Dietary exposure to organochlorine pesticide residues of the Hong Kong adult population from a total diet study

Dietary exposure of the Hong Kong adult population to organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues was estimated using a total diet study (TDS) approach. OCPs listed under the Stockholm Convention as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including, aldrin, dieldrin, chlordane, chlordecone, dichlorodiphenyltricholroethane (DDT), endosulfan, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH), β-HCH, lindane, mirex, pentachlorobenzene and toxaphene, were studied. Out of 600 composite samples, 55% contained one or more OCP residues at detectable levels. The most commonly detected OCP was DDT (32% of all composite samples), followed by HCB (30%) and endosulfan (22%). The lower- and upper-bound mean exposure estimates of OCP residues ranged from 0% to 0.5% and were 0.1–8.4% of their respective health-based guidance values (HBGVs). The lower- and upper-bound 95th percentile exposure estimates ranged from 0% to 1.2% and were 0.1–13.6% of their respective HBGVs. This indicated that dietary exposures to the OCP residues analysed would be unlikely to pose unacceptable health risks to Hong Kong adults.     

Dietary exposure to cadmium of Shenzhen adult residents from a total diet study

Cadmium (Cd) contamination has become a public health concern in recent decades. The aim of the present study was to assess the contribution of dietary Cd exposure and its health risk among Shenzhen adult residents using the Total Diet Study (TDS) approach. Cd was determined in 13 food groups using 276 individual samples by ICP-MS. The major food contributors to Cd exposure of Shenzhen adult residents were ‘Vegetables’ (32.6% of the total exposure), ‘Rice and its products’ (19.2% of the total exposure) and ‘Fish, seafood and shellfish’ (18.5% of the total exposure). The mean and the 95th percentile dietary exposure to Cd of Shenzhen adults were 9.9 and 13 μg kg^?1 bw month^?1, respectively. The dietary exposures of all individual age-gender population subgroups were below the provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI = 25 μg kg^?1 bw month^?1), so the health risk of Cd dietary exposure of Shenzhen adults is considered to be low, but still, cadmium pollution should be strictly controlled and monitored continuously due to an exceptionally long biological half-life of cadmium.     

农药残留加工因子及其在膳食暴露评估中的应用

从初级农产品到入口的食品通常需要各种加工处理,而加工过程会影响食品中的农药残留水平,从而影响来源于初级农产品检测数据的风险评估结果的准确性,因此在风险评估模型中纳入农药残留加工因子有助于真实反映农药残留膳食暴露风险。本文以常用的食品加工技术如清洗、去皮、烹调、榨汁、杀菌及其他相关技术为出发点,综述了典型的加工方式对食品中农药残留的影响以及目前相应的加工因子在农药残留暴露评估中的应用情况,为掌握食品中农药在加工过程中的残留动态、改进食品加工技术提供参考,也为农药残留膳食暴露评估提供依据,进而真实反映人群中农药残留的暴露风险。     

Dietary exposure to non-dioxin-like PCBs of the Hong Kong adult population from a total diet study

Dietary exposure of Hong Kong adults to the sum of the six indicator PCBs (Σ₆ PCBs; PCB 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, and 180) was estimated in this study using the Total Diet Study (TDS) approach. Seventy one commonly-consumed food items of animal origin were sampled in four seasons and prepared as consumed in 2010–2011. The results showed that the main dietary source of Σ₆ PCBs to the adult population was ‘fish, seafood and their products’ which accounted for 84.3% of the total exposure. About 50% of the total exposure was contributed by four fish species: salmon (cooked salmon and salmon sashimi, 19.9%), mandarin fish (14.7%), pomfret fish (8.5%) and yellow croaker (7.5%). Salmon was found to contain the highest mean level of Σ₆ PCBs of 5.7 ng g^?1 fresh weight at upper bound estimation, ranging from 4.4 to 6.3 ng g^?1. The lower bound and upper bound exposure estimates of ?₆ PCBs to the average consumer of the population were found to be 0.68 and 1.38 ng kg^?1 body weight day^?1 respectively while for high consumers, the lower bound and upper bound exposure estimates were 3.08 and 3.84 ng kg^?1 body weight day^?1 respectively. In addition, the dietary exposures to individual indicator PCB congeners were also estimated.     

