Experimental study on heat transfer characteristics of water-spray-bed heat exchanger

An experimental study was conducted on a water-spray-bed heat exchanger to investigate the heat transfer characteristics. A laboratory-scale test rig was built and its heat transfer characteristics were investigated with respect to various design and operation parameters such as the water spray flow rate, exhaust gas flow rate and number of tube rows. It was found that the implementation of the water spray increased the heat transfer rate to about 1.3 - 2.2 times that of a heat exchanger without water spray, although with a slight increase in the pressure loss. It was thus confirmed that the water spray was effective for enhancing condensing heat recovery from an exhaust gas.

     

A study on the heat transfer characteristics of a self-oscillating heat pipe

In this paper, the heat transfer characteristics of a self-oscillating heat pipe are experimentally investigated for the effect of various working fluid fill charge ratios and heat loads. The characteristics of temperature oscillations of the working fluid are also analysed based on chaotic dynamics. The heat pipe is composed of a heating section, a cooling section and an adiabatic section, and has a 0.002m internal diameter, a 0.34m length in each turn and consists of 19 turns. The heating and the cooling portion of each turn has a length of 70mm. A series of experiments was carried out to measure the temperature distributions and the pressure variations of the heat pipe. Furthermore, heat transfer performance, effective thermal conductivity, boiling heat transfer and condensation heat transfer coefficients are calculated for various operating conditions. Experimental results show the efficacy of this type of heat pipe.     

An experimental study of accelerating phase change heat transfer

The present paper investigated the effect of ultrasonic vibrations on the melting process of a phase-change material (PCM). Furthermore, the present study considered constant heat flux boundary conditions unlike many of the previous researches adopted constant wail temperature conditions. Therefore, in the present study, modified dimensionless parameters such as Ste^* and Ra^* were used. Also, general relationships between melting with ultrasonic vibrations and melting without ultrasonic vibrations were established during the melting of PCM. Experimental observations show that the effect of ultrasonic vibrations on heat transfer is very important throughout the melting process. The results of the present study reveal that ultrasonic vibrations accompany the effects like agitation, acoustic streaming, cavitation, and oscillating fluid motion. Such effects are a prime mechanism in the overall melting process when ultrasonic vibrations are applied. They enhance the melting process as much as 2.5 times, compared with the result of natural melting. Also, energy can be saved by applying ultrasonic vibrations to the natural melting. In addition, various time-wise dimensionless numbers provide conclusive evidence of the important role of ultrasonic vibrations on the melting phenomena.     

Comparative study on heat transfer characteristics of nanofluidic thermosyphon and grooved heat pipe

The present study used TiO₂-nanofluid with different volume ratios as the working fluids of a therrmosyphon and grooved heat pipe and investigated various parameters such as volume concentration of nanoparticles, orientation, heat flux, and cooling media. Further, the present study used nanofluids and dispersed TiO₂-nanoparticles into pure water with each cross-blended concentration of 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1%. The authors observed the best heat transfer performance in the 0.05% concentration with thermosyphon. The present study presents the enhancement of heat transfer performance with TiO₂-nanofluids, and fabricated a heat pipe from a straight stainless steel tube with an outer diameter and length of 10 and 500 mm, respectively. At the optimum condition for the pure refrigerant, the thermosyphon with 0.05% TiO₂-nanoparticle concentration gave 1.40 times higher efficiency than that of pure water.     

