Release rates of chromium and nickel from 304 and 316 stainless steel during urban atmospheric exposure—a combined field and laboratory study

Release rates of chromium and nickel from pickled and skin passed 304 and 316 stainless steel have been determined during a one-year field exposure in an urban environment (Stockholm, Sweden) and through complementary exposures in artificial rain. Measured annual release rates from 304 stainless steel are 0.25-0.3 mg Cr/m² and 0.3-0.4 mg Ni/m², and slightly higher from 316 stainless steel, 0.35-0.4 mg Cr/m² and 0.7-0.8 mg Ni/m². The release rates decrease as the rain pH increases and exhibit no direct influence by rain intensity. Variations in release rates are thought to be a result of a non-uniformly attack.     

哌啶缓蚀作用的原子吸收光谱研究——Ⅰ.304不锈钢、工业纯铁、铬、镍在盐酸中的腐蚀行为及哌啶的缓蚀作用

采用原子吸收光谱(AAS),恒电位下电流～时间关系和极化曲线测试等方法研究了304不锈钢、纯铁、铬和镍四种材料在0.1mol/L HCl中的腐蚀行为及哌啶(PD)的缓蚀作用。结果表明:PD可有效地抑制304不锈钢在盐酸中的腐蚀。PD增强Cr在盐酸中的钝化性能,对铁、镍的腐蚀属阴极型缓蚀剂。AAS测试结果表明,304不锈钢的组分元素Fe、Cr、Ni和Mn在盐酸中分别以 2, 3, 2和 2价离子形式溶解,价态不受缓蚀剂的影响。PD对304不锈钢在盐酸中的腐蚀存在“选择性抑制”效应,能显著减缓Cr和Ni的溶解,改变各元素溶解的比例,导致耐蚀组分在电极表面富集。     

热带海洋大气环境下不锈钢的腐蚀寿命评估

目的 给出一种模拟万宁海洋大气环境的室内加速环境谱并对典型不锈钢材料进行寿命预测。方法 采用失重法对4种不锈钢的耐蚀性进行宏观分析。采用X射线光电子能谱分析仪（XPS）对4种不锈钢的腐蚀产物类型进行分析。采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对4种不锈钢的腐蚀产物进行微观分析。采用腐蚀电化学法对4种不锈钢进行宏观电化学分析。采用灰色关联度分析法研究室内加速环境谱与万宁海洋大气环境下户外暴露试验的相关性。结果 4种不锈钢的腐蚀失重速率都随着试验时间的增加而降低,其中430不锈钢腐蚀速率的减小程度最明显。4种不锈钢均在室内加速腐蚀试验中表现出较好的耐蚀性,耐蚀性由好到差依次为2205、316L、304、430不锈钢。XPS结果显示,304不锈钢与316L不锈钢的腐蚀产物主要为Fe₂O₃和Fe₃O₄;2205不锈钢的腐蚀产物主要包括Fe₂O₃以及Fe OOH或FeCr₂O₄;430不锈钢的腐蚀产物属于典型不锈钢的腐蚀产物,主要由...     

不锈钢盐酸露点腐蚀行为的原位研究

利用一种新型的露点腐蚀模拟装置结合原位的电化学阻抗谱,电化学噪声等测试手段评价了304和316L两种不锈钢的盐酸露点腐蚀行为.结果表明,316L不锈钢表现出更优异的耐盐酸露点腐蚀性能,主要原因可归结为两点:一是316L不锈钢钝化膜中含有较高的Cr/(Cr+Fe) 比以及较低含量的Fe;二是316L不锈钢钝化膜中含有能改善抗点蚀性能的Mo.     

