Effect of bitumen-derived coke on deactivation of an HDM catalyst

A large-pore hydrodemetallation catalyst was treated with anthracene (AN) or a bitumen feed (BIT) in mineral oil solvent to obtain coke levels up to 12% carbon. In some runs, carbazole was added to the AN-coking run and in others, a nickel porphyrin compound was added to the BIT-coking run. Physical properties of the coked catalysts were determined, as well as catalyst activities for hydrogenation (HYD) and for hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) using a mixture of naphthalene and indole in n-heptane. It was found that the coke produced via BIT appeared to be porous, while that from AN was non-porous. A significant enhancement in nitrogen on the catalyst over that in the bitumen feed was observed. Catalytic activities of the coked catalysts decreased with increasing coke content, with HDN activity loss being greater than HYD activity. Neither the nature of the coke precursor, nor the presence of nitrogen or nickel on the catalyst, affected the extent of deactivation. Apparent activation energies decreased with increasing coke content. The role of coke on catalyst deactivation is discussed in terms of its effect on the distribution of different catalytically active sites for the reactions.     

Hydrogenation of dimethyl succinate over monolithic catalysts

Hydrogenation of dimethyl succinate over monolithic copper and nickel catalysts was studied using a semibatch reactor in which liquid was circulated, while hydrogen was continuously passed through the mixture. Flow rates of both phases were adjusted, so the system operated in the Taylor flow regime. The process was investigated at 150–240°C and 3–7 MPa. A nickel catalyst was active, but was insufficiently selective. Higher loaded copper catalysts were active and selective with respect to γ-butyrolactone at relatively low conversions. Catalyst activity (initial rates) was similar to that for the liquid phase hydrogenation of maleic anhydride over conventional catalysts previously reported. The catalysts deactivated, but unlike the nickel catalyst, activity of copper catalyst was easily restored by high temperature treatment in hydrogen.     

Reclamation of nickel from spent nickel catalyst

Spent nickel catalyst containing an average 9.6% nickel was obtained locally from an oil hydrogenation industry. It was digested with 1–3N HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄ and mixtures thereof in one to three stages of durations ranging from one to three hr at 100°C using spent nickel catalyst to acid proportions of 1:3 to 1:8 (w/v). Nickel recoveries of over 94% were obtained when one part of spent catalyst was digested for three hr with six or more parts of 3N mixture of HCl and HNO₃ (3:1, v/v). Acid extracts of spent nickel catalyst obtained using HCl, H₂SO₄ and mixtures thereof were treated with NaOCl to convert their content of iron in the ferric form. The iron from the nickel extract was precipitated out in the form of ferric hydroxide at pH 6.0. Nickel from the iron-freed acid extracts was recovered at pH 8.5±0.5 as nickel hydroxide. Nickel formate was prepared by refluxing nickel hydroxide with 10% formic acid in about 6% excess to stoichiometric requirements for 30 min. The dried nickel formate was reduced in peanut oil at 230°C to 270°C for 0.25 to 2.75 hr. The reduction at 260°C on kieselguhr support, employing nickel formate:oil:support in ratio of 50:43:7, for two hr provided catalyst of maximum activity. The hydrogenation activity of the reclaimed catalyst, assessed by standard AOCS procedure, was greater than that of the parent catalyst. Presented at the AOCS Meeting in New Orleans, LA, in May 1987.     

裂解汽油一段加氢用Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂CS_2中毒研究

采用固定床反应器研究了Ni/Al2O3上CS2对裂解汽油原料油中主要化合物芳烃、单烯烃和共轭烯烃加氢活性的影响,其对加氢抑制的顺序为:芳烃单烯烃共轭烯烃。XRD、XPS和IR表征分析表明,Ni/Al2O3催化剂失活的可能原因是CS2吸附在活性相表面,部分CS2碳硫键断裂发生氢解反应产生H2S和CH4,H2S与镍活性中心作用形成镍硫化合物。原料油中部分CS2吸附在催化剂表面,催化剂对共轭烯烃加氢也失去活性。     

Computation of nickel catalyst activity in the hydrogenation of triacylglycerol oils

The development of a new method for a faster and more accurate computation of the nickel catalyst activity was studied. This catalyst is used in partial catalytic hydrogenation of vegetable oils for production of edible fats. In order to index the activity, a computer program, CATACT, was developed using FORTRAN language. This program uses 3 easily determined experimental values as input data (refractive index at 60 C, catalyst concentration and hydrogenation time). Output data are catalyst activity indexes either in word or numerical form. The hydrogenation data were gathered from a laboratory reactor under laboratory conditions. Using these data, we computed the activity of Ni catalysts which have been reused in oil hydrogenation under industrial conditions. The classical method of determining such activity by evaluating the melting point is, in view of the very low activity of such catalysts, inadequate to provide sufficient information for easy interpretation.     

