电影制作数字化工艺探讨（上）

今天，我们一定要清醒地看到，电影制作数字技术体系的建立，无论是从制作、技术、艺术、声音、后期、发行、放映上，还是从象征意义上说，带给我们的不仅仅是方便，不仅仅是给我们一种处理影像的平台，而更多的是给我们一种视觉创造的启示，给我们一种全新的制作思维观念。现代电影制作、电影技巧和电影理论，需要把新视听、新传媒和计算机的东阿放在数字技术的平台上。现在的发展事态已经证明，并将继续证明数字技术会改变传统电影的一切，电影的观念浸润在视觉文化理论、数字技术理论、新传媒系统理论的大环境下，这一切都显示了数字电影和后电影时代的来临。数字技术理论、后电影理论为我们重新认识电影提供了新的视角，同时，也为我们重新确立电影观念，为电影制作提供了一种新的思维模式。数字技术给我们带来了革命。它不但改变了我们电影的传统制作技术，也改变了电影的传播方式，更改变和颠覆了我们的电影观念。数字技术的出现，使得我们要重新认识电影了。     

"加快数字化开拓新时代"——第七届数字电影论坛在BIRTV期间举行

数字电影论坛是每年BIRTV展的重头戏之一，今年已连续举办了七届。本届数字电影论坛由中国电影集团公司和国家广播电影电视总局科学技术委员会电影专业委员会联合举办，中国电影器材公司、北京电影学院承办，国家广播电影电视总局电影数字节目管理中心、中国电影科学技术研究所和中国电影资料馆协办。电影局副局长毛羽、中影集团董事长韩三平、电影科研所所长杨雪培、数字节目管理中心主任李枢平、中影数字基地负责人傅若清、陈飞等有关方面领导和专家及技术人员200多人出席了论坛会议，聆听了有关领导和专家关于数字电影的政策及最新发展趋势、最新技术和产品的报告。     

“加快数字化 开拓新时代”——第七届数字电影论坛在BIRTV期间举行

数字电影论坛是每年BIRTV展的重头戏之一，今年已连续举办了七届。本届数字电影论坛由中国电影集团公司和国家广播电影电视总局科学技术委员会电影专业委员会联合举办，中国电影器材公司、北京电影学院承办，国家广播电影电视总局电影数字节目管理中心、中国电影科学技术研究所和中国电影资料馆协办。电影局副局长毛羽、中影集团董事长韩三平、电影科研所所长杨雪培、数字节目管理中心主任李枢平、中影数字基地负责人傅若清、陈飞等有关方面领导和专家及技术人员200多人出席了论坛会议，聆听了有关领导和专家关于数字电影的政策及最新发展趋势、最新技术和产品的报告。     

电影数字节目编目规则研究

在数字技术快速发展的新形势下如何对电影节目进行存储、管理、开发和应用已经成为电影业界面临的新课题，编制符合电影特点的编目规则势在必行。本文在综合研究DC元数据标准、广播电视音像资料编目规范、国家图书馆视音频资源元数据规范等相关标准和规范的基础上。结合电影的内外部特征，以电影画面和声音为研究对象，提出了电影元数据层次结构和电影元数据元素，细化电影片种、类型、题材及责任方式等规范词表，并针对不同的电影片种提出了不同的层次切分方法。     

IMAX电影、IMAX技术及其在中国的发展（一）

IMAX电影以画面巨大、声画临场感强而闻名于世。伴随着科学技术的发展，IMAX电影和技术也在不断地完善、创新，在常规IMAX电影(2D)的基础上，相继推出了IMAX3D、IMAX球幕等电影。IMAX电影与常规电影在制作、表现方式和技术等方面有许多不同之处，其特殊的技术涉及到电影摄影、后期制作以及电影放映等方面。目前全球33个国家和地区共建立了233家IMAX影院，是世界公认的画面最大、技术较先进的电影，尤其在电影面临着电视、网络等多种展示媒体竞争的今天，更显示出IMAX电影无以伦比的独特魅力。随着中国的经济发展、国力强大和人民生活水平的提高，IMAX电影和技术已经进入我国。本文作者根据参加IMAX电影的摄制、IMAX影院建设方案的论证、多次访问IMAX公司所了解的有关情况以及对IMAX技术的跟踪和研究，介绍IMAX电影的发展历史和现状、IMAX影院和放映技术、IMAX的摄影设备和相关技术、IMAX电影的后期制作工艺、IMAX的最新技术一DMR，并就IMAX电影在中国的发展提出一些看法与思考。     

