基于深度访谈扎根分析的绿色建筑项目脆弱性与风险关系机理研究

脆弱性作为一个与风险密切相关的因素,由于其隐蔽性特性,在传统工程项目风险的研究中未得到足够的重视。因此,本文从风险管理的视角,试图对绿色建筑项目脆弱性的概念和内涵进行明确,探究绿色建筑项目脆弱性与风险的关系机理。首先运用经典扎根理论方法对访谈资料进行实质性编码,归纳和明确了项目脆弱性和风险2个核心范畴,进一步通过扎根理论的理论编码程序,构建绿色建筑项目脆弱性与风险的关系机理理论框架。整个研究运用扎根理论,通过深度访谈和案例分析,揭示脆弱性对项目风险的影响路径和机理,弥补现阶段绿色建筑项目风险研究忽略脆弱性的不足,研究成果可为绿色建筑项目风险管理提供科学依据。     

Fuzzy logic for estimation of earthquake intensity based on building damage records

This paper presents a systematic approach to evaluating earthquake intensity based on building damage records. The theory of fuzzy sets was employed to establish the proposed method. A case study of the 1886 Charleston, South Carolina, earthquake was conducted to verify the method. The results of the case study agree very well with expert seismologists' previous conclusions. The proposed method has demonstrated its potential for the presented and related applications.     

Developing a new method for spatial assessment of drought vulnerability (case study: Zayandeh‐Rood river basin in Iran)

The paper presents an approach to spatially representative depiction for assessing the vulnerability of central Iran's Zayandeh‐Rood river basin to drought using multiple indicators. Drought conditions prevailed in the study basin from 2002 to 2007, with an annual rainfall deficiency of 45 to 55%. Multi‐attribute decision making (MADM) methods develop a framework to evaluate the relative priorities of drought assessment based on a set of preferences, criteria and indicators. The proposed MADM process uses well‐known techniques for product weights analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and order preference (TOPSIS). These indicators include the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI), water demand, the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and the Groundwater Balance and Surface Water Supply Index (SWSI). Indicators' spatial information was categorised in layers prepared in the spatial domain using a geographic information system (GIS). The alternatives were ranked and presented using TOPSIS. Results show that the proposed method was highly effective in representing assessments of drought vulnerability.     

建筑结构弹塑性时程分析中地震动记录选取方法的比较研究

选择合适的地震动记录是采用弹塑性时程分析预测建筑结构地震响应的基础。列举了现有针对不同分析目的的三种地震动记录选取方法,比较了按不同方法建立的地震动记录选择集的地面运动峰值和反应谱特性,并通过分析两个不同初始周期框架结构的弹塑性地震响应,对不同地震动记录选取方法的分析结果进行了比较。研究结果表明,基于设计反应谱和基于最不利地震动的选取方法均与结构的初始周期相关,当结构在地震作用下刚度退化比较明显时,这些方法有可能难以达到预期的目标;而当地震动强度指标恰当、且选取的地震动记录数量较多时,基于台站和地震信息的选取方法不会造成过大的结构弹塑性地震响应的离散性,同时这种方法不依赖于结构的动力特性,操作简便,适用性强,适于在研究不同结构类型和不同动力特性建筑结构的抗震性能时应用。     

用于模拟建筑火灾的风险分析模型CUrisk的开发和火灾案例分析

加拿大卡尔顿大学开发了火灾风险计算机模型CUrisk，用以评估四层木结构商品建筑的火灾安全设计。该模型包括系统模型和许多子模型。系统模型用于设定风险分析框架及控制子模型数据流。它还负责计算每个火灾场景的生命危险值。其他子模型包括火灾增长、烟气运动、边界失效火灾蔓延、人员反应和疏散以及建筑造价和经济损失等模型。利用子模型的输出数据，系统模型可计算三个决策参数：对生命的预期风险、对受伤情况的预期风险以及消防成本预期。这些参数是以可能的火灾场景及相关概率为基础的。文章简要介绍了CUrisk模型，并介绍了运用该模型对四层商业建筑所进行的多火灾场景风险分析的结果。     

Identification of green building attributes for the development of an assessment tool: a case study in India

