碳纤维编织复合材料损伤变形与破坏实验研究

通过对碳纤维编织复合材料的拉伸实验,利用声发射技术(Acoustic Emission,简称"AE")和数字图像相关(Digital Image Correlation,简称"DIC")方法研究碳纤维复合材料的损伤演化规律。通过采集试件在拉伸过程中的声发射信号、损伤变形与应变场信息,分析碳纤维编织复合材料的力学加载、变形场和声发射特征参数的关系。结果表明复合材料的位移场、应变场信息以及AE信号特征参数能良好地描述复合材料在拉伸状态下的损伤累积和破坏过程。在加载前期,以40~60 dB低幅度信号为主;随着载荷增加,撞击累计数急剧升高,高幅度、高持续时间信号增多。通过DIC测得的位移场和应变场信息,发现对于相同的载荷增量,加载方向的位移和最大拉应变呈先增加后减小的趋势。     

Acoustic emission during irreversible deformation in short fiber reinforced poly(vinyl chloride) composites

Acoustic emission (AE) during irreversible deformation in short glass fiber reinforced poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) composites was studied using a piezoelectric crystal transducer. Compared to the well-coupled composites, many more AE events were observed during tensile deformation in the poorly-coupled composites, presumably due to failure at the fiber-matrix interface. No fiber fracture was detected in the tensile tests for either well-coupled or poorly-coupled composites. Irreversibility of acoustic emission was observed in repeated tensile loading experiments. Unlike PVC, the short fiber composites fractured during stress relaxation at 1 percent elongation. Studies of acoustic emission behavior during stress relaxation indicated that interfacial debonding is a time-dependent process. Relaxation fracture time was strongly increased by chemical coupling at the interface.     

基于声发射技术的PE/PE层合板拉伸破坏机理分析

本文利用声发射技术,对PE/PE层合板拉伸破坏的声发射信号进行聚类和判别分析,考察了基本拉伸破坏形式的声发射特性和拉伸破坏机理.实验结果表明,大量细观破坏的复合发生、发展和累积造成材料的最终宏观断裂.从破坏过程的声发射信号分布来看,破坏过程的早期主要是来自界面和基体的细观破坏,信号数量大但破坏能量小,破坏过程的中期界面和基体破坏程度加剧,并伴随少量纤维断裂,破坏过程的后期主要是纤维的整体断裂,信号数量小但破坏能量大.     

Acoustic emission in single filament carbon/polycarbonate and Kevlar®/olycarbonate composites under tensile deformation

An analysis of envelope signals of acoustic emission (AE) produced from carbon/polycarbonate and Kevlar®/polycarbonate composites undergoing tensile deformation has been carried out to identify the sources of emission. The Kaiser effect was reproduced to validate the AE technique. Two different fiber failure mechanisms, i.e., fiber fracture and fiber degradation in Kevlar®/polycarbonate composite have been identified. A one-to-one correspondence between acoustic emission signals and fiber fracture and degradation has been established. It is shown that the critical length of the fiber, evaluated by using acoustic emission signals, is helpful in understanding the fracture behavior of the composites, as affected by surface treatments of the fibers.     

Fracture Process of Silicon Carbide Fiber-Reinforced Glasses

This paper evaluates the fracture process for fiber-reinforced glasses under tensile loading. Two types of unidirectionally aligned Nicalon SiC-fiber-reinforced glass with different fiber coatings were examined. One channel acoustic emission (AE) measurement was employed during the tensile tests. Probabilistic fracture analysis as well as the replication technique were used to investigate the relation between the AE signals and fracture processes. The AE technique proved to be an effective method for observing fracture processes of the material systems studied. The fracture process could be distinguished in terms of the AE amplitude. AE signals with high amplitudes corresponded to fiber breaking; AE signals with low amplitudes corresponded to matrix cracking, interfacial debonding, and fiber pullout. In the well-toughened material studied the reinforcing fibers would break extensively over 75% load of the ultimate strength.     

复合材料波纹褶皱区域损伤变形测量及声发射监测

对含波纹褶皱缺陷的玻璃纤维单向复合材料进行压缩试验,结合声发射(Acoustic Emission,简称"AE")和数字图像相关(Digital Image Correlation,简称"DIC")互补技术,研究复合材料波纹褶皱区域的损伤变形与演化规律。在复合材料试件压缩加载的过程中,采集波纹褶皱区域损伤变形场、应变场信息和实时声发射监测信号,分析复合材料压缩力学响应行为与缺陷区域变形场、应变场以及声发射信号特征之间的对应关系。结果表明:波纹褶皱会严重影响复合材料的力学性能,通过分析声发射信号,发现随着波纹褶皱宽高比减小,复合材料的力学性能呈现降低的趋势;当波纹褶皱宽高比一定时,随着波纹褶皱高度不断增加,复合材料的力学性能呈现降低的趋势。通过DIC测得的应变场与位移场信息,发现对于相同的载荷增量,最大应变呈增加趋势,且波纹褶皱宽高比越大应变增幅越大;越趋近于褶皱中部,水平位移越大,加载方向位移与试件失稳破坏位置有关,接近破坏区域的加载方向位移大。损伤区域位移场和应变场清晰地反映了玻璃纤维复合材料的损伤变形特征。     

