A techno-economic assessment of application-specific integrated circuits: Current status and future trends

ASIC design methodologies are assessed from the system designer's point of view by comparing the entire IC-related product cost, design schedule, functionality, and risks to that of designs containing standard devices. ASIC methodologies include programmable logic devices, gate arrays, standard cells, and full custom, all primarily in 2-µm CMOS, at production volumes of 1 to 100K units per year and at complexities of 5OO to 20 000 gates per device. It is shown that "gates per pin" is the key determinant of total IC-related cost. Products containing ASIC cost less than those containing SSI/MSI, since ASICs raise the number of gates per pin from 2 to a range of 40-200. More surprising, products using ASIC devices cost less than products containing combinations of standard LSI/VLSI and SSI/MSI, if their gates per pin is 2-3 times that of the products containing standard devices. Each design methodology has regions, or market segments, where it is competitive. But there are large regions of small cost differences between two ASIC methodologies. Currently, these regions use primarily the older methodologies, i.e., gate arrays at low production volumes and full custom at high volumes. They also provide future opportunities for standard cells. Currently, IC manufacturing cost accounts for about 15 percent of the logic-related total cost, field maintenance for 17 percent, device and system development for 11 percent, and systems related manufacturing cost for 57 percent. These percentages are expected to migrate to 17, 20, 13, and 50 percent, respectively, by 1990. Our ASIC techno-economic assessment is summarized in 27 nomograms, figures, and charts.     

卫星多播网:未来因特网的基石

中美海底光缆阻断后，2000万中国因特网用户无法访问北美地区网站！此事向世人昭示着两个信息：一是人们对因特网的需求及依赖已达到分秒不能间断的程度；二是当前因特网服务需要一个多路由、多传输手段、超安全备份的网络来支撑。因此，当前无论是网民还是经营者都有必要思考一个问题──当有线网络阻断后，谁能为因特网保驾护航？     

VSATs: expert views on future trends

Each of the authors, who comprise a cross section of industry experts from vendor organizations, service providers, research institutions, and international carriers, gives his views on the planned activities and future trends with regard to VSAT (very small aperture terminal) technology, business, and applications, among others. Included in the discussion is the impact of mobile satellite technology on VSAT products and markets; international VSAT applications and ISDN; the influence of OBP satellites; and the use of microterminals in Europe     

太赫兹波生物医学研究的现状与未来

20世纪90年代以来,一系列的电子学和光子学技术突破使得太赫兹（THz）技术从实验研究逐渐发展到非破坏性检测、安全、医疗、通信等重要领域的实际应用。新技术的发展广泛激发了研究太赫兹波与生物分子和组织间相互作用的兴趣。与此同时,尽管太赫兹技术得到了广泛应用,人们对太赫兹辐射的生物效应却知之甚少。可以肯定,与高能辐射（如紫外线、x射线、伽马射线等）和生物组织的相互作用所引起的生物损伤相比,太赫兹辐射将引起独特的非电离非热生物效应。本文介绍了生物介质的太赫兹波表征技术研究和生物效应研究,总结了太赫兹技术在生物医学中的最新进展,进一步分析了太赫兹生物医学未来的发展和所面临的关键科学问题。     

Smart antenna technologies for future wireless systems: trends and challenges

The adaptation of smart antenna techniques in future wireless systems is expected to have a significant impact on the efficient use of the spectrum, the minimization of the cost of establishing new wireless networks, the optimization of service quality, and realization of the transparent operation across multitechnology wireless networks. Nevertheless, its success relies on two considerations that have been often overlooked when investigating smart antenna technologies: first, the smart antennas features need to be considered early in the design phase of future systems (top-down compatibility); second, a realistic performance evaluation of smart antenna technique needs to be performed according to the critical parameters associated with future systems requirements (bottom-up feasibility). In this article an overview of the benefits of and most recent advances in smart antenna transceiver architecture is given first. Then the most important trends in the adoption of smart antennas in future system are presented, such as reconfigurability to varying channel propagation and network conditions, cross-layer optimization, and multi-user diversity, as well as challenges such as the design of a suitable simulation methodology and the accurate modeling of channel characteristics, interference, and implementation losses. Finally, market trends, future projections, and the expected financial impact of smart antenna systems deployment are discussed.     

Parasitic extraction: current state of the art and future trends

With the increase in circuit performance (higher speeds) and density (smaller feature size) in deep submicrometer (DSM) designs, interconnect parasitic effects are increasingly becoming more important. This paper first surveys the state of the art in parasitic extraction for resistance, capacitance, and inductance. The paper then covers other related issues such as interconnect modeling, model order reduction, delay calculation, and signal integrity issues such as crosstalk. Some future trends on parasitic extraction, model reduction and interconnect modeling are discussed and a fairly complete list of references is given     

Large current rectifiers: State of the art and future trends

This paper presents the different technologies used in the generation of large controlled currents, in the kiloamperes range. After a brief review of processes requiring large currents, the paper discusses the working principles of thyristor phase-controlled rectifiers commonly used in these applications. Chopper-rectifiers using high-current insulated gate bipolar transistors are introduced as an alternative being considered in recent projects. The pulsewidth-modulated current-source rectifier, currently used in medium-voltage motor drives, is also analyzed as a future alternative for rectification in industrial processes. In addition, this paper presents the most important requirements and specifications to be considered in the applications of these high-power units. A system comparison is developed between thyristor and chopper-rectifiers in terms of quality of control, harmonics, power factor, losses, and efficiency.     

