基于超磁致伸缩材料的折弯型压曲放大机构设计、分析与控制

为满足微位移定位系统的应用要求,设计由超磁致伸缩材料驱动的新型折弯型柔性压曲放大机构。在其他微位移放大机构的基础上,设计便于制作和使用的二维平面型折弯型机构,该机构在实现微位移放大的同时也使位移的方向产生90°转变。通过有限元计算分析,优化折弯屈曲板的结构参数。针对超磁致伸缩材料输出位移与输入电流间磁滞非线性与其负载和频率的关系,采用BP神经网络分别构造磁滞上升半环和下降半环的逆模型,并通过输入信号对其进行选择从而进行磁滞补偿。仿真试验结果验证了该方法的有效性。构建基于超磁致伸缩材料驱动的压曲放大机构试验装置,采用该装置,分别对单环磁滞和多环磁滞进行补偿控制试验,获得了满意的位移控制效果。     

A new white beam x-ray microdiffraction setup on the BM32 beamline at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility

A white beam microdiffraction setup has been developed on the bending magnet source BM32 at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The instrument allows routine submicrometer beam diffraction to perform orientation and strain mapping of polycrystalline samples. The setup features large source to optics distances allowing large demagnification ratios and small beam sizes. The optics of the beamline is used for beam conditioning upstream a secondary source, suppressing any possible interference of beam conditioning on beam size and position. The setup has been designed for an easy and efficient operation with position control tools embedded on the sample stage, a high magnification large aperture optical microscope, and fast readout detectors. Switching from the white beam mode to the monochromatic mode is made easy by an automatic procedure and allows the determination of both the deviatoric and hydrostatic strain tensors.     

导电聚合物驱动器电化学机械特性的研究

采用自行搭建的导电聚合物驱动器弯曲特性测试实验系统,研究其电化学机械特性。对不同长度的驱动器施加0~1V低电压,测量其顶端弯曲变形量;通过分析驱动器弯曲位移与电压的关系及位移与频率的关系,建立电机械转换模型。实验测试结果表明,电压与驱动器顶端力成线性关系;当电压为0.8V、采样周期为0.02s时,随着频率的增大,驱动器的弯曲位移逐渐减小。最后通过不同尺寸驱动器举起重物,验证了驱动器宽度越大,顶端弯曲力越大;驱动器长度越长,顶端弯曲力越小。     

Modelling of kinetic friction in V-bending of ultra-high-strength steel sheets

The Stribeck friction model was investigated in this study to predict springback of high-strength steel sheets. The coefficient of friction in Stribeck curve depends on sliding velocity and contact pressure. The plane-strain bending process is simulated in ABAQUS/Standard. The influence of forming speed, over-pressing and holding time on springback behaviour of sheets was studied numerically. By plotting the variation of bending angle with punch stroke, we found that the loading curve of finite element analysis showed similar results to the experiments. The unloading curves of FE analysis with friction models based on Stribeck curve and Coulomb law showed good agreement with experiments with error less than 1.5%. Forming speed of up to 50 mm/s does not have significant effect on springback. The effect of holding time on reducing springback is small, but over-press has large effect on reducing springback. The results showed that Stribeck model is suitable for sheet metal forming simulations, especially at higher forming speeds and pressures.     

Large dynamic range nanopositioning using iterative learning control

This paper presents the control system design and tracking performance for a large range single-axis nanopositioning system that is based on a moving magnet actuator and a flexure bearing. While the physical system is designed to be free of friction and backlash, the nonlinearities in the electromagnetic actuator as well as the harmonic distortion in the drive amplifier degrade the tracking performance for dynamic commands. It is shown that linear feedback and feedforward proves to be inadequate to overcome these nonlinearities. This is due to the low open-loop bandwidth of the physical system, which limits the achievable closed-loop bandwidth given actuator saturation concerns. For periodic commands, like those used in scanning applications, the component of the tracking error due to the system nonlinearities exhibits a deterministic pattern and repeats every period. Therefore, a phase lead type iterative learning controller (ILC) is designed and implemented in conjunction with linear feedback and feedforward to reduce this periodic tracking error by more than two orders of magnitude. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of ILC in achieving 10 nm RMS tracking error over 8 mm motion range in response to a 2 Hz band-limited triangular command. This corresponds to a dynamic range of more than 10⁵ for speeds up to 32 mm/s, one of the highest reported in the literature so far, for a cost-effective desktop-sized single-axis motion system.     