Experimental study on heat transfer characteristics of internal heat exchangers for CO2 system under cooling condition

This paper presents the heat transfer characteristics of the internal heat exchanger (IHX) for CO₂ heat pump system. The influence on the IHX length, the mass flow rate, the shape of IHX, the operating condition, and the oil concentration was investigated under a cooling condition. Four kinds of IHX with a coaxial type and a micro-channel type, a mass flow meter, a pump, and a measurement system. With increasing of the IHX length, the capacity, the effectiveness, and the pressure drop increased. For the mass flow rate, the capacity of micro-channel IHX are higher about 2 times than those of coaxial IHX. The pressure drop was larger at cold-side than at hot-side. In the transcritical CO₂ cycle, system performance is very sensitive to the IHX design. Design parameters are closely related with the capacity and the pressure drop of CO₂ heat pump system. Along the operating condition, the performance of CO₂ IHXs is different remarkably. For oil concentration 1, 3, 5%, the capacity decreases and the pressure drop increased, as compared with oil concentration 0%. This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editor Yong Tae Kang Prof. Young-Chul Kwon received his B.S. degree in Precision Mechanical Engineering from Pusan National University, Korea, in 1989. He then received his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from POSTECH, in 1991 and 1996, respectively. Dr. Kwon is currently a Professor at the Division of Mechanical Engineering at Sunmoon University in Chungnam, Korea. He serves as a chief of the Institute of Automation and Energy Technology. Dr. Kwon’s research interests include heat exchanger, CO₂ cycle, heat pump, and energy recovery ventilator for HVAC&R. Mr. Dae-Hoon Kim is currently Doctoral student at the Mechanical Engineering from Hanyang University in Seoul, Korea. His research topics include experimental and numerical of CO₂ heatpump system. He has conducted a study on the Analysis of Refrigerating & Air-Conditioning Equipment Industry and Its Forecasting Supervising and Testing for Performance of Refrigerator, Freezer and Air-Conditioner. Prof. Jae-Heon Lee received his B.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering from Seoul National University, Korea, in 1971. He then received his M.S. and Ph. D. degree from Seoul National University in 1977 and 1980, respectively. Dr. Lee is currently a Professor at the school of Mechanical Engineering at Hanyang University in Seoul, Korea. Dr. Lee is currently a president at the Korea Institute research interests include simulation of thermal fluid and Plant engineering and construction. Dr. Jun-Young Choi received his B.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering from Yonsei University, Republic of Korea, in 1989. He then received his M.S. and Ph. D. degrees from Yonsei University in 1991 and 1999, respectively. Dr. Choi is currently a chief researcher with the 18 years experience on the energy performance testing of HVAC/R product. He is now assigned to the Energy Technology Center at Basic Industry Division at Korea Testing Laboratory. He has been involved in the development of Design and Manufacturing Technology for Air-Conditioner E.E.R. and Performance Testing Equipment for Cooling and Heating System with Non-CFCs, and natural refrigerants. He has conducted a study on the Analysis of Refrigerating & Air-Conditioning Equipment Industry and Its Forecasting Supervising and Testing for Performance of Refrigerator, Freezer and Air-Conditioner. Dr. Sang Jae Lee received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanical Engineering from Hanyang University, KOREA, in 2008. Dr. Lee is currently a Researcher at the Korea Institute of Industrial Technology in Cheonan, Korea. Dr. Lee’s research interests CO₂ heatpump system, liquid desiccant air conditioning system and Micro heat exchanger.     

A study on heat transfer characteristics for staggered tube banks in cross-flow

Cross-flow over tube banks is commonly encountered in practice in heat transfer equipments. The local and average heat transfer characteristics for staggered tube banks are investigated in the present study. A naphthalene sublimation technique is employed to obtain the local heat transfer coefficients, and experiments are performed for various tube spacings, tube locations and Reynolds numbers. The variation of the local heat transfer coefficients is quite different from the first tube to the third tube, but they are similar afterwards. The average Nusselt number increases more than 30% and 65% on the second and third tubes, respectively, in comparison with that of the first tube. And the empirical correlations for average heat transfer coefficients are compared with the conventional heat transfer correlations.     

Numerical study of heat and mass transfer analogy for a simulated turbine endwall

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology - In the present work, numerical investigation of heat and mass transfer analogy on a simulated turbine blade endwall is conducted. For similar...     