Dietary exposure to lead of adults in Shenzhen city,China

Lead, a ubiquitous heavy metal, can be found in the environment and food. The present study is the first to estimate the lead dietary exposure of Shenzhen adults (≥ 20 years old) in various age–gender subgroups, and to assess the associated health risk. Food samples that represented the Shenzhen people’s dietary pattern were collected and prepared for analysis. Lead was determined in 13 food groups using 276 individual cooked samples by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Dietary exposures were estimated by combining the analytical results with the local food consumption data of Shenzhen adults. The mean and 95th percentile lead exposure of Shenzhen adults were 0.59–0.73 and 0.75–0.94 μg kg^?1 bw day^?1, respectively. In all food groups, the highest lead exposure was from ‘Eggs and their products’ (42.4–51.6% of the total exposure); preserved eggs being the main contributor. The other major contributors to lead exposure of Shenzhen adults were ‘Fish and seafood, and their products’ (14.3–16.7% of the total exposure) and ‘Vegetables and their products’ (15.5–16.2% of the total exposure). The margin of exposure (MOE) approach was used for the risk assessment of lead, and the results showed that the risk was considered to be low in all age–gender groups for Shenzhen adults. However, having considered a number of toxic effects of lead, it is suggested that more efforts should be made to reduce the lead levels in foodstuff for Shenzhen adults.     

Dietary exposures to eight metallic contaminants of the Hong Kong adult population from a total diet study

Dietary exposures to eight metallic contaminants, aluminium (Al), antimony (Sb), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), methylmercury (MeHg), nickel (Ni), tin (Sn) and vanadium (V), of the Hong Kong adult population were estimated using the total diet study (TDS) approach. The estimated mean exposures of Al (0.60 mg kg^–1 bw week^–1), Sb (0.016–0.039 µg kg^–1 bw day^–1), Cd (8.3 µg kg^–1 bw month^–1), Pb (0.21 µg kg^–1 bw day^–1), MeHg (0.74 µg kg^–1 bw week^–1), Ni (3.1 µg kg^–1 bw day^–1), Sn (0.029–0.031 mg kg^–1 bw week^–1) and V (0.13 µg kg^–1 bw day^–1) were well below the relevant health-based guidance values (HBGVs) where available. However, dietary exposures to MeHg of women aged 20–49 years (child-bearing age) accounted for 150% of the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) and to Al and Cd of some high consumers were found exceeding or approaching the HBGVs. The major food contributors of MeHg were fish and seafood (90%), of Al were non-alcoholic beverages including tea (33%), and of Cd were vegetables (36%). MeHg exposure during pregnancy was a public health concern in Hong Kong due to potential health risks to the foetus. Results suggest that there is a need to continue monitoring the exposures to metallic contaminants, especially Al, Cd and MeHg, of the Hong Kong population.     

Dietary exposure to furan of the Austrian population

ABSTRACT

In the period from 2007 to 2017 furan levels of foods were analysed by the Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety. Based on these analytical data and the Austrian consumption data the dietary exposure of children and adults to furan was estimated by using a deterministic approach. For the adult population the mean and 95^th percentile dietary exposures to furan were estimated at 0.31 µg/kg bodyweight per day and at 0.72 µg/kg bodyweight per day, respectively. The mean dietary exposure of children was estimated at 0.18 µg/kg bodyweight per day and is thus only about half as high as for Austrian adults. At the 95^th percentile the dietary exposure of children was estimated at 0.49 µg/kg bodyweight per day. The main contributor to the total dietary exposure for adults is coffee followed by convenience products and for children the main contributors are grain products as well as convenience products, bread and snacks. Based on the BMDL₁₀ of 0.064 mg/kg bodyweight per day for the development of cholangiofibrosis, the MOE-calculation revealed that the current levels of dietary exposure to furan are of concern for Austrian adult high consumers. The MOE-calculation, based on the BMDL₁₀ of 1.31 mg/kg bodyweight per day for the development of hepatocellular adenomas, indicated a health concern for Austrian children and adults.     

