Milestone progress of the HEPS booster commissioning

The high-energy photon source(HEPS)is the first fourth-generation synchrotron light source facility in China.The HEPS injector consists of a linear accelerator(Linac)and a full energy booster.The booster captures the electron beam from the Linac and increases its energy to the value required for the storage ring.The full-energy beam could be injected to the storage ring directly or after\"high-energy accumulation.\"On November 17,2023,the key booster parameters successfully reached their corresponding target values.These milestone results were achieved based on numerous contributions,including nearly a decade of physical design,years of equipment development and installation,and months of beam commissioning.As measured at the extraction energy of 6 GeV,the averaged beam current and emittance reached 8.57 mA with 5 bunches and 30.37 nm rad with a single-bunch charge of 5.58 nC,compared with the corresponding target values of 6.6 mA and 35 nm rad,respectively.This paper presents the physical design,equipment development,installation,and commissioning process of the HEPS booster.     

Calibration of the linear optics in the SSRF storage ring

Phase Ⅰ commissioning of the SSRF storage ring at 3.0 GeV was ended with encouraging results. Distortions and calibrations of the linear optics during the storage ring commissioning are discussed in this paper. The calibration procedure has reduced sextupole-additional focusing effects by minimizing closed orbit deviation and corrected quadrupole magnetic coefficients with the linear optics from closed orbit (LOCO) technique. After fitting the closed orbit response matrix, linear optics of the storage ring is substantially corrected, and the measured parameters agree well with the design. Four optics modes were commissioned, and relevant machine physics studies were carried out. Their results are summarized.     

Prospects of High Temperature Superconductors for fusion magnets and power applications

During the last few years, progress in the field of second-generation High Temperature Superconductors (HTS) was breathtaking. Industry has taken up production of long length coated REBCO conductors with reduced angular dependency on external magnetic field and excellent critical current density jc. Consequently these REBCO tapes are used more and more in power application.For fusion magnets, high current conductors in the kA range are needed to limit the voltage during fast discharge. Several designs for high current cables using High Temperature Superconductors have been proposed. With the REBCO tape performance at hand, the prospects of fusion magnets based on such high current cables are promising. An operation at 4.5 K offers a comfortable temperature margin, more mechanical stability and the possibility to reach even higher fields compared to existing solutions with Nb₃Sn which could be interesting with respect to DEMO.After a brief overview of HTS use in power application the paper will give an overview of possible use of HTS material for fusion application. Present high current HTS cable designs are reviewed and the potential using such concepts for future fusion magnets is discussed.     

SSRF磁测数据管理与应用软件系统的开发

介绍了上海同步辐射装置即上海光源工程(简称SSRF)磁测数据的管理与应用软件系统的研发情况。     

Establishment of a calibration curve for an isocentric cobalt unit using Monte Carlo simulation

Measurement of dose distribution in patients during radiotherapy is impossible. The Monte Carlo simulation is an alternative method for dose calculations. In routine radiotherapy, the source-to-surface distance(SSD)method is not practical for an isocentric unit because it requires numerous values of tissue–air ratios and inverse square law. Therefore, this method is time consuming. In this paper, the curves of relative depth doses were obtained for three different SSDs using the MCNP4C Monte Carlo simulation and approximated with a single curve called calibration curve. This curve was compared to the curve obtained by published data, differing in approximately 5% in the worst case. It was also observed that the obtained results were more accurate for distances between-5 and 10 cm from source-to-axis distance.     