新型惯性式微驱动器及其在微纳米定位中的应用

研制了一种基于压电陶瓷的惯性式微驱动器,其驱动电压直接由电子线路产生。介绍了微驱动器的工作原理和结构设计,测试了微驱动器的位移特性和动态响应性能。结果表明,在电压幅值20V~350V、频率20H z~125H z范围内,微驱动器可产生平稳和均匀的运动,平均步长在60nm~1502nm范围内连续可调,最大运动速度可达120μm/s。且驱动行程不受限制。给出了微驱动器在扫描隧道显微镜定位机构中的应用实例。     

新型机电液一体化执行机构在催化裂化装置中的应用

本文介绍了新型机电液一体化执行机构的技术背景、主要结构、技术创新、系统原理及示例，说明了新型机电液一体化执行机构具有输出力矩大、控制精度高、机构紧凑、传动平稳、响应速度快、快速切断ESD信号及使用可靠等特点。     

Four point bending setup for characterization of semiconductor piezoresistance

We present a four point bending setup suitable for high precision characterization of piezoresistance in semiconductors. The compact setup has a total size of 635 cm(3). Thermal stability is ensured by an aluminum housing wherein the actual four point bending fixture is located. The four point bending fixture is manufactured in polyetheretherketon and a dedicated silicon chip with embedded piezoresistors fits in the fixture. The fixture is actuated by a microstepper actuator and a high sensitivity force sensor measures the applied force on the fixture and chip. The setup includes heaters embedded in the housing and controlled by a thermocouple feedback loop to ensure characterization at different temperature settings. We present three-dimensional finite element modeling simulations of the fixture and discuss the possible contributions to the uncertainty of the piezoresistance characterization. As a proof of concept, we show measurements of the piezocoefficient pi(44) in p-type silicon at three different doping concentrations in the temperature range from T=30 degrees C to T=80 degrees C. The extracted piezocoefficients are determined with an uncertainty of 1.8%.     

Space Shuttle Rudder/Speed Brake Actuator—A Case Study. Probabilistic Fatigue Life and Reliability Analysis

The U.S. Space Shuttle fleet was originally intended to have a life of 100 flights for each vehicle, lasting over a 10-year period, with minimal scheduled maintenance or inspection. The first space shuttle flight was that of the Space Shuttle Columbia (OV-102), launched April 12, 1981. The disaster that destroyed Columbia occurred on its 28th flight, February 1, 2003, nearly 22 years after its first launch. In order to minimize risk of losing another Space Shuttle, a probabilistic life and reliability analysis was conducted for the Space Shuttle rudder/speed brake actuators to determine the number of flights the actuators could sustain. A life and reliability assessment of the actuator gears was performed in two stages: a contact stress fatigue model and a gear tooth bending fatigue model. For the contact stress analysis, the Lundberg-Palmgren bearing life theory was expanded to include gear-surface pitting for the actuator as a system. The mission spectrum of the Space Shuttle rudder/speed brake actuator was combined into equivalent effective hinge moment loads including an actuator input preload for the contact stress fatigue and tooth bending fatigue models. Gear system reliabilities are reported for both models and their combination. Reliability of the actuator bearings was analyzed separately, based on data provided by the actuator manufacturer. As a result of the analysis, the reliability of one half of a single actuator was calculated to be 98.6% for 12 flights. Accordingly, each actuator was subsequently limited to 12 flights before removal from service in the Space Shuttle.     

Robust fixed-time sliding mode controller for flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicle

An improved robust fixed-time sliding mode controller (RFSMC) is presented for flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicle (FAHV) with actuator faults, composing of a novel fast fixed-time integral sliding surface (FFIS), a continuous fixed-time super-twisting-like reaching law (CFSTL) and a uniformly convergent observer. Firstly, the nonlinear control-oriented model of FAHV is processed via input/output feedback linearization with flexible effects and actuator faults modeling as matched Lipschitz disturbances. Secondly, a novel non-singular FFIS is established based on a fast fixed-time high-order regulator (FFTR), which is improved with two gains incorporating into standard fixed-time high-order regulator via dilation rescaling. The FFTR proposed can accelerate respond speed of system by tuning values of two gains simply without complicated parameters selection and the stability is proved strictly via Lyapunov criteria. Thirdly, a CFSTL is utilized to ensure high-precision convergence of sliding mode vector and its derivative in fixed time. Afterwards, a uniformly convergent observer is applied to estimate lumped disturbances accurately in fixed time. With the estimated values compensated into controller, RFSMC can enhance fault-tolerant performance and attenuate chattering efficiently. Finally, simulations on FAHV are performed to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the method proposed.     