数字电影流动放映系统（dMs）简介

电影从诞生到现在，已经走过了一百多年的历程。回顾百年电影发展史，可以清楚地看到：科技是电影诞生、成长、发展、壮大的基本条件。从默片到有声片，从黑白到彩色，从标准银幕到宽银幕，从单声道到立体声，以及光学镜头、感光胶片、机械性能等等或大或小的技术改进和变革，都给电影的创造开拓了新的天地。现代社会的发展是飞跃式的，电影的变化更是迅速的。数字电影的诞生是继电影从无声到有声、从黑白到彩色的电影技术发展的第三次革命性的变革。电影在中国诞生也已百年，16毫米胶片电影在中国为普及电影、为丰富人民群众文化生活做出了重大贡献。中国是个农业大国，拥有九亿农民，很长一段时间，16毫米胶片电影是农民群众重要的业余生活娱乐方式，更是增长科学文化知识的窗口之一。在开展农村电影放映活动中，16毫米电影为推动农村电影工作创造了良好的环境；为开拓、繁荣农村电影市场，促进农村精神文明建设、科技兴农、服务群众等方面做出了突出贡献。但随着人民生活水平的提高和科学技术的发展，电视、网络、DVD等多种影像媒体诞生、发展并进入农村，和电影展开了竞争。16毫米电影银幕小、单声道、发行成本高等等缺点与不足日益突出。同时，观众对流动放映电影的要求也越来越高，广大农村、社区、厂矿企业、学校、军营的广大观众迫切需要质量好、传输方便、发行成本低的流动放映的电影，以满足文化生活的需求。随着数字技术的发展，数字化、网络化等高新技术开始运用于我国电影的拍摄与制作、传输、影院播放及版权保护等各个方面。为满足农村电影放映市场日益高涨的需求，为更好的贯彻和落实《电影产业发展若干意见》和《电影数字化发展纲要》精神，更好的实施“2131工程”，解决农村和城镇地区电影节目短缺、发行周期长、发行成本高、放映质量差等问题，根据广电总局和电影局领导的指示，广电总局电影数字节目管理中心承担了组织研制数字电影流动放映系统（简称dMs）的任务。目前，该系统已通过广电总局组织的测试和鉴定，并在试点地区投入使用，获得好评。[编者按]     

从技术到观影:论推动电影发展的初始动力

技术作为电影存在的基础对电影的诞生和发展起到了至关重要的作用。电影的发展历史就是科学技术与电影艺术不断交融汇聚的历史，不断完善的电影造就了广大的电影观众群体，观众的观影习惯与欣赏品味又不断地影响、推动着科学技术与电影艺术的进一步融合。如此周而复始，电影艺术、技术和观众就成为了紧密结合在一起的相互影响的瓦动复合体。在这个复合互动过程中，技术和观众的需求始终都在扮演着推动电影发展进步初始动力的角色。因此，在新的技术条件r回顾电影所走过的历程，从技术和观众的角度再次审视、认识电影艺术形式本身也许会对我们理解电影这种复杂的艺术现象有更多的助益。     

数字电影流动放映系统的探讨

随着数字技术在电影放映中的广泛应用，我国的数字电影流动放映系统也得到了快速的发展。我国的数字电影流动放映形式顺应了数字技术发展趋势和电影发展的时代需要，体现了党和国家对我国农村、社区及广大中小学生看电影问题的重视。自2005年在浙江台州启动数字电影流动放映试点后，数字电影流动放映工作在我国取得了可喜的成果，总结了许多宝贵的经验。但数字电影流动放映系统毕竟是一个新生事物，总会存在这样那样的问题和不足，需要在实践中不断改进和完善，需要众多热心于电影放映事业的同行展开广泛地讨论，集思广益，推动数字电影流动放映健康发展。笔者结合自己对数字电影流动放映系统的应用实践，经过长时间对系统构成的分析与研究，下面就数字电影流动放映系统的结构、设计等问题谈几点自己的看法。     