Quantum dot lasers: The birth and future trends

Despite its early age, laser based on arrays of self-organized quantum dots modified all the basic commandments of the heterostructure laser. Excitonic gain mechanism and discrete energy spectrum in a quantum dot provide principally new ways to control optical properties of the media. Extension of the spectral range using the same substrate will probably soon lead to the appearance of quantum dot lasers on the market. Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 33, 1039–1043 (September 1999) This article was published in English in the original Russian journal. Reproduced here with stylistic changes by the Translation Editor.     

A survey of future broadband multimedia satellite systems, issuesand trends

The demand for advanced information services is growing in terms of both the number of users and the services to be supported. Voice and low-rate data services are insufficient for users in a world where high-speed World Wide Web access is taken for granted. The trend is toward global information networks offering flexible multimedia information services to users on demand, anywhere, anytime. Potential services include video on demand, interactive video, fast Internet access, telemedicine, tele-education, and large file transfer. The need to support bandwidth-intensive multimedia services places new and challenging demands on satellite systems and networks. Flexibility, efficiency, mobility, and the ability to guarantee end-to-end quality of service are at a premium     

Silicon bipolar device structures for digital applications:technology trends and future directions

The double-polysilicon self-aligned bipolar device structure has come a long way since its first inception, but there is still room for further scaling of this structure and continued improvements in performance. An analysis of the current state-of-the-art double-poly structure leads naturally to a discussion of future trends and technologies necessary to continue scaling into the sub-0.25 μm regime. In addition, it has become highly desirable to extend bipolar processes in new directions to take advantage of the opportunities offered by emerging materials technologies, such as bonded silicon-on-insulator films and medium or low temperature Si and SiGe epitaxy. Opportunities also exist for high-performance bipolars in BiCMOS technology and in complementary bipolar processes for low-power, high-speed digital applications. These extensions beyond “conventional” bipolar technology will be discussed in terms of their requirements and the device structures that are evolving to match these needs     

未来无线系统的智能天线技术--趋势与挑战

未来无线系统中采用智能天线技术．会产生下列几个重大影响：提高频谱利用率、最大限度降低建设新无线网络的成本、使服务质量达到最佳水平、实现跨越多技术无线网络的透明操作等。但是．能否成功．却往往取决于两个因素．而这两个因素在研究智能天线时常常被忽略：一、在未来系统的设计阶段就要提前考虑到智能天线的特性(从顶层到底层的兼容性)；二．根据与未来系统要求有关的关键参数．完成对智能天线技术实际性能的评估(由底层向上考察其可行性)。本文首先对智能天线收发信机结构的优点和最新进展进行了综合评述．而后介绍了未来系统中智能天线使用中的最重要趋势(如各种信道传播和网络条件的可重置性．交叉层的优化、多用户分集等)．最后提出了挑战性课题(如模拟方法的设计、精确的信道特征、干扰和实际损耗的建模等)．并对市场趋势、未来的计划和部署智能天线系统对金融方面可能产生的影响进行了探讨。     

MEMS封装技术现状与发展趋势

介绍了 MEMS封装技术 ,包括单芯片和多芯片封装技术。从适用性的观点出发 ,概述了当前的 MEMS封装技术现状 ,并对其未来的发展趋势做出了分析     

State of flat-panel display technology and future trends

The rivalry between the cathode-ray tube and flat-panel displays (FPDs) has intensified as performance of some FPDs now exceeds that of that entrenched leader in many cases. Besides the well-known active-matrix-addressed liquid-crystal display, plasma, organic light-emitting diodes, and liquid-crystal-on-silicon displays are now finding new applications as the manufacturing, process engineering, materials, and cost structures become standardized and suitable for large markets     

Nature-inspired optimization algorithms for community detection in complex networks: a review and future trends

Telecommunication Systems - Over the past couple of decades, the research area of network community detection has seen substantial growth in popularity, leading to a wide range of researches in the...     

The cathode-ray tube—A review of current technology and future trends

The development of the CRT in response to many new application fields which have arisen in recent years has resulted in a proliferation of tube designs with a correspondingly broad extension of the overall technology. The state of the art of available electron-beam peak power and number of available resolution elements is reviewed together with a discussion of deflection speeds and limitations. New and improved luminescent and cathodoluminescent materials are described and discussed including the current status of color screen techniques. Envelope materials and fabrication techniques are examined with special attention drawn to the versatility of envelope designs resulting from frit sealing techniques. A brief discussion of activity in the fields of contrast preservation and tube reliability concludes the paper.     

一种新的卫星导航系统快速选星方法

 从几何精度因子(GDOP)与星座几何布局的关系出发,提出了用于多星座卫星导航系统的快速选星方法——几何布局选星法.该方法以满足定位要求为前提,按卫星在星座中均布为原则来进行选星.仿真结果表明,相对传统GDOP选星法,计算量减少99%以上,而GDOP满足要求,同时,选星数较少且简洁快速,有效满足了选星求解的实时性和精度要求.     

Current trends and the near future in the information networkingservice industries

This article provides a bird's eye view of various topics in multimedia networking services in relation to other electronic media services and print media. One systematic block diagram and five categorization tables are provided to give readers a clear vision of the relations between the various communications media and the people who use them. This article aims to provide an “overall study platform“ on the possible new establishment, integration, and restructuring of information service business sectors in a broad sense. This study platform will hopefully act as a stepping stone toward a feasibility study for consensus in establishing and improving the unified legal infrastructure for social information-networking-based activities