PE纤维胶丝束拉伸损伤过程的声发射特性研究

研究了聚乙烯(PE)纤维胶丝束拉伸损伤过程中的声发射(AE)特性,确定了PE纤维胶丝束拉伸损伤过程中不同损伤阶段的AE特性,得到了不同损伤类型的AE参数特征。研究发现,判定PE纤维胶丝束失效的依据是出现幅度大于90 dB、持续时间大于1042μs的AE信号。     

Brittle-ductile transition of PP/POE blends in both impact and high speed tensile tests

Polypropylene (PP)/octene-ethylene copolymer (POE) blends were studied in both impact and high speed tensile tests, in which the practical strain rate was 208/s. With the increase of the POE content, brittle-ductile transition (BDT) of PP/POE blends occurred in both the impact and high speed tensile tests. BDT also occurred with the decrease of the tensile speed when any of the PP/POE blends was drawn. The impact deformation of the notched impact samples was analyzed in details. Most of the strain loading of the notched impact samples is taken by the deformation of the narrow region near the notch tip in impact tests. The microunits of the deformation region deform in two methods: high speed tensile deformation and shear deformation because of the tensile speed gradients in the deformation region. At the beginning of impact tests, the strain rate at the notch tip reaches almost 6000/s. In rubber toughened plastics, the shear deformation decreases greatly because of the rubber particle cavitation. Thus, the impact deformation is really a high speed tensile deformation at the narrow region near notch tips. The BDTs in both impact and high speed tensile tests share the same mechanism. The notch sensitivity of plastics is essentially the tensile speed sensitivity of plastics.     

尾矿砂改性混凝土的强度与声发射损伤特征研究

为了研究尾矿砂改性混凝土的受压损伤特征,对4组不同磷矿尾矿砂取代率的混凝土进行了单轴压缩-声发射监测试验。根据混凝土受压损伤时所释放的声发射(AE)信号,定量探讨了材料的损伤程度,并以AE指标为基础分析了混凝土损伤演化特征。结果表明:混凝土的应力-应变曲线可分为弹性变形、塑性变形、断裂破坏和残余变形4个阶段;随着尾矿砂含量增加,混凝土的抗压强度先增加后保持稳定,尾矿砂取代率为30%(质量分数)的改性混凝土峰值抗压强度最大;由AE信号提出了损伤因子,损伤因子-应变曲线表明普通混凝土的结构损伤主要在塑性变形阶段,而尾矿砂改性混凝土的结构损伤集中在塑性变形和断裂破坏阶段;一定比例的磷矿尾矿砂有助于提高水泥砂浆的密实度,从而增强抗压强度和变形性能。这为尾矿砂改性混凝土的研究提供了重要参考。     

Characterization of interfacial properties of composite materials by acoustic emission

The global mechanical properties of composite structures in service depend on fiber/matrix interface and interlaminar strength. The paper proposes to use Acoustic Emission (AE) and advanced signal processing to evaluate the interlaminar performance of polymeric composites. A delaminating process simulated with a Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) in opening mode (Mode I) coupled with an Acoustic Emission (AE) technique has been employed. Different samples were analyzed to observe the damage evolution and to evaluate the interlaminar decohesion processes. The resistance to delamination growth is expressed in terms of the interlaminar DCB mode (mode I) fracture toughness, measured by strain energy release rate, G_I, dissipated per unit area of delamination growth in composite. Three categories of samples were used: two unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy resins with one degraded by heat and one with a commercially used resin. It was found that sample that was exposed at a temperature greater than the glass transition temperature Tg of the epoxy had a higher cumulative energy release rate than the two other samples types. The original type having the lowest release rate. Acoustic emission parameters have been found to be powerful indicators of the intensity of the damage. Multivariate analysis of up to 49 parameters was performed in order to group classes of AE signals with matching characteristics. A correlation was established between the energy release rate and the acoustic emission energy.     