热加工对复合板不锈钢表层晶间腐蚀的影响

对压力容器用低合金钢/不锈钢复合板在热加工后的晶间腐蚀行为进行研究,主要针对三种常用表层不锈钢304,321及316L热加工后的晶间腐蚀特性进行探讨。结果表明:表层不锈钢中,321钢存在少量阶梯组织,接近凹坑组织,过多的热处理工序会引起其晶间腐蚀,但程度上轻于316L钢;304钢为明显的晶间腐蚀类型,受热处理的影响较大,严格控制热加工工艺可使其晶间腐蚀的倾向相对最轻;316L钢热加工过程中的晶间腐蚀倾向最为严重,应尽量减少热处理。合金元素较多的钢种(321和316L)在敏化温度热处理后,晶间腐蚀特征改变不大;低碳不锈钢(304)经热处理后,晶间腐蚀所受影响较大。     

316NG不锈钢在高纯水环境中的腐蚀行为

通过腐蚀失重试验,获得了316NG不锈钢在高纯水环境中的腐蚀失重曲线及均匀腐蚀速率;采用XPS、XRD、SEM等手段对腐蚀产物的组成元素、物相、形貌进行了分析。结果表明:316NG不锈钢在高纯水环境中的平均腐蚀速率为0.05mm/a,远小于304NG不锈钢和321不锈钢的;腐蚀产物膜主要以耐蚀性强的磁铁矿Fe_3O_4、尖晶石类氧化物FeCr_2O_4和NiFe_2O_4、镍和铬氧化物及氢氧化物等形式存在,且(铬+镍)与铁的原子比高于基体的,说明316NG不锈钢具有良好的耐腐蚀性能。     

Microbially influenced corrosion on stainless steels in waste water treatment plants: Part 1

Abstract

Field tests on stainless steels have been carried out at five waste water treatment plants for one year. Three grades of stainless steel, i.e. AISI 304 (UNS S30400), AISI 316 (UNS S31600), and duplex 2205 (UNS S31803) were tested in the final settling tank in the plants. The time dependence of the open circuit potential (OCP) was measured for all coupons. Ennoblement of the OCP, similar to that reported from investigations in sea water, was found in one of the plants. Waters from three of the exposure sites, containing dispersed deposits from exposed coupons, were chemically analysed. Pitting corrosion was observed after the field test on steel grade AISI 304 in three of the five plants, and on AISI 316 in one plant. No corrosion was found on 2205 in any of the plants. Laboratory measurements of the OCP were carried out for the AISI 304, AISI 316, and duplex 2205 steels in water collected from one of the plants. Cathodic polarisation curves were recorded in waste water from the same plant. T he cathodic reaction rate increased at the highest OCP. Simulation of the ennoblement was carried out by potentiostatic polarisation in a 600 ppm chloride solution. The current response indicated corrosion of welded AISI 304 material and of AISI 304 and AISI 316 steels in crevice assemblies after a long induction time. Part 2 of this study presents the results of further testing and a risk assessment design.     

Localized corrosion properties of low interstitial ferritic,high purity austenitic and high chromium duplex stainless steels

Within the framework of a research aimed at characterizing the behaviour of new materials to pitting and crevice corrosion, an investigation has been made, using electrochemical techniques, of the following materials: ELI ferritic stainless steels (18 Cr-2 Mo-Ti; 21 Cr-3 Mo-Ti; 26 Cr-1 Mo); high chromium duplex stainless steel (Z 5 CNDU 21-08) and high chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steel (Z 2 CNDU 25-20); commercial austenitic stainless steels (AISI 304 L and 316 L) and laboratory heats of austenitic stainless steels with low contents of interstitials (LTM/18 Cr- 12 Ni, LTM/16 Cr- 14 Ni-2 Mo). It was possible to graduate a scale of resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in neutral chloride solutions at 40 C; in particular the two experimental austenitic stainless steels LTM/18 Cr- 12 Ni and LTM/16 Cr- 14 Ni-2 Mo are at the same level as the AISI 316 L and 18 Cr-2 Mo-Ti, respectively. An occluded cell was developed and used for determining the critical potential for crevice corrosion (E_{localized corrosion}). For the steels under investigation E_{localized corrosion} is less noble than E_pitting especially for ELI ferritic 18 Cr-2 Mo-Ti and 21 Cr–3 Mo-Ti.     