Design of an adjustable-stiffness spring: Mathematical modeling and simulation, fabrication and experimental validation

An adjustable-stiffness actuator composed of two antagonistic non-linear springs is proposed in this paper. The elastic device consists of two pairs of leaf springs working in bending conditions under large displacements. Owing to this geometric non-linearity, the global stiffness of the actuator can be adjusted by modifying the shape of the leaf springs. A mathematical model has been developed in order to predict the mechanical behavior of our proposal. The non-linear differential equation derived from the model is solved, obtaining large stiffness variations. A prototype of the actuator was fabricated and tested for different load cases. Experimental results were compared with numerical simulations for model verification, showing excellent agreement for a wide range of work.     

颗粒流驱动变刚度弯曲软体驱动器的设计及运动仿真

为提高软体机器人的承载能力,利用颗粒物质兼具流体和阻塞刚化的特性,设计了一种变刚度弯曲软体驱动器。以颗粒物质力学为指导,设计并制造了变刚度弯曲软体驱动器样机。通过试验获得了分别描述颗粒物质和变形腔材料的联合弹塑性模型、Ogden超弹本构模型,提出了软体驱动器运动过程的有限元仿真方法,搭建了变刚度软体驱动器实验平台。实验与仿真获得的弯角误差约为15.6%,利用颗粒阻塞原理可使承载能力提高约1.75倍。     

软体机械手遥操作系统的设计与分析

面向气动软体机械手在远程非结构化环境下作业的工作需求,搭建了软体机械手遥操作系统。基于“快速气动网络”及模块化可拆卸原则,设计制作了软体弯曲致动器,根据实验需要组装成仿人手形软体机械手。在Yeoh模型基础上建立了软体致动器的力学模型并借助仿真分析加以修正,为软体致动器的控制提供了理论依据。设计了遥操作系统的总体结构,提出了气动软体机械手的驱动模式与控制策略,在C#窗体应用程序中开发了客户端软件。基于蒙皮技术在3D Max软件中对软体致动器进行建模,在Unity3D中搭建了虚拟作业场景,通过脚本程序设计实现远地端反馈信息对软体末端的运动控制和对目标对象的碰撞与拾取。开展软体致动器弯曲角度与充气气压实验,验证分析力学模型的准确性;开展遥操作手势映射实验,分析与探讨软体机械手遥操作系统的可行性及其进一步研究与应用。     

扫描隧道显微镜微位移工作台的神经网络PID控制方法研究

提出了一种基于神经网络理论的微位移工作台控制方案。该工作台以压电陶瓷作为微位移驱动元件,对伺服电机大位移进行位移补偿。分析了压电陶瓷微位移驱动器的原理,建立了工作台的数学模型。神经网络PID控制器对工作台进行闭环控制,利用BP网络的自学习和自适应能力,实时调整网络加权值,改变PID控制器的控制系数,减小工作台的位移误差。采用专用的压电陶瓷驱动电源对工作台的位移进行了实验,相对于常规PID控制器,微位移为11.41 μm时的响应时间从1.5 s缩短到1 s,稳态位移误差从3.13％减小到1.05％,工作台的稳定性和定位精度得以提高,改善了扫描隧道显微镜的工作性能。     

A biomimetic hand employing a dual actuation scheme

This paper presents a biomimetic hand that employs a hybrid actuation scheme that provides large grasping forces and swift motion. This hybrid hand is made up of a red muscle actuator used for grasping and a white muscle actuator used for fast and accurate movement. A parallel structure utilizing fully back-drivable linear motors has been adopted for the white muscle actuators. The red muscle actuators employ a Micro Hydraulic Compressor Converter (MHCC), hydraulic cylinder, and a tendon. The tendon structure enables a passive shape adaptation during the act of grasping an object. Safety in regards to impact is achieved through the back-drivability. The hybrid hand is comprised of two fingers and a thumb. The fingers and the thumb all have 2 degrees of freedom. The hybrid actuation is only applied to the fingers. The experiment results indicate that a grasping force of 94N is generated through the red muscle actuator and a 3 Hz sinusoidal motion is obtained from the white muscle actuator.     