An experimental apparatus measuring convective heat transfer coefficient from a heated fine wire traversing in nanofluids

Most of the previous convection experiments for nanofluids have been performed for internal tube flow with constant heat flux boundary condition. In contrast, a simple experimental apparatus measuring convective heat transfer coefficient from a heated wire to external nanofluids is proposed and its working principles are explained in detail. The convective heat transfer coefficient provided by the present system might be used as a useful indication justifying the adoption of prepared nanofluids as new efficient heat transfer fluids. Validation experiments by comparing convective heat transfer coefficients between the conventional correlation and measured values are carried out for base fluids. Also the effect of increased thermal conductivity of nano lubrication oil on the enhancement of convective heat transfer coefficient is investigated.     

Single-molecule near-field optical energy transfer microscopy with dielectric tips

The fluorescence lifetime and the fluorescence rate of single molecules are recorded as a function of the position of a Si₃N₄ atomic force microscopy tip with respect to the molecule. We observe a decrease of the excited state lifetime and the fluorescence rate when the tip apex is in close proximity to the molecule. These effects are attributed to the fact that the dielectric tip converts non‐propagating near‐fields to propagating fields within the dielectric tip effectively quenching the fluorescence. The spatial extension of the quenching area is of subwavelength dimensions. The results are discussed in terms of molecular fluorescence in a system of stratified media. The experiment provides surprising new insights into the interactions between a fluorescent molecule and a dielectric tip. The methodology holds promise for applications in ultra high‐resolution near‐field optical imaging at the level of single fluorophores.     

A numerica1 study of fluid flow and heat transfer in different microchannel heat sinks for electronic chip cooling

Four different microchannel heat sinks are designed to study the effects of structures in microchannel heat sinks for electronic chips cooling. Based on the theoretic analysis and numerical computation of flow and heat exchange characteristics, the electronic chip’s temperature and flow rate distributions are obtained. The correspondence between flow pressure drop and chip’s temperature in the four microchannel heat sinks is also studied and analyzed. Numerically analyzed results indicate that the topological structure in microchannel heat sink has a significant influence on electronic chips cooling. This study shows various thermal properties in the four microchannel heat sinks.     

The study on pressure oscillation and heat transfer characteristics of oscillating capillary tube heat pipe

In the present study, the characteristics of pressure oscillation and heat transfer performance in an oscillating capillary tube heat pipe were experimentally investigated with respect to the heat flux, the charging ratio of working fluid, and the inclination angle to the horizontal orientation. The experimental results showed that the frequency of pressure oscillation was between 0.1 Hz and 1.5 Hz at the charging ratio of 40 vol.%. The saturation pressure of working fluid in the oscillating capillary tube heat pipe increased as the heat flux was increased. Also, as the charging ratio of working fluid was increased, the amplitude of pressure oscillation increased. When the pressure waves were symmetric sinusoidal waves at the charging ratios of 40 vol.% and 60 vol.%, the heat transfer performance was improved. At the charging ratios of 20 vol.% and 80 vol.%, the waveforms of pressure oscillation were more complicated, and the heat transfer performance reduced. At the charging ratio of 40 vol.%, the heat transfer performance of the OCHP was at the best when the inclination angle was 90°. the pressure wave was a sinusoidal waveform, the pressure difference was at the least, the oscillation amplitude was at the least, and the frequency of pressure oscillation was the highest.     

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer detected by scanning near-field optical microscopy

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between excited fluorescent donor and acceptor molecules occurs via the Förster mechanism over a range of 1–10 nm. Because of the strong (sixth power) distance dependence of the signal, FRET has been used to assess the proximity of molecules in biological systems. We used a scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) operated in the shared-aperture mode using uncoated glass fibre tips to detect FRET between dye molecules embedded in polyvinyl alcohol films and bound to cell surfaces. FRET was detected by selective photobleaching of donor and acceptor fluorophores. We also present preliminary results on pixel-by-pixel energy transfer efficiency measurements using SNOM.     

