of the plant. The suggestion has been limited to equipment modification rather than process alteration, which constitutes additional investment cost and may not be economical from an energy savings perspective.     

Prospects for the development of nuclear technology in Nigeria

We present a resource summary for nuclear raw materials in Nigeria. We study the manpower situation and make proposals for a manpower development programme for the nuclear power industry. The results of this analysis show that the country has an abundance of raw materials and the potential manpower pool for a nuclear technology.     

On wind speed pattern and energy potential in Nigeria

The aim of this paper is to review wind speed distribution and wind energy availability in Nigeria and discuss the potential of using this resource for generation of wind power in the country. The power output from a wind turbine is strongly dependent on the wind speed and accurate information about the wind data in a targeted location is essential. The annual mean wind speeds in Nigeria range from about 2 to 9.5 m/s and the annual power density range between 3.40 and 520 kW/m² based on recent reported data. The trend shows that wind speeds are low in the south and gradually increases to relatively high speeds in the north. The areas that are suitable for exploitation of wind energy for electricity generation as well as for water pumping were identified. Also some of the challenges facing the development of wind energy and suggested solutions were presented.     

Assessment of utilization of wind energy resources in Nigeria

The study critically reviews the prospects and challenges of utilizing wind energy resources for power generation in Nigeria. The various initiatives by governments and researchers were surveyed and the nation is found to sit in the midst of enormous potential for wind harvest for power generation. The far northern states, the mountainous regions and different places of the central and south-eastern states were identified as good areas for wind harvest together with the offshore areas spanning from Lagos through Ondo, Ogun, Cross-Rivers to Rivers states along the Atlantic Ocean in the south–south. Despite this great potential and huge prospect, the country is found to still suffer from serious energy crises due to her over dependence on hydropower which also is susceptible to seasonal variation in the amount of water levels at dams. There is yet to be committed wind energy project for power generation on-going in the country. Several challenges bedeviling the development and utilization of wind energy resources were identified and suggestions highlighted to help pull the nation out of this lingering energy crisis.     

日本煤炭及电煤贸易与价格管理

3.11地震后日本煤电需求有所上升,其通过权益煤的获得,积极参与煤矿、铁路、港口、船舶等相关运输系统建设,以及长期价格协议,在国际大宗商品贸易领域获得了较大的影响力和一定的控制力,并以此稳定了煤炭供应及进口煤炭价格。更为重要的是,日本通过煤、电价格联动机制,梯级电价制度及公开透明的公众监督机制,逐步降低了终端电价,其相关经验值得我研究借鉴。     

北宿煤矿17#煤层煤质特征研究

以北宿煤矿为研究对象,首先对其地理位置和基础地质做简要阐述,然后通过基础数据和2种绘图软件AutoCAD和Surfer绘制出17#煤层煤厚、灰分、硫分、灰分、水分以及挥发分等值线图。结果表明:17#煤层煤厚中间最薄,并呈现波浪式向东、西方向发展,为薄煤层;灰分含量井田中部最低,向东西方向对称增加然后降低,且西南方向有个灰分高异常点,为低中灰煤;硫分含量北部中部含量最高,向两边逐渐降低,为高硫分煤;水分含量中部最低,向两边逐渐递增;挥发分含量分布较均匀。煤层的成煤条件为滨海过渡沉积,这种成煤环境煤层煤质特征横向变化不大,较为均匀。