镍对304不锈钢在NaCl溶液中缝隙腐蚀行为的影响

采用化学浸泡实验和电化学测试技术,探讨了Ｎｉ元素对３０４不锈钢在０．３％ＮａＣｌ 溶液中缝隙腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明,合金元素Ｎｉ的加入,可提高ＥＲ,抑制不锈钢的活性溶解行为 和有效提高抗缝隙腐蚀能力。     

Depassivation-repassivation behavior of type-312L stainless steel in NaCl solution investigated by the micro-indentation

Repassivation behavior of type-312L stainless steel containing 6% of molybdenum was examined in NaCl solution using in situ micro-indentation technique, together with type-304 and 316L stainless steels. High stability of the passive film formed on the type-312L stainless steel was also examined by depth profiling analysis of passive films using glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES). In 0.9 mol dm⁻³ NaCl solution at 296 K the type-304 and 316L stainless steels are passive only up to 0.3 V (SHE), above which pitting corrosion occurs. In contrast, no pitting corrosion occurs on type-312L stainless steel. Despite the significant difference of the pitting corrosion resistance, the repassivation kinetics of the three stainless steels, examined by micro-indentation at 0.3 V (SHE), is similar. The presence of molybdenum in the stainless steel does not influence the repassivation kinetics. The charge required to repassivate the ruptured type-312L stainless steel surface increases approximately linearly with the potential, even though the passivity-maintaining current increased markedly at potentials close to the transpassive region. Repassivation occurs without accompanying significant dissolution of steel, regardless of the stability of passive state. Depth profiling analyses of the passive films on the type-312L stainless steels formed at several potentials revealed that molybdenum species enrich in the outer layer of the passive film, below which chromium-enriched layer is present. The permeation of chloride ions may be impeded by the outer layer containing molybdate, enhancing the resistance against the localized corrosion of the type-312L stainless steel.     

己内酰胺精制薄膜蒸发器腐蚀失效分析

用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱分析等技术分析己内酰胺精制用薄膜蒸发器腐蚀减薄器壁的化学成分、金相组织、腐蚀形貌和腐蚀产物。结果表明：蒸发器内壁减薄主要是由于高速液膜流体所造成的有机酸冲刷腐蚀所致,装置提量后加剧了腐蚀减薄的速度。通过电化学极化测量304L、316、321三种不锈钢在酸性己内酰胺介质中的耐蚀性进行了比较,证实316不锈钢的耐冲刷腐蚀性能较好。     

0Cr25Ni7Mo4、316与304不锈钢临界点蚀温度研究

采用外加恒定电位下腐蚀电流-温度扫描方法研究了0Cr25Ni7Mo4、304和316不锈钢在1 mol/L NaCl水溶液中的点蚀行为。利用不锈钢临界点蚀温度评价了材料的耐点蚀性能.测得0Cr25Ni7Mo4和316不锈钢的临界点蚀温度分别为79.5 ℃和15 ℃,304不锈钢在0 ℃以下.对0Cr25Ni7Mo4不锈钢材料优良耐点蚀性能的原因进行了分析讨论.     

304和316L管材在两类模拟介质中的晶间腐蚀形貌

通过自制的模拟循环试验装置,对两种不锈钢管材进行冲刷腐蚀模拟试验,SEM形貌表明在模拟的河水和海水介质中,304和316L不锈钢均发生了晶间腐蚀。     

Relationships between the critical potential for stress corrosion cracking of stainless steels and the chemical composition of the films formed in boiling MgCl2 solutions

Activation analysis and Auger electron spectrometry have been used to study the surface film formed on 304L Type stainless steel in boiling concentrated MgCl₂ solutions. Analytical study shows that the complex oxide of chromium and nickel formed at potentials where the steel is susceptible to stress corrosion cracking contains more chromium than nickel. Conversely, it is richer in nickel than chromium if it develops at potentials where the steel is protected. The critical potential for stress corrosion cracking deals with the change in the chemical composition of the oxide. Aggressive ion effects can be related to the same phenomenon.     

Cl离子对 304、316不锈钢临界点蚀温度的影响

采用外加恒定电位下腐蚀电流-温度扫描的方法分别研究了304、316不锈钢在不同浓度NaCl水溶液中的临界点蚀温度.得到了材料临界点蚀温度随Cl-浓度变化的关系曲线.在分析温度与Cl-浓度分别对钝化膜影响的基础上阐述了二者对不锈钢点蚀的综合作用机理.     