Characterization and qualification of advanced insulators for fusion magnets

Intensive research over the past decades demonstrated that the mechanical material performance of epoxy based glass fiber reinforced plastics, which are normally used by industry as insulating materials in magnet technology, degrades dramatically upon irradiation to fast neutron fluences above 1 × 10²² m^?2 (E > 0.1 MeV). which have to be expected in large fusion devices like ITER. This triggered an insulation development program based on cyanate ester (CE) and blends of CE and epoxies, which are not affected up to twice this fluence level, and therefore appropriate for large fusion magnets like the ITER TF coils. Together with several suppliers resin mixtures with very low viscosity over many hours were developed, which renders them suitable for the impregnation of very large volumes. This paper reports on a qualification program carried out during the past few years to characterize suitable materials, i.e. various boron-free R-glass fiber reinforcements interleaved with polyimide foils embedded in CE/epoxy blends containing 40% of CE, a repair resin, a conductor insulation, and various polyimide/glass fiber bonded tapes. The mechanical properties were assessed at 77 K in tension and in the interlaminar shear mode under static and dynamic load conditions prior to and after reactor irradiation at ~340 K to neutron fluences of up to 2 × 10²² m^?2 (E > 0.1 MeV). i.e. twice the ITER design fluence. The results confirmed that a sustainable solution has become available for this critical magnet component of ITER.     

Characterization and calibration of a SSNTD for heavy-ion detection and strangelet search in cosmic rays

A commercially available grade of polymer was investigated for its suitability as a solid state nuclear track detector (SSNTD) to look for rare events in cosmic rays at very high mountain altitudes. It was identified to be polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and found to have a higher detection threshold compared to many other widely used SSNTDs. Hence it is particularly suited for rare event search in cosmic rays by eliminating the dominant low Z background. Systematic studies were carried out to determine the ideal etching condition. Also the charge response of PET was studied using various ion beams from accelerators. The results of such studies were combined to obtain the calibration curve for PET as SSNTD, by which one can identify and characterize charged particles.     

Optimization and comparison of accelerating cavities for the SSRF

The two kinds of cavities commolny used,the nose-coned and the bell-shaped cavities,are investigated for the RF cavity optimum design of the SSRF(Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility).The maximum shunt impedance available for the former is about 45% higher than for the latter,and the latter has the stronger HOM(High order modes).     

Virtual instrument for controlling and monitoring digitalized power supply in SSRF

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility （SSRF） needs extremely precise power supplies for their various magnets. A digital controller is being developed for the power converters of the SSRF power supply （PS）. In the digital controller, a fully digital pulse-width modulator （PWM） directly controls the power unit insulated gate bipolar transistor （IGBT） of the PS. A program in LabVIEW language has been developed to control and monitor the digital PS via serial communication （RS232） from a PC and to modify its parameters as well. In this article, the software design of the virtual instrument for controlling and monitoring digitalized PS and its associated functions are described, and the essential dements of the program graphical main-Ⅵ and sub-Ⅵ source code are presented and explained. The communication protocol and the structure of the developed system are also included in this article.     

SSRF生物大分子晶体学线站用户数据采集系统

上海光源(SSRF)生物大分子晶体学线站BL17U1是结构生物学研究领域的重要平台,SSRF的高性能和光束线的高性能使得用户能快速采集晶体衍射数据。为了能够最大程度的利用好光束线站的物理性能和硬件配置,必须开发一整套的可靠、用户友好的控制与数据采集系统。根据用户实验需求,BL17U1开发了基于分布式控制系统EPICS及Blu-Ice生物大分子晶体学线站的控制与数据获取系统。该系统稳定可靠、功能完善,宜于用户实验操作。     

Monitoring the charge bunch-by-bunch for the SSRF storage ring:Development and application

Bunch charge uniformity controlling is very important for top-up operation of the storage ring. In order to monitor filling pattern and measure the bunch charge precisely, a PXI waveform digitizer-based data acquisition system has been developed to retrieve bunch charge information from BPM pickup signals. An effective sampling rate is extended to 400 GHz by waveform rebuilding technology, which overlays multi-turn data into single turn with real time sampling rate of 8 GHz. An on-line evaluation indicates that resolution and linearity of the charge measurement are better than 0.5% at input range of 0.5-12 nC.     