新型固定床Raney镍(Ⅱ)成型合金的浸取过程

以20%的拟薄水铝石为黏结剂制备新型固定床Raney镍催化剂,采用苯加氢为模型反应,研究了前驱物成型合金浸取条件对催化剂加氢活性的影响.实验结果表明,对于860℃焙烧2 h后的成型合金,以10%～20%的NaOH溶液在80～90℃浸取3～4 h可得到具有较高加氢活性的固定床Raney镍催化剂.浸取反应可在1～4 h内基本完成,浸取后催化剂表面出现微孔结构,具有较好的苯加氢活性和活性稳定性,可在120℃、0.5 MPa、空速2 h^-1的缓和条件下实现苯的完全转化.     

Three-phase catalytic hydrogenation of xylose to xylitol — prolonging the catalyst activity by means of on-line ultrasonic treatment

A novel concept for improvement of the activity of recirculated Raney nickel catalyst by means of on-line ultrasonic irradiation was studied. Qualitatively, acoustic irradiation was clearly found to retard the catalyst deactivation in the three-phase hydrogenation of xylose to xylitol. Two different intensities of the ultrasonic field were utilized in the experiments. The hydrogenation kinetics was modeled with a semi-competitive reaction–adsorption model accounting for interstitital adsorption sites for hydrogen located between larger organic molecules.

The deactivation of the Raney nickel catalyst was found to diminish notably upon the use of on-line acoustic irradiation. Also, the selectivity of the system was found to be improved by the use of ultrasound in comparison to the case when no acoustic energy was dispatched to the system. The kinetic model used in the fitting of the data was able to explain the experimental concentrations fairly well.     

单斜相与四方相混合晶相组成ZrO2负载镍催化剂催化顺酐选择性加氢

通过调控水热法制备条件制备同为单斜相和四方相混合晶相组成、但织构性质和表面结构性质不同的两种ZrO_2载体,采用浸渍法制备镍质量分数为10%的Ni/ZrO_2催化剂,考察不同反应温度[(150～240)℃]和氢气压力[(3～7)MPa]条件下两种ZrO_2载体负载镍催化剂的顺酐加氢性能。采用XRD、H_2-TPR、H_2-TPD和拉曼光谱等对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,与镍物种发生较强相互作用的ZrO_2负载镍催化剂具有较高的■键加氢活性与选择性,几乎没有■加氢活性,在所考察的反应温度和反应压力范围,催化剂上丁二酸酐选择性均高于95.1%,γ-丁内酯选择性均低于4.9%。与之不同,与镍物种发生较弱相互作用的ZrO_2负载镍催化剂具有较弱的■键加氢活性,然而,该催化剂表现出一定的■加氢活性,并且其■加氢活性随反应温度或反应压力的提高而显著提高。在反应温度240℃、氢气压力5 MPa条件下,γ-丁内酯选择性高达60.6%。推测晶相组成相似的两种ZrO_2载体负载镍催化剂明显的■加氢性能差异与其表面结构性质不同有关。     

石油化工与催化 C4馏分加氢催化剂的应用

为了提高C₄馏分的利用价值并实现扩大乙烯裂解料的来源,使用自制的镍系加氢催化剂和钴-钼-镍系加氢精制催化剂,在固定床200 mL绝热评价装置上对C₄馏分液化石油气物料进行全加氢实验,论证镍系加氢催化剂适用于含有低碳含硫化合物C₄馏分的可行性,对模拟的某化工厂C₄馏分原料进行加氢饱和性能考察,对含有高浓度双烯烃和炔烃的丁二烯抽提装置尾气进行原料模拟和全加氢评价。结果表明,自制催化剂适用于含有低碳硫化物的C₄馏分全加氢,可以处理高含双烯烃的C₄物料,并具有良好的低温活性。     

氧化镧助剂对镍/二氧化硅催化剂结构和加氢性能的影响

采用等体积浸渍法制备了La₂O₃改性的Ni/SiO₂催化剂,考察了La₂O₃的引入方法对Ni/SiO₂催化剂催化间二硝基苯加氢制间苯二胺反应性能的影响,并采用XRD、TPR和XPS等表征技术对催化剂的物化性质进行了研究.结果表明,La₂O₃的添加顺序对Ni/SiO₂催化剂的物化性质和加氢性能影响非常明显.当镧以先于镍浸渍方式引入时,将大大削弱载体与镍物种之间的相互作用,镍晶粒度变小,分散度增加,催化剂的活性显著提高,间二硝基苯转化率和间苯二胺收率分别达到97.1%和93.5%.在以镍和镧共浸方式制备的催化剂中,La₂O₃的存在也使Ni/SiO₂催化剂的反应性能有所改善,但效果没有镧先于镍浸渍方式突出.当以先浸镍后浸镧的方式加入助剂时,催化剂中的镍晶粒增大,分散性变差,催化剂的活性大幅度下降.     