Dietary exposure of the Hong Kong adult population to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): results of the first Hong Kong Total Diet Study

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of industrial chemicals that are persistent and can bioaccumulate. In the first Hong Kong Total Diet Study, the dietary exposure of Hong Kong adults to PBDEs was estimated to assess the associated health risks. Food samples, which represented the Hong Kong people’s diet, were collected and prepared in table-ready form for analysis. Concentrations of PBDEs were determined in 142 composite samples. The dietary exposures were estimated by combining the analytical results with the local food consumption data of the adults. The mean and 95th percentile of dietary PBDEs exposures of the Hong Kong people were 1.34 and 2.90 ng kg^?1 body weight day^?1, respectively. The main dietary source of PBDEs was “fish and seafood and their products”, which contributed 27.3% of the total exposure, followed by “meat, poultry and game and their products” (20.7%), “cereals and their products” (15.9%), and “fats and oils” (15.9%). The large margins of exposure (MOE) (>2.5) calculated following the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) approach for four important congeners, BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-153 and BDE-209, indicate that the estimated dietary exposures are unlikely to be a significant health concern.     

Dietary intake of trace elements by the population of Catalonia (Spain): results from a total diet study

This study aimed to analyse the concentrations of Al, Ba, Bi, Cu, Cr, Ge, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sb, Se, Sr and Zn in food samples collected in 2008 in Catalonia (Spain). The dietary intake of these 13 trace elements was subsequently estimated by different age–gender groups of the population: children, adolescents, adults and seniors. In general terms, fish and shellfish, cereals, and pulses were the food groups showing the highest levels for most elements. Higher dietary intakes were associated with male groups (adolescents, adults and seniors). However, none exceeded the tolerable levels. When exposure was estimated based on body weight, children were the group with the highest dietary intake. Notwithstanding, only the weekly intake of Al by children exceeded the recommendations of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). It is a consequence of the higher intake of cereals in relation to their respective body weights. In addition to the periodical food surveillance of toxic metals (As, Cd, Hg and Pb), it is also important to determine the levels of other trace elements in order to ensure that the dietary exposure by the Catalan population is under control.     

2018年石家庄市蔬菜中农药残留及慢性膳食暴露评估

目的 了解河北省石家庄市蔬菜中农药残留现状,评估蔬菜中农药残留的慢性膳食暴露风险。方法 随机采集2018年石家庄市主要蔬菜生产基地和集贸市场的蔬菜样品,采用NY/T761-2008方法检测3521批次14类蔬菜样品中的65种农药残留,分析石家庄市蔬菜中农药残留现状,并结合我国居民的蔬菜消费情况和食品安全指数对石家庄市居民于蔬菜中摄入的农药风险进行慢性膳食暴露评估。结果 石家庄市抽检的蔬菜中农药残留检测合格率达99.80%,14类蔬菜样品中检出8类、超标1类,检出率为3.10%,超标率0.20%,超标均为叶菜类蔬菜。定量检测出13种农药,超标农药为水胺硫磷和毒死蜱,分别超标5批次和2批次。对所有检出农药进行慢性膳食暴露评估结果表明,水胺硫磷和毒死蜱的日摄入量相对较高,所有检出农药的食品安全指数值均小于1。结论 石家庄市市蔬菜中农药残留量的安全风险均在安全范围内,居民蔬菜中农药残留的慢性膳食暴露风险小,水胺硫磷、毒死蜱是潜在的风险因子,应重点防患其残留风险。     

Dietary exposure to pesticide residues in Yaoundé: The Cameroonian total diet study

Dietary exposure to pesticide residues was assessed in Yaoundé, Cameroon, using the total diet study (TDS) method. Sixty-three composite samples, representative of the foods as consumed in Yaoundé, were collected, prepared, and analysed for residues of pesticides including organochlorine, organophosphorous, and pyrethroids. A multi-residue method was used with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.005mgkg^?1. Additional analyses were performed for dithiocarbamates (LOD=0.050mgkg^?1), glyphosate (LOD=0.005mgkg^?1) and chlordecone (LOD=0.0008mgkg^?1) on certain composites samples. The overall contamination was low with 37 out of 46 pesticides below the LOD in all samples. The estimated upper bound (for values less than the LOD equal the LOD; and values less than the LOQ equal the LOQ) of the mean dietary exposures ranged from 0.24% (cypermethrin) to 3.03% (pirimiphos-methyl) of the acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) for pesticides for which at least one analysis was greater than the LOD. This study suggests a low dietary exposure to pesticide residues in Yaoundé.     

