丁酸苄酯的催化合成研究

以丁酸、苯甲醇为原料,硫酸氢钠(NaHSO4·H2O)为催化剂合成丁酸苄酯.其优化条件为:酸醇物质的量比为1∶1.3,催化剂用量为0.2g/0.1 mol丁酸,反应温度98～125 ℃,反应时间45 min,酯化率可达98.49%.     

壳聚糖硫酸盐催化合成乙酸苄酯

以壳聚糖硫酸盐为催化剂,由乙酸和苄醇合成乙酸苄酯。考察了催化剂用量、反应时间等因素对反应的影响。实验结果表明,在催化剂用量为０．４ｇ、反应时间为２．５ｈ的条件下,产品收率为８３％,并且催化剂可重复使用多次     

有机锡催化合成乙酸苄酯新工艺研究

以新型不同类型的有机锡化合物为催化剂,对乙酸苄酯的酯化反应进行了研究,重点考察了不同类型的有机锡催化剂的催化效果、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间、酸醇摩尔比和带水剂等因素对乙酸苄酯产率的影响。实验结果表明,Ph3SnCl对合成乙酸苄酯有着良好的催化活性,当催化剂用量为苯甲醇和乙酸总质量1．5％,乙酸和苯甲醇的摩尔比为2．5：1,甲苯为10mU与苯甲醇的摩尔比为0．60）,温度110℃,反应150min后,乙酸苄酯产率可达98．4％．且催化剂重复使用5次仍保持较高活性。     

壳聚糖硫酸盐催化合成乙酸苄酯

以壳聚糖硫酸盐为催化剂，由乙酸和苄醇合成乙酸苄酯。考察了催化剂用量，反应时间等因素对反应的影响。实验结果表明，在催化剂用量为０．４ｇ、反应时间为２．５ｈ的条件下，产品收率为８３％，并且催化剂可重复使用多次。     

活性炭固载对甲苯磺酸催化合成丁酸丁酯的研究

以正丁酸和正丁醇为原料,采用活性炭固载对甲苯磺酸催化合成丁酸丁酯。考察了酸醇摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间和催化剂重复使用次数对酯化率的影响,确定了最佳合成条件:醇酸摩尔比1∶1.3,催化剂用量2.5%(以正丁酸为基准),反应时间70 min,酯化率达97.8%。     

难溶杂多酸盐催化合成肉桂酸苄酯的研究

以钨硅酸和三乙醇胺为原料首先合成了钨硅酸三乙醇胺盐,并首次用于催化合成肉桂酸苄酯的催化合成研究。实验结果表明：n(肉桂酸)：n(苄醇)=1．0：2．4,反应温度100℃,反应时间4h,催化剂用量为肉桂酸的0．4％,酯收率大于94％。该催化剂具有较高的催化活性,且不溶于醇,易于回收,可重复使用5次以上。     

合成α,β-不饱和缩酮(醛)的研究

以对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,通过苄叉丙酮与-1,2-丙二醇反应合成了苄叉丙酮-1,2-丙二醇缩酮。较系统的研究了反应溶剂、酮醇物质的量比、催化剂用量等诸因素对产品收率的影响,在n(酮)∶n(醇)=1∶3,催化剂用量为6.5 g/mol(酮),甲苯为带水剂的条件下反应一段时间,再额外加入催化量对甲苯磺酸与少量醇,继续反应,产品收率达到98%。此条件对于其他的α,β-不饱和酮(醛)缩合反应亦适宜。     

单质碘催化合成丁酸正戊酯

首次以单质碘为多相催化剂，通过正丁酸和正戊醇反应合成了丁酸正戊酯，并探讨了诸因素对产品收率的影响。实验表明：单质碘具有良好的催化活性，醇酸物质的量比为1．9：1．0，催化剂用量为反应物料总量的3．0％，反应时间为75min，反应温度为125～135℃，酯收率可达98．7％。     

苯磺酸铜催化合成丁酸异戊酯

以苯磺酸铜作催化剂，环己烷作共沸带水剂，由正丁酸和异戊醇制备丁酸异戊酯。着重讨论了该反应的各种影响因素，找出了较佳的反应条件：丁酸0．167mol，n(醇)：n(酸)=1．1：1，催化剂用量为1．0％(以丁酸的摩尔分数计)，反应2．5h，85℃～90℃，环己烷5mL，酯化率可达98．0％。催化剂重复使用了8次，没有出现明显失活现象，酯化率仍达90．2％。     

沸石催化合成丁酸乙酯

沸石催化剂作为一种化工新材料在近年来得到了快速发展和广泛应用。本实验用硫酸特殊处理过的人造沸石作催化剂,合成了丁酸乙酯,其合成效果较好、产率高、副反应少、对环境污染较低。同时考察了合成条件对丁酸和无水乙醇酯化反应的影响。适宜的条件为催化剂用量1／3 g丁酸,丁酸:无水乙醇=1:1．5,带水剂环己烷用量为10mL／mol丁酸,反应温度为75～80℃,反应时间为1 h。在此条件下丁酸的转化率在80％以上,该催化剂可以重复使用。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。