Green building rating systems have been developed to measure the level of sustainability of buildings. Existing methods can be applied to different regions by addressing additional aspects such as varied climatic conditions and regional variations. This paper investigated the most widely used environmental building assessment methods, namely BREEAM, LEED, SB-Tool, CASBEE, LEED-India, GRIHA and Eco-housing. Comparative studies revealed that the existing assessment schemes had some limitations when applied to an Indian built environment. This necessitates the development of a new building environmental assessment scheme. An attempt is made to develop a framework to evaluate sustainability of buildings in India by applying principal component analysis (PCA). The PCA of 82 valid responses on the attributes measuring sustainability of buildings has extracted nine components: (1) site selection; (2) environment; (3) building resources and re-use; (4) building services and management; (5) innovative construction techniques, (6) environmental health and safety, (7) mechanical systems; (8) indoor air quality; (9) economy. Further, a framework suggested in this study can be applied for countries having similar climatic conditions. Findings of this paper can be helpful to designers and developers to achieve green development in developing countries.     

VLDA模型及其在潜水脆弱性评价中的应用——以新疆焉耆县平原区为例

在地下水脆弱性评价的GOD法和DRASTIC模型的基础上,提出了VLDA模型,其中V为包气带岩性(1ithology of vadose zone)、L为土地利用方式(pattern of land use)、D为地下水埋深(groundwater depth)、A为含水层特征(aquifer characterist...     

液化层特征量对场地卓越频率影响的理论解答

液化场地对地震动影响问题以及依据地表地震记录识别场地液化问题虽分属地震波的正反演理论,但土层液化对振动特性的改变是二者共同的物理本质,应是这两方面研究的出发点。提出液化层存在下场地卓越频率变化的理论解答,并分析液化层特征量对场地卓越频率的影响规律。将实际土层视为水平成层状,以三质点体系代表具有液化夹层的场地,推导出场地卓越下降率解答,讨论土层及液化层特征量对场地卓越下降率的影响。结果表明:液化夹层的存在将使场地卓越频率下降,下降率主要与覆盖层与液化层厚度比λ_1、液化层与下卧层厚度比λ_2、液化层软化程度这3个参数相关;λ_1对场地卓越频率下降起主要的控制作用,场地卓越频率下降率随λ_1变化的可分为3种模式:指数关系降低、指数关系升高以及定值附近先增大后减小的波动,其中后者为主要表现;液化层与下卧层厚度比λ_2对场地卓越频率下降率起次要作用,场地卓越频率下降率随λ_2增大呈快速上升阶段和平稳增长两个阶段,二者转换点与λ_1相关;场地卓越频率虽与液化层软化程度呈递增关系,但绝对增幅最大为0.15,影响较小。     

基于经济投入-产出生命期评价模型的我国建筑物化能与大气影响分析

在我国城市化进程加速与基础设施大规模建设的社会发展背景下,研究建筑物化能消耗量及其所导致的大气污染物排放量。从全社会经济活动的角度出发,以建筑生命期为主线,建立并运行经济投入-产出生命期评价模型,比较和分析建筑物化能的来源与组成,量化主要大气污染物的排放。此外,对建筑物化能与大气影响进行预测分析,并为建筑节能减排工作提出对策与建议。研究结果表明:建筑物化能约占我国社会总能耗量的16%,因此对其研究不可忽视;各类能源在消耗过程中所释放的有害气体,是我国大气环境的重要污染源;若继续2002年的产业关联状况水平,2015年我国建筑物化能及其大气污染物在全社会总能源消耗和污染物排放中的比重将持续上升。研究成果丰富了全生命周期评价模型在我国建筑领域的应用,完善当前的相关统计数据,为我国广义建筑能耗与环境影响问题提供计算方法和数据支持,同时也为政府主管部门制定相关政策提供理论参考与依据。     

设施农业领域硕士研究生人才培养模式的改革——以农业建筑工程专业方向为例

农业建筑工程为设施农业领域的一个专业方向。文章以该专业方向的硕士研究生人才培养模式改革为主要研究对象,提出按专业硕士学位型培养要求,通过结合课程与教材体系、职业化教学模式、实践教学以及创新精神培养等方面的改革,完善课程设置的构架内容、教材体系等,采用双导师制及创新团队的方式进行复合型人才培养;用实践基地的建立方式和内容作为实践能力培养平台的依据。     