Dietary exposure to mycotoxins of the Hong Kong adult population from a Total Diet Study

Dietary exposure of Hong Kong adults to mycotoxins and their metabolites including aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins (FNs), deoxynivalenol (DON), acetyldeoxynivalenols (AcDONs) and zearalenone (ZEA) was estimated using the Total Diet Study (TDS) approach to assess the associated health risk to the local people. Sixty commonly consumed food items, collected in four seasons, were sampled and prepared as consumed. These mycotoxins were primarily found at low levels. The highest mean levels (upper bound) were: AFs, 1.50 µg kg^–1 in legumes, nuts and seed; OTA, 0.22 µg kg^–1 in sugars and confectionery; FNs, 9.76 µg kg^–1 in cereals and their products; DON and AcDONs, 33.1 µg kg^–1 in cereals and their products; and ZEA, 53.8 µg kg^–1 in fats and oils. The estimated dietary exposures of Hong Kong adults to the mycotoxins analysed were well below the respective health-based guidance values, where available. For AFs, the upper-bound exposure for high consumers is 0.0049 µg kg bw^–1 day^–1, which was estimated to contribute to about 7.7 (< 1%) of liver cancer cases when compared with 1222 liver cancer cases per year in Hong Kong. The percentage contributions of the estimated 95th percentile dietary exposures (lower and upper bound) to the health-based guidance values of individual mycotoxins were: ochratoxin A, 3.6–9.2%; fumonisins, 0.04–8.5%; deoxynivalenol and acetyldeoxynivalenols, 21.7–28.2%; and zearalenone 3.3–34.5%. The findings indicate that dietary exposures to all the mycotoxins analysed in this study were unlikely to pose an unacceptable health risk to the Hong Kong population.     

食品中农药残留的膳食暴露与累积性暴露评估研究

农药残留超标是消费者比较关心的问题,关系到消费者身体健康与国际贸易.开展农药残留的膳食暴露评估对我国的食品质量安全控制有重要意义.本文就最大残留限量和日允许摄入量的关系,农药残留膳食暴露评估的模式和累积性暴露评估进行了阐述,并对我国农药残留的膳食暴露评估提出几点建议.     

Dietary exposure to acrylamide from potato crisps to the Spanish population

Potato crisps are one of the food commodities that contribute most to overall dietary human exposure of acrylamide. This investigation has estimated the dietary exposure to acrylamide form potato crisps in the Spanish population. Sampling of potato crisps (n = 36) from 16 different producers were carried out in March 2008. An average level of 740 µg kg^?1 (ranging from 81 to 2622 µg kg^?1; minimum to maximum) and a median of 592 µg kg^?1 were obtained. Acrylamide levels in marketed potato crisps have been significantly reduced (nearly to 50%) compared with a previous sampling performed 4 years earlier. The observed signal value (90th percentile) was 1377 µg kg^?1 with 86% of the samples with acrylamide levels lower than 1000 µg kg^?1. Dietary exposure to acrylamide from potato crisp consumption in the total Spanish population was estimated to be 0.042 µg kg^?1 body weight day^?1 by using a deterministic approach based on the National consumption database. In a second study, dietary exposure (based on a 3-day food record) was determined to be 0.053 µg kg^?1 body weight day^?1 for the adult population (17–60 years) and 0.142 µg kg^?1 body weight day^?1 for children (7–12 years). The contribution of potato crisps to the estimated dietary acrylamide exposure of the Spanish population is moderate as compared with other European Member States.     

