压裂返排液回用技术研究

对返排液水质进行分析,研究了影响返排液回用的影响因素,压裂返排液处理剂配方为：0.15%高效络合剂+0.1%屏蔽剂+0.1%杀菌灭藻剂。处理后压裂返排液回用的压裂液体系为：0.35%瓜胶+0.35%多效压裂助剂+0.01%专用螯合剂;交联液为低用量多核交联剂+断裂催化剂。结果表明,优化的压裂返排液回用体系具有良好的耐温抗剪切,静态滤失、破胶性能和配伍性。同时形成了配套的回用工艺,采用“破胶降粘-除油-絮凝沉淀过滤-脱硼处理-成分调节”五个工序对压裂液返排液进行处理,实现了压裂返排液的重复再利用。     

低浓度瓜胶压裂返排液重复再利用室内研究

为实现致密砂岩气压裂用低浓度瓜胶压裂返排液的重复再利用，开展了絮凝剂优选、返排液动态除硼及处理后返排液配制压裂液性能优化研究。实验结果表明，絮凝剂PFS和CPAM的最优用量分别为1200mg·L^-1、1mg·L^-1，除硼树脂对硼的单位吸附量为8.41mg·g^-1；基液中不加pH调节剂的配液模式可适当降低除硼的要求，硼质量浓度为4.46mg·L^-1以下即可满足重复配液的要求；处理后返排液水样所配制的HPG压裂液与自来水配制的压裂液性能相当，能够完全满足现场压裂液配制及使用要求。     

可重复利用合成聚合物压裂液体系的室内研究

为解决油田大量压裂液返排液再处理困难,费用高的难题,本文主要进行了聚合物室内合成配方优化和二次利用的压裂液性能评价两方面的研究。通过对压裂液二次利用过程中稠化剂、交联剂、破胶剂的优选,得到的压裂液体系在100℃、170S-1条件下剪切120 min后,二次利用时的黏度稳定在130 mPa·s左右,破胶液表面张力为24.23 mN/m,达到了压裂液行业标准及现场施工要求,为油田大量压裂液返排液再利用提供了室内实验基础,对实现油田压裂液可循环利用有重大意义。     

用于压裂返排液超支化交联剂的合成及其性能评价

以聚乙烯亚胺、乙二醇、多元醇、硼砂为主要原料合成超支化聚氨基硼和四乙烯五胺硼酸酯交联剂,并对产物进行结构表征及压裂返排液重复配液性能测试。将0.35%羟丙基胍胶溶液与合成的聚超支化氨基硼交联剂以100∶0.4交联比交联,形成的压裂液冻胶体系在7 min左右达到压裂液黏度要求,在80℃、170 s^-1连续剪切70 min时压裂液黏度在100 mPa·s左右,满足行业标准要求(黏度>50 mPa·s)。对此过程进行破胶,破胶液黏度最终为3.2 mPa·s,破胶液中的残渣浓度为198 mg/L。与之相比,四乙烯五胺硼酸酯交联剂体系不能满足返排液的配液要求。用破胶后的压裂返排液再次进行配液,将温度设置到80℃、170 s^-1不间断剪切70 min,将压裂液中的黏度调整至50 mPa·s以上,破胶液黏度为3.4 mPa·s。该交联剂使压裂返排液能重复利用。这对节约水资源、降低环境污染具有广阔的工业化前景。     

新疆油田压裂返排液处理技术研究与应用

新疆油田地区常见的压裂液主要包括胍胶冻胶压裂液及乳液等体系,随着大型体积压裂工艺在新疆区块的广泛普及,当务之急是寻求有效的返排液处置措施。本文介绍了新疆油田压裂返排液的处理现状,详细阐明了对应的研究理论基础、思路和返排液处置方案,即采用"除油-沉降-杀菌"联合工艺进行返排液复配,再结合"氧化破胶-混凝沉降-过滤"技术对废液实施回注处理。现场应用结果表明,该回注处理技术可有效降低2个试验油厂废液中的COD含量(平均去除率可达88%)和含油量(平均去除率可达92.5%),可实现对新疆油田地区返排液的高效处理和回用,对落实油田现场的降本增效具有重要意义。     

长宁页岩气压裂液返排液重复利用技术

大型体积压裂工艺是高效开収页岩气的重要技术措施,需要大量的地表水配制压裂液,同时压裂后返排会产生大量返排液,增大了地表水拉运用以及返排液处理的费用。因此,返排液处理回收再利用成为了目前页岩气压裂工艺的重要措施。分析了四川威进及长宁区块页岩气压裂液返排液组分,幵利用单因素分析方法评价页岩气返排液中组分对压裂液性能的影响,最后利用样品处理实验,确定了采用电絮凝+过滤+除阳离子试剂方法对返排液迚行处理,处理后的返排液达到了再次利用的标准,实现了降本增效的目的,保障了页岩气开収的可持续収展。     

无机硼高温延时压裂液在苏里格气田的应用

针对目前有机硼交联剂导致的破胶剂用量大,破胶后残渣含量高,破胶液黏度高,不利于压裂液的破胶返排等现状,从提高无机硼交联剂耐温性能方面着手,开发出能耐高温的无机硼交联剂JLW-1以及与之配伍性良好的粘土稳定剂COP-2和抗温剂TA-2等添加剂,最后形成无机硼高温延时压裂液体系,用于低压低渗透气藏的储层改造.通过实验室性能评价以及现场应用可以说明,该压裂液体系破胶后残渣含量少,破胶液黏度低,有利于压裂液的破胶返排,对储层伤害小,而且具有很好的流变性、破胶性,可满足不同规模的压裂施工要求.     

子北采油厂生物酶破胶剂室内实验研究

目前子北采油厂大多使用过硫酸铵破胶剂对压裂液进行破胶,压裂后由于破胶不彻底,返排困难,对储层造成了很大的伤害,严重影响油井产能。为解决该问题,本文引入了Pif.Enzyme生物酶破胶技术,并对该技术进行室内实验研究,结果表明生物酶破胶技术可改善压裂液破胶效果,降低返排难度,减小储层伤害,对增加油井产量具有很重要的指导意义。     

电化学法处理压裂返排液及再配制聚合物压裂液研究

针对油气开采中压裂返排液组成、特性、处理及资源化利用现状,采用预处理复合电催化氧化工艺处理压裂返排液,并利用处理水再配制聚合物压裂液。通过实验研究得到处理返排液优化参数为:阳极为Ti/Ir O2-RuO2、阴极为石墨、电解体系反应pH为11. 0、电解电压为8. 0 V、电解时间为80 min。利用处理水按照要求配制压裂液,并对配得的压裂液按照标准SYT5107—2005对再配制的压裂液进行性能评价,结果表明,在50℃、170 s-1、120 min情况下,配制的压裂液流变性能良好,粘度保持在113 m Pa·s以上,其他性能指标也达到SYT 6376—2008行业标准要求。     

多功能压裂液重复利用研究进展

为改善压裂效果以及提高原油采收率，常规压裂液体系已逐渐不能满足当下油气开采难度，配制多功能压裂液时通常会使压裂液具备酸化、降黏以及渗吸驱油等作用；为降低压裂液配制成本和水资源循环利用，通常将压裂返排液进行二次配液和复配驱油剂以及调剖剂，从而实现压裂返排液的循环再利用。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。