上海光源IXS实验控制与数据采集系统设计

实验控制和数据采集系统是实现非弹性X射线散射(IXS)实验的重要组成部分。根据实验原理和要求,完成了一种基于SPEC和EPICS的控制和数据采集系统。通过设计和编写SPEC宏定义,采用由SPEC读取EPICS过程变量的方法,将EPICS平台下的硬件控制整合到SPEC软件中,实现了电机控制、光子探测、单色器能量扫描和样品扫描等功能,并在上海光源BL15U1首次成功完成IXS实验。     

三模式氡测量刻度装置的研制

为满足实验室对一般氡测量仪器的刻度需要,设计了能够实现在脉冲模式、恒定模式和连续模式三种模式下自动控制、自动监测的氡测量刻度装置,并对装置进行了稳定性和可靠性试验。试验结果表明,该装置可为氡及其子体的研究以及其测量仪器的标定提供一个可调节、具有稳定氡浓度的环境。     

SSRF 150 MeV直线加速器的能量稳定系统设计及仿真

注入束流的能量稳定性和能散度对电子储存环的性能影响很大,通过从SSRF(上海同步辐射装置)上采集数据,研究了直线加速器的能量稳定性,结合国内外相关经验及150 MeV直线加速器自身特点,设计了直线加速器的能量稳定系统方案,利用增强器低能输运线上BPM(beam position monitor)信号进行能量反馈,通过模糊控制器调节速调管输出相位,将束流能量稳定在期望值±0.2%内。用Matlab中Simulink动态链接库建立RF系统模型,进行了系统仿真,仿真结果表明该系统可以较好地抑制能量的长期漂移。     

Prospects for the use of high-Tc superconductors in fusion magnets and options for their test in SULTAN

In the last few years, the critical current densities of long commercially available REBa₂Cu₃O_7?x (RE-123, where RE represents Y or a rare earth element) coated conductors have reached values of 250 A/cm-width at 77 K and zero applied field. Even higher values of 600 A/cm-w (77 K, B = 0) have been demonstrated in shorter lengths. The attractive features of the use of these high-T_c superconductors (HTS) are operation temperatures above 20 K and/or magnetic fields higher than those envisaged for the ITER TF coils. Possible operation conditions for HTS fusion magnets have been studied taking into consideration the possible further improvements of RE-123 coated conductors. Investigations of stability and quench behavior indicate that stability is not a problem, whereas quench detection and protection need attention. Because of the high currents necessary for fusion magnets, many tapes need to be assembled into a transposed conductor. The qualification of HTS conductors for fusion magnets would require their test at magnetic fields of 11 T and currents well above 10 kA. The possibilities to test straight HTS conductor samples in SULTAN have been considered. For a test at 4.5 K, only the development of a low resistance joint between the HTS conductor under test and the NbTi transformer of SULTAN would be necessary. Tests up to 20 K would require that the HTS sample is connected with the NbTi transformer by a conduction-cooled HTS bus bar of large thermal resistance similar to the HTS module of a current lead. HTS conductor tests at temperatures around 50 K would be possible with modified cryogenics.     

Intra-beam scattering and beam lifetime in a candidate lattice of the soft X-ray diffraction-limited storage ring for the upgraded SSRF

New-generation synchrotron light sources are being designed and operated worldwide to provide brighter radiation by reducing the beam emittance to X-ray diffrac...     

Improving Touschek lifetime and synchrotron frequency spread by passive harmonic cavity in the storage ring of SSRF

Beam lifetime of a synchrotron is dominated by Touschek scattering.In the beamline Phase Ⅱ project of Shanghai synchrotron radiation facility,a passive third harmonic cavity is to be installed for bunch lengthening and instability suppressing.In this paper,the beam dynamics of the cavity is investigated.The parameters of passive operation are optimized to cancel the slope of RF voltage and lengthen the bunches.The Touschek lifetime increases are estimated for optimum and non-optimum voltage flattening.A tolerance of the operation is studied in case that there is a shift on detuning angle.The effect caused by reduction in harmonic voltage generated by lengthened bunch distribution is also estimated using iteration method.An increase in synchrotron frequency spread due to nonlinearity of the voltage giving to the bunch is found by using tracking simulation.This spread can help in damping coupled bunch instability through Landau damping.