Dietary exposure of Hong Kong adults to pesticide residues: results of the first Hong Kong total diet study

The use of pesticides and other chemicals has become a common practice in modern agriculture to enhance and stabilise crop yield, protect the nutritional integrity of food, facilitate food storage to assure year-round supplies, and provide attractive and appealing food products. With the adoption of strict good agricultural practice (GAP), only minimal amounts of pesticide residues should remain on the crops or in connected foods of animal origin up the food chain. To assess their associated health risk to local people, the dietary exposure of Hong Kong adults to residues of four groups of pesticides or their metabolites – organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), carbamates, pyrethrins and pyrethroids, and dithiocarbamate (DTC) metabolites – is estimated in the first Hong Kong Total Diet Study (TDS). A total of 150 commonly consumed food items were collected and prepared “as consumed”. A total of 600 composite food samples were analysed for 85 pesticides or their metabolites by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). These pesticides were primarily found at low levels (highest mean = 350 μg kg^?1) in food samples of plant origin such as vegetables and fruits. Dietary exposures to pesticide residues were estimated based on the analytical results and the food consumption data of the local residents. The estimated dietary exposures of Hong Kong adults to all individual pesticides were well below their respective acceptable daily intakes (ADIs). The percentage contributions of the estimated mean and 95th percentile dietary exposures to the ADIs of individual pesticides were <6% and <24% for the OPPs, <1% for the carbamates and pyrethrins and pyrethroids, and <1% and <4% for the DTC metabolites, respectively. The findings indicate that dietary exposures to all the pesticide residues analysed in this study were unlikely to pose unacceptable health risks to the Hong Kong population.     

Estimated dietary exposure to principal food mycotoxins from The First French Total Diet Study

This study reports estimates on dietary exposure from the first French Total Diet Study (FTDS) and compares these estimates with both existing tolerable daily intakes for these toxins and the intakes calculated during previous French studies. To estimate the dietary exposure of the French population to the principal mycotoxins in the French diet (as consumed), 456 composite samples were prepared from 2280 individual samples and analysed for aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins and patulin. Average and high percentile intakes were calculated taking account of different eating patterns for adults, children and vegetarians. The results showed that contaminant levels observed in the foods examined 'as consumed' complied fully with current European legislation. However, particular attention needs to be paid to the exposure of specific population groups, such as children and vegans/macrobiotics, who could be exposed to certain mycotoxins in quantities that exceed the tolerable or weekly daily intake levels. This observation is particularly relevant with respect to ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. For these mycotoxins, cereals and cereal products were the main contributors to high exposure.     

Assessment of dietary exposure to annatto (E160b), nitrites (E249-250), sulphites (E220-228) and tartaric acid (E334) in the French population: the second French total diet study

The results of the assessment of the dietary exposure to annatto, nitrites, tartaric acid and sulphites within the framework of the second French total diet study (TDS) are reported. These 4 additives were selected from the Bemrah et al. study [Bemrah N, Leblanc JC, Volatier JL. 2008. Assessment of dietary exposure in the French population to 13 selected food colours, preservatives, antioxidants, stabilizers, emulsifiers and sweeteners. Food Addit Contam B. 1(1):2–14] on 13 food additives which identified a possible health risk for annatto, sulphites and nitrites and a lack of data for tartaric acid. Among the composite samples selected for the whole TDS, 524 were analysed for additives (a sample was analysed for a given additive when it was identified as a major contributor for this additive only): 130 for tartaric acid, 135 for nitrites, 59 for annatto and 200 for sulphites. Estimated concentrations (minimum lower bound to maximum upper bound) vary nationally from 0 to 9?mg/kg for annatto, 0 to 420?mg/kg for tartaric acid, 0 to 108?mg/kg for sulphites and 0 to 3.4?mg/kg for nitrites. Based on the analytical results, the dietary exposure was calculated for adults and children, separately, using lower bound and upper bound assumptions. The European ADIs for these 4 additives were not exceeded except for the dietary exposure for sulphites among 2.9% of the adult population, where the major contributors were alcoholic drinks and especially wine under both hypotheses (lower and upper bound).     