推进电影院星级评定 完善综合质量认证体系

众所周知，电影靠她独特的艺术魅力和完美的视听效果征服了全世界几代人，承载着数百亿电影观众和电影人的光荣与梦想，怀恋与憧憬，走过了整整一个多世纪，形成了电影的巨大产业和完整的电影工艺体系。建国50多年来，我国电影也经历了起步、初创、挫折、调整，以至今天又迈进了改革     

对数字电影设备原理与技术的探究

本文简单的叙述和指出了数字电影的基本原理、组成部分及其相关的技术，详细介绍了数字电影的几种传送方式。主要对目前比较成熟的放映方式进行了分析和比较，并展望了数字电影的前景，提出了发展数字电影的关键问题。     

Impact of optical disc technologies on the storage and distribution of patent and trademark information

The article discusses the advantages of various forms of optical disc systems for the storage and dissemination of patent and trademark information. It analyses the storage and transmission requirements and outlines the development of optical disc technologies, covering video disc, compact audio disc, CD-ROM (compact Disc — Read Only Memory), CD-I (Compact Disc — Interactive), LV-ROM (Laservision — Read Only Memory), Digital Optical Discs and Digitalization and Vectorization. The article concludes that recent improvements in data storage and transmission open new opportunities for vendors and users of patent databases. One problem, however, is that patents are seen only as a specialized information source and not as a part of the overall body of scientific and technical information, and international coordination and cooperation are essential if the best use is to be made of optical disc technologies.     

Collusion and rotation resilient video hashing based on scale invariant feature transform

Due to the rapid growth of the Internet, a major issue arises in indexing, retrieval, authentication and verification of multimedia data. Copyright protection is one of the issues that arises due to advancement of digital communication. Perceptual video hashing gives an efficient and effective solution for indexing, retrieving, verifying the authenticity and integrity of a video. A video hashing technique extracts some features of the video to form a compact vector that will uniquely identify the video. A perceptual video hash function is proposed based on Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). The experimental result shows that the proposed method is robust against common signal and image processing attacks.     

数字化电子影像制作设备

在电视,电影,广告等节目制作中已采用了多种数字化的影像制作设备。本文讨论数字摄像机,数字照相机,虑拟图像制作和数字电影制作等重要设备的基本结构和技术特性,以及使用情况,并探讨它们的未来发展。     

Dual-wavelength optical head with a wavelength-selective filter for 0.6- and 1.2-mm-thick-substrate optical disks

A dual-wavelength optical head, believed to be new in design, for 0.6- and 1.2-mm-thick-substrate optical disks was developed by use of 650- and 780-nm-wavelength light and a wavelength-selective filter, which reduces the spherical aberration that is due to the difference in substrate thicknesses and restricts the numerical aperture for 780-nm-wavelength light. According to this configuration, both high light power efficiency and wide image field characteristics are obtained, which are suitable not only for read-only but also for recordable or rewritable optical disk systems. A reading operation for a digital video disc and for a compact disc and a recording operation for a phase change optical disk were successfully demonstrated.     

A fixed read/write head utilizing Winchester technology

The traditional goal when designing a fixed-head disc is to combine reliability, compactness and low cost. The usual technique of achieving these goals is to use a large slider containing many read/write heads. When recording density is increased, the heads must operate at a lower flying height, and a large slider interferes with the typical disc profile. Data General's 6063 fixed head disc drive solves this problem and achieves low cost and reliability by using a three-track ferrite slider of the proven Winchester technology. The disc employs a serpentine gimbal spring which results in a compact head assembly that allows each slider the necessary freedom of movement without affecting other sliders in the assembly.     

Microimmunoanalysis on standard compact discs to determine low abundant compounds

High-density competitive indirect microimmunoassays were performed in both sides of compact discs by direct absorption of immunoreagents on polycarbonate surface, using gold- or enzyme-labeled immunoglobulins as tracers for displaying the immunoreaction. The operational principle is based on the use of a low-reflectivity compact disc as analytical platform that allows the reflection/transmission (30/70%) of the CD reader laser beam (lambda 780 nm). The reflected light is used to scan the disc track keeping it in movement. The transmitted light is detected by a planar photodiode integrated on the CD drive. The variation of the optical transmission of the light caused by the immunoreaction products is related to the sample concentration. As a proof of concept, low abundant compounds, commonly used as pesticides, were detected in a 60-min total assay time, with a limit of detection ranging from 0.02 to 0.62 microg/L for 2,4,5-TP, chlorpyriphos, and metolachlor. The obtained results show the enormous prospective of compact discs in combination with CD players for multiresidue and drug discovery applications.     