Technical note Weight loss investigation of alternating voltage corrosion of 301, 304, and 316 stainless steels in boiling NaCI solution

Abstract

Alternating voltage corrosion of types 301, 304, and 316 stainless steels in an aqueous boiling NaCl solution under continuous reflux was investigated through weight loss measurements as a function of time. Specimens of each type of stainless steel were used as electrodes to heat the solution by the Joule effect using pure outlet alternating voltage modulation (127 V, 60 Hz). Pitting corrosion was observed in all cases, but it was severe for 304 and less marked for 301. This led to average percentage weight losses, after 1500 h of experiment, of up to 30%, 21%, and 16% for the 304, 316, and 301 steels respectively. The enhanced pitting corrosion of the 304 steel agrees with results previously reported in the literature by other authors.     

Interkristalline Korrosionsrisse an einem Wellenkompensator aus nichtrostendem Stahl X6CrNiTi1810 bei Korrosionsbelastung durch Heißdampf/Dampfkondensat

Intergranular corrosion cracks of a X6CrNiTi1810 SS expansion bellow stressed in heated steam/steam condensate at elevated temperature Cracking of a single layer corrugated expansion bellow of titanium-stabilized austenitic chromium nickel stainless steel was caused by corrosion fatigue. The crack starts with an intergranular crack path, and the transgranular residual fracture shows striations. Similar manifestations of cracked surfaces of austenitic CrNi steel which were obtained under cyclic loading in MgCl₂ solution are described in the literature. There are, however, corrosion damages by intergranular crack formation in the non-sensitized microstructure of titanium-stabilized ferritic chromium and austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steels in water at elevated temperature, the causes of which have not been elucidated until now.     

汽车SCR系统用不锈钢的冷凝液腐蚀行为研究

运用600 ℃废气氧化与80 ℃冷凝液浸泡方法研究了柴油机SCR系统用441和304两种不锈钢的冷凝液腐蚀行为。结果表明：经有/无尿素的废气氧化后,441不锈钢在冷凝液中的腐蚀均处于钝化状态,而304不锈钢的腐蚀均处于活化状态;阳极极化曲线测量后,441不锈钢表面形成了点蚀坑,304不锈钢部分表面区域有明显的晶间腐蚀特征,氧化环境中引入尿素对两种不锈钢的前述局部腐蚀都具有增强作用。     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steels after cold rolling

The effect of austenite stability on the evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of three austenitic stainless steels during cold rolling has been studied. Samples of different grain sizes have been used to characterize the microstructures during deformation. In the case of 304/8% Ni and 304/10% Ni stainless steels, the transformation microstructures consist of mechanical twins: ε-martensite and α′-martensite. No hexagonal close-packed (hcp) ε-martensite was detected in 316 stainless steel. The volume fraction of α′-martensite formed increases with increasing strain in 304 and 316 stainless steels for a given grain size. The amount of α′ phase increases with a decrease in grain size in 304 stainless steel, while the formation of this phase has been found to be grain size insensitive in 316 stainless steel. The strain-hardening behavior exhibited by the three stainless steels used in this study indicates the contribution of both α′-martensite and grain size strengthening in the case of both 304 stainless steels, while only grain size contribution was found in the case of 316 stainless steel.     

Effect of Host Media on Microbial Influenced Corrosion due to Desulfotomaculum nigrificans

This article reports about the tests carried to investigate microbial-induced corrosion on stainless steels due to sulfate-reducing bacteria sp. Desulfotomaculum nigrificans in different host media. Stainless steel 304L, 316L, and 2205 were selected for the test. Modified Baar’s media (BM), sodium chloride solution, and artificial sea water (SW) were used as test solutions in anaerobic conditions. Electrochemical polarization and immersion test were performed to estimate the extent of corrosion rate and pitting on stainless steels. SEM/EDS were used to study the details inside/outside pits formed on the corroded samples. Biofilm formed on corroded coupons was analyzed for its components by UV/Visible spectroscopy. Corrosion attack on the test samples was observed maximum in case of exposure to SW followed by NaCl solution, both having sulfide and chloride whereas stainless steel exposed to BM, having sulfide, showed minimum attack. Tendency of extracellular polymeric substances to bind metal ions is observed to be responsible for governing the extent of corrosion attack.