Dietary exposure to aluminium of urban residents from cities in South China

A dietary survey was conducted over three consecutive days by using 24-hour dietary recall in the Pearl River Delta of South China to investigate the dietary consumption status. A total of 1702 food samples, 22 food groups, were collected, and aluminium concentrations of foods were determined by using ICP-MS. Weekly dietary exposure to aluminium of the average urban residents of South China was estimated to be 1.5 mg kg^?1 body weight, which amounted to 76% of the provisional tolerable weekly intake. Wheat-made products (53.5%) contributed most to the dietary exposure, followed by vegetables (12.2%). The high-level consumers’ weekly exposure to aluminium was 11.1 mg kg^?1 body weight, which amounted to 407% of the provisional tolerable weekly intake. The results indicated that the general urban residents in South China might be safe from aluminium exposure, but the high-level consumers might be at some risk of aluminium exposure. The foods contributing to aluminium exposure were processed food with aluminium-containing food additives. It is necessary to take effective measures to control the overuse of aluminium-containing food additives.     

2016—2020年天津市市售蔬菜中农药残留状况及膳食暴露评估

目的 了解天津市市售蔬菜中农药残留状况及居民膳食暴露风险。方法 根据《国家食品污染物及有害因素风险监测工作手册》要求,采集代表性时令蔬菜516份进行农药残留量检测,利用点评估方法对其进行膳食暴露评估。结果 70.54%（364/516）样品检出农药残留,其中47.29%（244/516）样品同时检出2种或以上农药;6.01%（31/516）样品农药残留量超标。各类型农药超标率排序为：有机磷类农药>氨基甲酸酯类农药>拟除虫菊酯类农药>有机氯类农药>杀菌剂类农药,差异有统计学意义（χ²＝9.84,P<0.05）。超标率位于前三位的农药分别为甲拌磷（2.62%,10/381）、克百威（1.55%,8/516）和氯氰菊酯（0.90%,2/223）。急性膳食暴露评估结果,甲拌磷急性膳食摄入风险值（%ARfD）为238.89%,克百威%ARfD为191.67%,大于100%,存在不可接受的风险;慢性膳食暴露评估结果,所有检出农药单项食品安全指数值（IFS）均小于1,风险可以接受。结论 天津市市售蔬菜中农药检出率较高,尤其是多种农药联合使用的现象突出,且仍存在使用禁用农药的情况,甲拌磷、克百威存在急性膳食暴露风险,政府和相关部门应加强对此类农药的监管。     

Dietary risk assessment of organophosphorus and dithiocarbamate pesticides in a total diet study at a Brazilian university restaurant

In this study ready-to-eat food samples were collected in the production line of the university restaurant of the University of Brasilia, Brazil, which serves non-vegetarian and vegetarian meals daily. Samples were analysed for the presence of ten organophosphorus insecticides (OPs) by GC/FPD, after extraction with ethyl acetate and anhydrous sodium sulfate (LOQ?=?0.002?mg?kg^–1), and for dithiocarbamate fungicides, as CS₂, using the spectrophotometric method (LOQ?=?0.05?mg?kg^?1). About 43% of the 175 samples analysed contained at least one OP compound at levels up to 1.83?mg?kg^?1. Methamidophos was the compound most detected (37.7%), present in most of the soup, soybean and salad samples. No OP residues were found in fruit juice, beans and bran rice samples. The cumulative acute intake of OPs was estimated using methamidophos and acephate as index compounds (IC). The total cumulative intake represented 9.1% and 47.7% of the methamidophos ARfD for the non-vegetarian and vegetarian diets, respectively. When acephate was used as IC, the total intakes represented 20.7% and 116% of the ARfD for the non-vegetarian and vegetarian diets, respectively. Dithiocarbamates were detected in 70% of the 177 samples analysed, at levels up to 0.51?mg?kg^?1 CS₂; all salad samples were positive and no residues were found in fruit juice. The chronic intake of dithiocarbamates represented 8.6 and 8.9% of the ADI (mancozeb) for the vegetarian and non vegetarian diets, respectively.