Compact laser radar and three-dimensional camera

A novel three-dimensional (3D) camera is capable of providing high-precision 3D images in real time. The camera uses a diode laser to illuminate the scene, a shuttered solid-state charge-coupled device (CCD) sensor, and a simple phase detection technique based on the sensor shutter. The amplitude of the reflected signal carries the luminance information, while the phase of the signal carries range information. The system output is coded as a video signal. This camera offers significant advantages over existing technology. The precision in range is dependent only on phase shift and laser power and theoretically is far superior to existing time-of-flight laser radar systems. Other advantages are reduced size and simplicity and compact and inexpensive construction. We built a prototype that produced high-resolution images in range the (z) and x-y.     

Differential scanning calorimetry with curve-fitting program used to quantitatively analyze the polymorphic transformation of famotidine in the compressed compact

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) combined with a curve-fitting program was utilized to quantitatively determine the polymorphic composition of famotidine in the compacts prepared by different compression treatments. Two types of famotidine compacts (compact I or II) were prepared by compressing a conical shape or a flattened shape of powder bed of famotidine form B. The compact I was constructed by a transparent region in the center with an opaque region surrounded outside, but the compact II was formed by a whole opaque region only. A drilled disc sample was prepared and then directly determined by DSC analysis. The Raman spectral results clearly indicate that all the compacts whether in any region before DSC determination were only of famotidine form B and independent of compression pressure applied. Under DSC determination, however, the curve-fitted relative compositions of form B in the drilled disc I sample were gradually reduced to 23-24% with the increase of compression pressure, whereas the curve-fitted relative composition of form A was slowly increased up to 76-77%. A transitional phase of famotidine form B (form B*) in the transparent region of the compact I after applying >150 kg/cm(2) of compression pressure was easily detected, and then transformed to famotidine form A under DSC heating process. But this transitional phase and polymorphic transformation of famotidine could not be detected by other spectroscopic methods. This suggests that the DSC heating system was a preferred method not only to quantitatively analyze the polymorphic transformation of famotidine but also to find a newly transitional phase of famotidine in the compressed compact.     

Differential Scanning Calorimetry with Curve-Fitting Program Used to Quantitatively Analyze the Polymorphic Transformation of Famotidine in the Compressed Compact

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) combined with a curve-fitting program was utilized to quantitatively determine the polymorphic composition of famotidine in the compacts prepared by different compression treatments. Two types of famotidine compacts (compact I or II) were prepared by compressing a conical shape or a flattened shape of powder bed of famotidine form B. The compact I was constructed by a transparent region in the center with an opaque region surrounded outside, but the compact II was formed by a whole opaque region only. A drilled disc sample was prepared and then directly determined by DSC analysis. The Raman spectral results clearly indicate that all the compacts whether in any region before DSC determination were only of famotidine form B and independent of compression pressure applied. Under DSC determination, however, the curve-fitted relative compositions of form B in the drilled disc I sample were gradually reduced to 23–24% with the increase of compression pressure, whereas the curve-fitted relative composition of form A was slowly increased up to 76–77%. A transitional phase of famotidine form B (form B*) in the transparent region of the compact I after applying >150 kg/cm² of compression pressure was easily detected, and then transformed to famotidine form A under DSC heating process. But this transitional phase and polymorphic transformation of famotidine could not be detected by other spectroscopic methods. This suggests that the DSC heating system was a preferred method not only to quantitatively analyze the polymorphic transformation of famotidine but also to find a newly transitional phase of famotidine in the compressed compact.     

Laser Doppler velocimetry with a compact disc pickup

A laser Doppler velocimeter employing a compact disc pickup for both fringe projection and signal detection is described. The spectrum of the recorded signal gives the information about the speed of the object. The device takes advantage of the Talbot effect to project the grating contained in the pickup onto a moving target, so that no imaging system is required. The peculiar imaging technique allows for the exploitation of several optical configurations and permits the manipulation of the intensity profile of the projected grating. The instrument was used to measure the velocity of dust particles on a solid substrate in the 1-m/s range but could also find an application to the study of liquid flow.