异丙苯氧化反应工艺的模拟

利用混合池数学模型,选择于学敏动力学方程对异丙苯氧化反应工艺进行了模拟计算。计算结果表明,采用的动力学模型是合理的。目前反应工艺的反应器入口氧浓度明显偏低,要提高异丙苯的转化率,仍需进一步改进工艺条件,反应器也有改进的必要。     

杂多酸催化合成间甲基异丙苯

研究了负载型杂多酸的催化作用下,以甲苯和丙烯为原料进行烷基化反应合成间甲基异丙苯的工艺过程。在固定床反应器中,考察了催化剂活性和工艺条件,在此基础上,进行了催化剂的寿命实验。结果表明:负载型杂多酸催化剂对于甲苯与丙烯的烷基化反应有很好的活性,反应最佳工艺条件为:反应温度140-160℃,空速2-5h-1,苯烯比>5,反应压力1.0-2.5MPa,原料甲苯中的水含量小于100μL/L。催化剂寿命试验进行了2000h,其活性和选择性均无明显变化,丙烯转化率接近100%,甲基异丙苯选择性在91%-95.4%之间,o-IPT的相对百分含量保持在3.7%上下。证明催化剂具有很好的活性和稳定性,具有良好的工业化前景。     

节能环保的环氧丙烷生产新工艺

氯醇化法和有机过氧化物法曾经是主要的环氧丙烷生产工艺。有机过氧化物法克服了氯醇化法三废污染严重、腐蚀性强和需要氯资源的缺点,具有反应较平稳、无污染等优点,但联产品所占比例大。最近新开发的先进生产工艺有过氧化氢法（HP—PO法）和异丙苯法。HP—PO法用过氧化氢环氧化丙烯直接合成环氧丙烷,与普通工艺相比,HP—PO法不产生水以外的副产品,减少废水70％～80％,对环境无污染,能耗降低35％,投资降低25％,HP—PO法300kt／a环氧丙烷装置已于2008年投产。异丙苯法采用住友化学独自开发的高性能钛硅沸石催化剂,丙烯与氯过氧化异丙苯（由异丙苯与空气氧化反应生成）进行环氧化反应,得到的环氧丙烷和对异丙基苄醇分离后,后者催化加氢生成异丙苯和水。该工艺无副产品,无环境污染,投资少,生产成本低,异丙苯法200kt／a环氧丙烷装置已于2009年3月投产。     

异丙苯低压层流预混火焰实验研究

利用光电离分子束质谱对异丙苯(A1CH(CH_3)_2)在30 mmHg实验压力下,当量比为0.45、1.00和1.58的层流预混火焰进行了研究。实验结果表明,随着当量比的增加,A1CH(CH_3)_2需要在燃烧器上方更高的位置消耗完全。实验中共测得了14种燃烧产物,包括CH_3自由基、小分子烃类、含氧类物质、单环和多环芳烃。根据实验结果对A1CH(CH_3)_2的燃烧分解路径和多环芳烃生成路径进行了分析。结果表明A1CH(CH_3)_2可以通过多种路径消耗,如在异丙基上发生脱氢反应和脱甲基反应。此外萘(A2)是生成多环芳烃的重要前驱体。     

苯酚丙酮装置中的换热器失效分析

1 概述某石化企业苯酚丙酮装置主要由烃化、氧化、精制和回收单元组成,是以苯和丙烯为原料,通过烃化反应生产异丙苯,再利用空气将异丙苯氧化为过氧化氢异丙苯,以硫酸作催化剂将过氧化氢异丙苯分解生产苯酚和丙酮。     

氨氮浓度对复合生物反应器处理效能的影响

在DO,温度,pH,COD一定的条件下,试验了氨氮浓度对复合生物反应器处理废水效能的影响。得出,氨氮去除率随着进水氨氮浓度的增加呈现先上升后缓慢下降的趋势;进水氨氮浓度对COD去除效果的影响较小,去除效率维持在87％～93％之间;某些污染物（如,游离氨和亚硝酸盐）对微生物的抑制与毒性作用都能影响复合生物反应器对污水的处理效果。     

光生物反应器倾斜度对露天培养藻类生物质产率的影响

一天内投射到环形管光生物反应器上的光子通量密度分布剖面，可通过使生物反应器与水平面呈角度倾斜而改变。中午，光子通量密度随倾角增大而降低，而在清晨和傍晚则随倾角增大而增加。呈一定角度倾斜的生物反庆占地面积较小，倾斜80°的生物反应器，单位土地面积每天生物质产率（130生物质／m^2土地）约为地平位置上可获产量（21g生物质／m^2土地）的6倍。生克小球藻细胞所含的准稳态叶绿素为36－63mg。本研究未观测到光对最大光合能力的抑制作用。     

Oxidation performance of graphite material in reactors

Graphite is used as a structural material and moderator for high temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGR). When a reactor is in operation, graphite oxidation influences the safety and operation of the reactor because of the impurities in the coolant and/or the accident conditions, such as water ingress and air ingress. In this paper, the graphite oxidation process is introduced, factors influencing graphite oxidation are analyzed and discussed, and some new directions for further study are pointed out __________ Translated from Nuclear Power Engineering, 2007, 28(5): 50–53, 98 [译自: 核动力工程]     

Numerical modeling of an automotive derivative polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell cogeneration system with selective membranes