磁致变刚度原理的气动软体致动器设计与试验

软体机器人友好的人机交互特性使其在柔性抓取、生物医疗等领域有着广泛的应用前景。针对软体机器人“柔有余而刚不足”的缺陷，提出了一种具有快速、可逆变刚度能力的磁气混合驱动软体致动器。基于磁流变效应，设计了以磁流变弹性体材料作为基体的单自由度纤维增强型磁气混合软体致动器，并给出了软体致动器的浇注制造工艺。构建了磁-力耦合模型，分析磁流变弹性体中的刚度影响关系。基于自主开发的刚度测试平台，试验结果表明：设计开发的软体致动器可以在气压和磁场作用下实现可变刚度混合驱动，通过增加磁场强度可以明显提升软体致动器的刚度，最高可提高约40%。软体致动器末端位置控制实验结果表明：通过磁场激励作用，可将软体致动器携带负载的位姿保持能力提高1.4倍，具有动载荷下的位置保持驱动能力，调节响应时间小于1.5 s。     

Research and application of non-symmetrical roll bending control of cold rolling mill

The existing research of the flatness control for strip cold rolling mainly focuses on the calculation of the optimum adjustment of individual flatness actuator in accordance with the flatness deviation,which can be used for general flatness control.However,it does not work for some special rolling processes,such as the elimination of ultra single side edge-waves and the prevention of strip break due to tilting roll control overshooting.For the purpose of solving these problems,the influences of non-symmetrical work roll bending and intermediate roll bending on flatness control were analyzed by studying efficiencies of them.Moreover,impacts of two kinds of non-symmetrical roll bending control on the pressure distribution between rolls were studied theoretically.A non-symmetrical work roll bending model was developed by theoretical analysis in accordance with practical conditions.The model was applied to the revamp of a 1250 6-H reversible universal crown mill (UCM) cold mill.Theoretical study and practical applications show that the coordination utilization of the non-symmetrical work roll bending control and tilting roll control was effective in flatness control when there appeared bad strip single side edge waves,especially when the incoming strip was with a wedge shape.In addition,the risk of strip break due to tilting control overshooting could be reduced.Furthermore,the non-symmetrical roll bending control can reduce the extent of uneven distribution of pressure between rolls caused by intermediate roll shifting in flatness control and slow down roll wear.The non-symmetrical roll bending control technology has important theoretical and practical significance to better flatness control.     

Adaptive fast sliding mode fault tolerant control integrated with disturbance observer for spacecraft attitude stabilization system

In this paper, the problem of fault-tolerant control (FTC) for spacecraft attitude stabilization system with actuator fault and mismatched disturbance is investigated. A novel fault tolerant control strategy based on adaptive fast terminal sliding mode control (AFTSMC) is proposed. Firstly, a novel composite observer is proposed to estimate the disturbance, actuator efficiency factor and partial states of the system. By introducing a sliding mode observer, the bias actuator fault is reconstructed. Subsequently, in accordance with the estimated information, a novel sliding mode fault tolerant controller is designed. The proposed control scheme contains two compensators and two adaptive parameters to attenuate the mismatched disturbance, to compensate actuator fault, and to guarantee fast convergence of the system. Furthermore, the reachability of sliding motion is proved. The simulation results for the spacecraft system illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

内箝位型压电精密步进旋转驱动器

提出一种新型的压电精密步进旋转驱动器。该驱动器以仿生运动的原理,以压电陶瓷叠堆为动力源,采用定子内侧箝位的方式和薄壁柔性铰链微变形结构,提高该驱动器箝位的稳定性和步进旋转的稳定性。通过静力学有限元分析和动力学分析,较深入地研究了该驱动器的运动特性,并对驱动器旋转分辨率、旋转速度、驱动转矩等方面进行试验研究。研制的内箝位型压电精密步进旋转驱动器能够实现高频率(40 Hz),较高速度(325 μrad /s),大行程(大于360°),高分辨率(1 μrad),较大驱动力矩(30 N·cm)等特点,有效提高了压电精密步进旋转驱动器的驱动性能。该驱动器在精密运动、微操作、光学工程以及精密定位等精密工程中具有广阔的应用前景。