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer detected by scanning near-field optical microscopy

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between excited fluorescent donor and acceptor molecules occurs via the F?rster mechanism over a range of 1-10 nm. Because of the strong (sixth power) distance dependence of the signal, FRET has been used to assess the proximity of molecules in biological systems. We used a scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) operated in the shared-aperture mode using uncoated glass fibre tips to detect FRET between dye molecules embedded in polyvinyl alcohol films and bound to cell surfaces. FRET was detected by selective photobleaching of donor and acceptor fluorophores. We also present preliminary results on pixel-by-pixel energy transfer efficiency measurements using SNOM.     

多区域开窗翅片的热力性能实验研究

在汽车空调综合性能测试台上对7种不同结构参数的百叶窗翅片进行了传热和流动阻力的性能实验.分析比较了百叶窗翅片表面开窗区域对其传热和阻力性能的影响,总结出了表面开窗区域多,对无量纲传热j因子和摩擦阻力f因子影响较大的特点;同时,采用(j/f)1/3因子综合评价了多区域开窗翅片的强化传热效果.研究结果表明,翅片表面多区域开窗对强化传热的影响非常显著.     

A numerical study on heat transfer characteristics in a spray column direct contact heat exchanger

A reliable computational heat transfer model has been investigated to define the heat transfer characteristics of a spray column direct contact heat exchanger, which is often utilized in the process involving counterflows for heat and mass transfer operations. Most of the previous studies investigated are one-dimensional unsteady solutions based on rather fragmentary experimental data. Development of a multidimensional numerical model and a computational algorithm are essential to analyze the inherent multidimensional characteristics of a direct contact heat exchanger. The present study has been carried out numerically and establishes a solid simulation algorithm for the operation of a direct contact heat exchanger. Operational and system parameters such as the speed and direction of working fluid droplets at the injection point, and the effects of aspect ratio and void fraction of continuous fluid are examined thoroughly as well to assess their influence on the performance of a spray column.     

Analysis of point fabrication model for near-field photolithography with experimental study

For the Gaussian beam, the power density distribution of the aluminum-coated optical tapered fiber probe is discussed and a theoretical fixed-point fabrication model for near-field photolithography is established. The energy density theorem is used to explore the surface exposure of photoresist, which is divided into multiple grids to evaluate the changes in the concentration of photoactive compounds at specific nodes of the interior layer. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) and the contour of the photolithograph following development are then calculated. The fixed-point lithographic experiment and aperture verification of the optic fiber probe are performed to confirm the reliability of the present model, and Dill A, B, C parameters are first measured in this article. According to the experimental results, a better image of the probe aperture can be achieved by increasing the conductivity of the measured articles and reducing the electric charges during the image taken by field-emission scanning electron microscope. The FWHM measured is 166.6 nm, while the measured average probe aperture size is 317.4 nm and the FWHM simulated by the proposed model is 151.3 nm. The error between experiment and simulation is <-9.2%. It is thus concluded that the proposed theoretical model is reasonable and acceptable.     

移乘装置的机构设计及运动仿真

运用人性化的设计方法,提出了一种适合残障人室内移动用的移乘装置的设计方法。首先分析了移乘装置的功能需要和结构组成,建立抬背机构、升降机构的数学模型,并对进行运动学分析。采用虚拟样机技术,在Pro/E3.0环境下,使用自顶向下和自底向上相结合的建模方法对移乘装置进行实体建模、虚拟装配,建立了三维数字化模型。利用机构模块对移乘装置三维模型进行了运动学仿真,得到速度、加速度曲线,从而验证了机构传动的可靠性及设计的合理性。     

大功率LED相变热沉的传热性能研究

研制了一种利用相变传热原理进行传热的大功率LED相变热沉.实验结果表明与传统实体热沉相比,相变热沉具有更快的启动性能,随着加热功率的增加,其热阻逐渐减小,并低于传统实体热沉,同时在高加热功率条件下,仍能保持良好的均热性能与轴向导热性能.