新型固定床Raney镍(Ⅰ)成型合金的组成与焙烧条件

以拟薄水铝石为黏结剂,将镍铝合金粉末成型,经高温焙烧、碱液浸取活化,制备出可应用于不饱和化合物固定床加氢的新型颗粒状Raney镍催化剂.采用TG-DTA、XRD、BET、SEM等方法和苯加氢模型反应,研究了成型合金焙烧条件以及拟薄水铝石加入量对催化剂性质与加氢活性的影响.实验结果表明,拟薄水铝石加入量以20%左右为宜;成型合金在860 ℃焙烧1～2 h,可获得适当的α-Al₂O₃生成量、较高的机械强度和较高的苯加氢活性.SEM和BET分析结果表明催化剂具有丰富的孔道结构.     

The hydrogenation of maleic anhydride to γ-butyrolactone using mixed metal oxide catalysts in a batch-type reactor

An improved catalytic hydrogenation process for converting maleic anhydride and/or succinic anhydride to γ-butyrolactone uses a novel selective catalyst in a liquid phase operating at high pressure batch-type reactor. The catalysts are composed of palladium, molybdenum and nickel on a silica support of high surface area. This multi-component mixed metal oxide catalyst system in a batch-type reactor is found to be suitable for the hydrogenation of maleic anhydride selectively to γ-butyrolactone. The effects of temperature, pressure and catalyst to reactant ratio are investigated in order to optimize the reaction conditions for better activity, yield and selectivity. A reaction temperature of 220 to 260 °C and pressure of 60 to 80 atm were afforded, the mixed metal oxide catalyst containing nickel, palladium and molybdenum oxide is shown almost 100% conversion of maleic anhydride within 120 min and 56–96% yield of γ-butyrolactone. The hydrogenation of maleic anhydride using this catalyst is not observed by-products and the selectivity of γ-butyrolactone is very high.     

载体对镍基催化剂催化苯加氢反应的影响

采用共沉淀法制备了不同载体负载的超细镍催化剂,考察了载体对催化剂催化苯完全加氢反应性能的影响。结果表明,在140～190℃和4MPa氢压下,不同载体负载的催化剂上苯完全加氢活性相差很大,活性大小顺序为：SiO2〉硅藻土〉ZrO2〉TiO2〉γ—A1203。激光粒度分析、BET、XRD和TPR结果表明,催化剂具有大的比表面积,活性组分在载体表面分散均匀,载体与Ni相互作用较强的SiO2作载体苯完全加氢活性最好。     

共沉淀法制备Ni/Al2O3催化剂的研究

油脂加氢催化剂是以金属镍为活性组分、氧化铝为载体制备的Ni/Al2O3催化剂。在制备催化剂过程中,其合成条件直接影响着催化剂的最终活性。以工业硝酸镍、碳酸钠和自制氧化铝粉为原料,利用共沉淀的方法制备加氢催化剂,考察了反应温度、反应时间、反应液pH及反应过程中搅拌转速对催化剂活性的影响。通过实验数据汇总分析,最终确定制备Ni/Al2O3油脂加氢催化剂的最佳条件：反应温度为85 ℃、反应结束时溶液pH=8.0、反应时间为1.5 h、搅拌转速为600 r/min。在此条件下制备的Ni/Al2O3催化剂,经棕榈油加氢评价后测定的碘值最低。     

Ultrasonic hydrogenation of soybean oil

The rate of hydrogenation of soybean oil with either copper chromite or nickel catalysts increased more than a hundredfold with the aid of ultrasonication. In a continuous reaction system, the selectivity with copper catalyst for linolenate reduction was somewhat lower when ultrasonic energy was applied than when not applied. With ultrasonic energy, 87% hydrogenation of linolenate in soybean oil was obtained in 9 sec at 115 psig H₂ with 1% copper chromite at 181 C and 77% linolenate hydrogenation with 0.025% nickel. Without ultrasonic energy, only 59% linolenate hydrogenation was obtained in 240 sec with copper chromite at 198 C and 500 psig H₂ and 68% linolenate hydrogenation in 480 sec with nickel at 200 C and 115 psig H₂. This innovation may offer an important advantage in increasing the activity of commercial catalysts, particularly copper chromite, for fats and oil hydrogenation.     