Effect of anisotropy on photo-mechanical oxidation of polyethylene

Blown polyethylene (PE) film was exposed to UV irradiation while under tensile stress. Tests were conducted on unpigmented PE and on a series of five PEs containing TiO₂ pigments with different photo-activities. The yield strengths measured in tensile tests on unexposed films were typically 10% greater in the longitudinal (machine) direction than in the transverse direction. UV exposures were conducted with stress applied both parallel and transverse to the machine direction. The chemical degradation was followed using the FTIR carbonyl index. For all six materials, tensile stress accelerated carbonyl group development. Some samples cracked during UV exposure in tension and did so in a shorter time if the stress was applied in the machine direction than if it was transverse to it. The carbonyl index at the onset of cracking was lower for longitudinal samples than for transverse samples.Unpigmented PE was slightly more sensitive to transverse strain and the anatase-pigmented PE slightly more sensitive to longitudinal strain. The carbonyl production rate for two of the rutile pigmented grades showed very little dependence on the straining direction whereas for a third the increase in rate was significantly greater when the deformation was applied in the machine direction than for transverse stretching. With the fourth rutile-pigmented grade, transverse stretching produced the greater effect. These differences cannot be correlated with the photoactivity of the different pigments. The highest ratios of longitudinal/transverse enhancement were found with the least photoactive rutile pigment and with anatase—the most photoactive of all those tested.     

Relationship of fracture behavior and morphology in polyolefin blends

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) and isotactic polypropylene (PP) were mixed either with a stabilizer or with a stabilizer and a compatibilizer in different mixing ratios. The structure and properties of these blends were analyzed by methods such as torsion pendulum measurements, mechanical short time experiments, electron microscopy, and fracture mechanical toughness tests. The results display a strongly increased impact strength in the HDPE/PP blend with compatibilizer within a specific mixing region. The deformation behavior and the mechanism leading to the increased impact strength of the blends were investigated in tensile tests by acoustic emission analysis and scanning electron microscopy: Increased fibrilation and strong strain was registered in the blend with compatibilizer. The impact strength was modeled, using experimentally measured properties such as energy release rate, matrix and inclusion volumes, the impact strength of each component. The inclusion volume that causes plastic deformation was chosen as an additional parameter. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental ones.     

FRP复合材料拉伸过程的声发射特性实验研究

用声发射技术研究了FRP复合材料的拉伸损伤与断裂行为。宽带传感器记录了FRP复合材料试样在拉伸破坏过程中的声发射信号,运用声发射参数分析方法对单向FRP复合材料的声发射历程图进行分析,得出复合材料在拉伸过程中的损伤类型以及各损伤阶段所呈现出来的特性。用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察了试样的几种典型的损伤破坏断面,对比分析了不同类型的损伤机制。实验分析表明,拉伸过程中破坏机制对声发射信号的特征具有显著影响,不同损伤模式的信号频谱特征存在明显的差异。     

Deformational behavior of polyolefins at high temperature and strain rate: Experimental analysis and constitutive laws

Large deformation behavior of two polyolefins has been investigated under high temperatures and high strain rate conditions. During uniaxial tensile tests at constant true strain rate, volume, stress, and deformation ratio were measured. At the temperatures considered, the mechanical behavior tends to be elastic (rate‐independent) as strain rate increases. Thus elastic models can be used to describe the deformational behavior of these resins under such conditions. Models proposed by Ogden, by Coleman as modified by Radi, and by Sweeney‐Ward have been considered to fit experimental data and their adequacy has been discussed. Sweeney‐Ward's model has been found to provide the best fit of the examined polymer's behavior at high temperatures and high strain rates.     

试样厚度对聚乙烯拉伸性能的影响

通过对不同厚度聚乙烯试样的拉伸试验进行分析.结果表明,试样厚度对聚乙烯的强度、应变、拉伸模量均有较大影响,对单位面积的屈服吸收能没有影响;现有塑料制品设计中,材料的拉伸性能和制品厚度为独立参数的做法存在隐患.     

Modeling and experimental study on electrical impedance response to damage accumulation in 2D C/SiC composites

The electrical properties of C/SiC composites could be used for online and in-situ damage monitoring. To investigate alternating current (AC) impedance response to damage in the C/SiC composites, monotonic and incremental cyclic tensile tests were performed. Both AC impedance and acoustic emission (AE) techniques were applied to clarify the damage evolution during the tests. The relationship between damage and electrical impedance response was investigated and validated via macroscopic equivalent circuit models. The effects of longitudinal deformation and damage on AC impedance characteristics, including impedance magnitude and phase angle, were obtained from the models. Results showed that the longitudinal deformation increases the impedance magnitude and the phase angle, and the damage causes the impedance magnitude to increase and the phase angle to decrease. The phase angle is significantly sensitive to fiber breakage, which makes the AC-based method more suitable for online damage monitoring and final failure warning.     

304控氮不锈钢应力腐蚀过程中声发射信号聚类分析

研究了304控氮不锈钢试样在酸性氯化钠溶液中慢应变速率拉伸过程的声发射特征.采用基于自组织映射神经网络和K-均值聚类算法对长时间慢拉伸实验的声发射信号进行聚类分析,通过分析各类信号的持续时间、上升时间、振铃、能量、幅值、波形、频带能量等特征,从中找出了裂纹信号.将分类后的信号作为样本训练神经网络,对短时间慢拉伸实验检测...