Cogeneration power plants based on fuel cells are a promising technology to produce electric and thermal energy with reduced costs and environmental impact. The most mature fuel cell technology for this kind of applications are polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, which require high-purity hydrogen.The most common and least expensive way to produce hydrogen within today's energy infrastructure is steam reforming of natural gas. Such a process produces a syngas rich in hydrogen that has to be purified to be properly used in low temperature fuel cells. However, the hydrogen production and purification processes strongly affect the performance, the cost, and the complexity of the energy system.Purification is usually performed through pressure swing adsorption, which is a semi-batch process that increases the plant complexity and incorporates a substantial efficiency penalty. A promising alternative option for hydrogen purification is the use of selective metal membranes that can be integrated in the reactors of the fuel processing plant. Such a membrane separation may improve the thermo-chemical performance of the energy system, while reducing the power plant complexity, and potentially its cost. Herein, we perform a technical analysis, through thermo-chemical models, to evaluate the integration of Pd-based H₂-selective membranes in different sections of the fuel processing plant: (i) steam reforming reactor, (ii) water gas shift reactor, (iii) at the outlet of the fuel processor as a separator device. The results show that a drastic fuel processing plant simplification is achievable by integrating the Pd-membranes in the water gas shift and reforming reactors. Moreover, the natural gas reforming membrane reactor yields significant efficiency improvements.     

Sizing oxidation systems as heat and power recovery

There are large numbers of manufacturing processes that involve emissions of controlled chemical vapours also referred to as volatile organic compounds (VOC). The two most common processes used in industry to separate VOCs before they are emitted to the atmosphere are condensation and oxidation. Condensation requires a refrigeration system that would separate the VOC from the exhaust stream. Oxidation, sometimes known as afterburner or incineration, requires high thermal energy to combust the VOC. Both abatement technologies involve large capital costs. In the case of combusting the VOC, fuel is usually added to the air/VOC mixture for proper air/fuel ratio. The resulting high temperature gas from the energy intensive process is sometimes recovered as an offshoot of the VOC destruction process. Typically, oxidation systems are sized solely with elimination of VOC in mind; heat recovery from the system is opted for as a secondary opportunity, usually at a later stage. This paper demonstrates that combining the oxidation process with combined heat and power (CHP) to address the total site energy requirement could have significant energy saving and economic benefits to sizing the oxidation for VOC destruction marking heat recovery as a spin‐off. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于声源定位技术的电抗器异响分析

针对监测35kV空心电抗器的健康状态尤其是机械故障缺乏有效方法的问题,基于波束形成技术,设计了一种传声器阵列声源定位系统,并将其应用于35kV电抗器声源定位,经对比分析正常运行和有异响电抗器的声学图像,确定了异响电抗器壳体支撑结构存在的缺陷。经实际检修,验证了分析结果的准确性,实现了电抗器机械故障的诊断。     

10CrMo910钢管蒸汽侧氧化膜的形态特征

对某电厂锅炉过热器和再热器受热面10CrMo910钢管蒸汽侧氧化膜进行了金相、扫描电镜、能谱和X衍射等试验分析,研究了蒸汽侧氧化膜的形态特征及其形成规律.结果表明:蒸汽侧10CrMo910钢管氧化膜分为内、外2层,内层为富含孔洞的富Cr层的非均质氧化膜,外层为疏松而细小的Fe3O4和Fe2O3;金属基体与内层氧化膜的界面处存在内氧化,使界面结合紧密;内层与外层氧化层界面不明显,离解后的氧化物颗粒较少,界面黏附强度较高,且内、外层氧化膜均由纳米和微米级颗粒组成,由于热膨胀系数不同导致应力大部分由氧化颗粒间空隙吸收;10CrMo910钢管蒸汽侧氧化膜难以剥落,且增厚的氧化膜容易导致受热面钢管长期处于过热状态.     

模型化合物吡啶加热氧化规律研究

为研究煤中吡啶型氮的氧化规律，选取吡啶为煤的含氮模型化合物，采用傅立叶红外光谱仪(Ft-Ir)和烟气分析仪连用，在600—1400℃温度范围内，对其氧化产物进行研究．实验结果表明，吡啶氧化产物主要是NO、NO2、N2O、CO和CO2．N2O在750～900℃生成量最大；氧气量大于或等于理论氧气量的76％时，CO在650℃存在一个高峰，NOx随着温度升高而增加；氧气量等于理论氧气量的59％时，生成大量CO，抑制了NOx的生成．     

甲醇合成反应器制造工艺

本文介绍了甲醇合成反应器制造中部分关键工序的解决方案,以及由这些解决方案决定的总装工艺流程.     

单相磁阀式可控电抗器的设计原理研究

分析了单相磁阀式可控电抗器的基本结构,然后对设计原理进行了系统的研究、总结.最后用一实例验证了其设计原理的科学性、合理性.     

我国亟需尽快启动快堆核能系统的技术开发

本文概述核能对保障我国能源安全从而促进国民经济可持续发展的重要作用,指出我国的压水堆核电技术从第二代向第三代发展,总体上可以说是“今天”核电产业的技术升级工程。快堆及其燃料闭合循环可以充分利用铀资源和实现核废物的最少化,从而保证核裂变能的可持续发展。作者强调,我国核能科技的发展战略不仅要重视“今天”的核电产业的技术升级,更应着眼于“明天”的核能产业的技术开发。尽快启动我国快堆核能系统的技术开发具有极其重要的战略意义。