Selective hydrogenation of benzalacetone

Benzalacetone was hydrogenated using a Raney nickel catalyst, and various amounts of HCl, NaCl and H₃PO₄ in ethyl alcohol were added to test their inhibiting effect on catalytic activity. In the presence of HCl and H₃PO₄, Raney nickel lost its catalytic activity, and the rate of hydrogenation was decreased, but NaCl had no effect. While the hydrogenation of the ethylenic bond of benzalacetone was retarded, the decrease in hydrogen uptake by the carbonyl group was affected much more, and the amount of alcohol produced was markedly reduced.     

镍系SBS加氢反应机理及加氢催化剂制备研究

对镍系SBS催化加氢机理进行了探讨,对催化剂制备工艺进行了优化。当催化剂组分质量浓度为2～4 g/L,陈化温度为50～70℃,n(Al)/n(Ni)为3～6时催化剂活性最高。向待加氢胶液中加入一定量破杂剂A可使催化剂活性及稳定性有一定程度提高。用该法制备的催化剂有较好的稳定性,常温下放置一个月其催化活性几乎没有变化。     

助剂引入方式对镍/二氧化硅催化剂结构和加氢性能的影响

采用等体积浸渍法制备了K_2O和La_2O_3改性的Ni/SiO_2催化剂.考察了K_2O和La_2O_3助刑引入方式对Ni/SiO_2催化剂催化间二硝基苯加氢制间苯二胺的影响.并用比表面积法(BET)、程序升温还原实验(TPR)和X射线衍射法(XRD)等对催化剂的结构进行了表征.结果表明,K_2O和La_2O_3的引入方式对Ni/SiO_2催化剂的物化性质和加氢性能影响明显.当K_2O、La_2O_3和Ni以共浸渍方式引入时,大大削弱载体与镍物种之间的相互作用,镍晶粒度变小,分散度增加,催化剂活性显著提高.加入催化剂1.2g、间二硝基苯40g和溶剂乙醇100mL,在3.0MPa、373K条件下反应4.5h后,间二硝基苯的转化率和间苯二胺的选择性分别达到99.8%和99.5%.     

Sulphur poisoning of nickel-based hot gas cleaning catalysts in synthetic gasification gas II. Chemisorption of hydrogen sulphide

The effect of different components of gasification gas on sulphur poisoning of nickel catalysts were studied. In addition, the sulphur distribution and content of nickel catalyst beds were analysed to account the poisoning effect of sulphur on the activity of catalysts to decompose tar, ammonia and methane. The desorption behaviour of chemisorbed sulphur from the bed materials was monitored by temperature programmed hydrogenation (TPH). It was established that bulk nickel sulphide was active in decomposing ammonia in high-temperature gasification gas-cleaning conditions. The decomposing activity of methane was not affected by bulk nickel sulphide formation, but that of toluene was decreased. The activity of the catalyst regained rapidly when H₂S was removed from the gas. However, the conversion of ammonia was not regained at as high a level as before sulphur addition, most probably due to irreversible sulphur adsorption on the catalyst. The temperature increase could also be used to regenerate the catalyst performance especially in respect to methane and toluene. Sulphur adsorbed on nickel catalysts in different chemical states depends on the process conditions applied. At >900°C the sulphur adsorbed on the catalyst formed an irreversible monolayer on the catalyst surfaces, while at <900°C the adsorbed sulphur, probably composed of polysulphides (multilayer sulphur), was desorbed from the catalyst in sulphur-free hydrogen containing atmosphere. However, a monolayer of sulphur still remained on the catalyst after desorption. The enhanced effect of high total pressure on sulphur-poisoning of nickel catalysts could be accounted for the increased amount of sulphur, probably as a mode of polysulphides, adsorbed on the catalyst.     

Ultrarapid Hydrogenation of High Concentrations of Nitrate Ions Catalyzed by Pt-Modified Nickel Catalysts

Hydrogenation of nitrate in water over Pt-promoted nickel catalysts has been studied with a liquid–gas flow reaction system. While nickel powder obtained from Ni–Al alloy showed an activity for hydrogenation of nitrate (200 ppm) at the initial stage at 333 K, it deactivated rapidly during the reaction. Contrary to this, 1 wt% Pt-promoted nickel exhibited an extremely high activity to NH₃ and stability. The reaction rate on 1 wt% Pt-Ni was nearly proportional to the concentration of nitrate up to 5000 ppm, showing that this catalyst is applicable to the treatment of wastewater containing concentrated nitrate. ICP analysis showed that both the platinum and nickel were not dissolved during the reaction. XPS measurement revealed that platinum played an important role in suppression of the oxidation of the nickel surface to retain the active Ni⁰ surface.