Thermal behavior of building walls in summer: Comparison of available analytical methods and experimental results for a case study

There is a wide variety of thermal analyses that can be used to characterize the thermal behavior of a wall under certain outdoor conditions. The selection of a particular wall configuration for a building project involves not only the outdoor climate, but also the whole building characteristics, orientation, percentage of glazed areas, occupation periods, lifestyles, etc. In this paper we apply common available methods for wall thermal analysis to two particular wall types, a massive brick wall and an insulated brick wall, in order to compare the information given by each method and to evaluate how these methods can help in the selection of a certain type of wall. The studied methods include the estimation of the wall time lag and decrement factor, the harmonically heated slab model, the Athanassouli’s method, and numerical simulations. The study was performed for the walls of a residence for university students and it was built in La Pampa (Argentina). Once the building was finished, the transient thermal behavior of two walls was monitored during one summer week. The experimental results are presented and the fitting with the thermal behavior predicted by each method is discussed. The thermal comfort indicators PMV (predicted mean vote) and PPD (predicted percentage of dissatisfied) were calculated for two flats, at ground floor and first floor respectively.     

Performance‐based evaluation of tall buildings using advanced intensity measures (case study: 30‐story steel structure with framed‐tube system)

Performance assessment of high‐rise buildings has attracted peculiar attention among engineers. Care should be taken once higher‐mode effects are to be incorporated into analyses and designs. Recently, performance‐based evaluations have been widely used by designers to meet the required target capacities of engineering projects. A common tool to perform such studies is incremental dynamic analysis (IDA), which has been utilized for first‐mode‐dominant ordinary structures, whereas taller buildings demand other considerations to be made so that a thorough assessment of the structural response can be achieved. In this paper, performance‐based studies have been carried out for a sample 30‐story tall building, which takes advantage of tubular frame as lateral‐load‐resisting system. IDA is performed subsequently to quantify the structural response against a wide‐range of seismic loadings. Advanced intensity measures (IMs) are applied to optimize the capacity assessments resulting from multitude of non‐linear time‐history analyses. Finally, performance‐based evaluations have been carried out to provide a thorough assessment of target capacities that are normally advised by widely accepted codes. Results are also compared with regular short buildings where higher‐mode effects do not contribute significantly to structural response. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A case study on the assessment of response modification coefficient and earthquake-induced collapse potential of a high-rise setback tower

This paper evaluates response modification coefficient (R-factor) and collapse potential of a high-rise tower with setback irregularity under spectral-matched ground motion records. The tower is comprised of two legs with three distinct lateral bearing systems in elevation and curved configuration in plan. Furthermore, it has a setback in elevation, recognised by inclined columns joining two legs of the tower in uppermost stories. These characteristics cause the tower to classify as a complex irregular structure in which using code-based R-factor is highly dubious. In this paper, initially, an analytical model of the tower was subjected to a suite of ground motions to estimate collapse potential and equivalent R-factor in accordance with FEMA P695. Alternatively, structural performance parameters including inter-storey drift ratios, residual drift ratios and plastic hinge rotations were compared to TBI acceptance criteria. To achieve consistent safety margin against collapse, the value of 8 was suitable for R-factor. In spite of satisfactory threshold in accordance with FEMA P695 and TBI guidelines, for a structure with irregular configuration and multiple bearing system, damages can be localised close to zones of change in lateral bearing system that may lead to partial collapse.     

Energetic and exergetic analysis and assessment of a thermal energy storage (TES) unit for building applications

The main objective of this study is to investigate the energetic and exergetic performances of a latent energy storage system in both charging (solidification) and discharging (melting) processes. A shell-and-tube TES unit was designed, constructed and tested in Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey. This experimental unit basically consisted of a heat exchanger section, a measurement system and flow control systems. For the charging mode, the inlet temperatures varied to be −5 °C, −10 °C and −15 °C, while the volumetric flow rates changed to be 2 l/min, 4 l/min and 8 l/min. The experiments were performed for three different tube materials, copper, steel and PE32 and two various shell diameters of 114 mm and 190 mm to investigate the tube material and shell diameter effects on energetic and exergetic efficiencies. It may be concluded that for the charging period, the exergetic efficiency increased with the increase in the inlet temperature and flow rate. For discharging period, irreversibility increased as the temperature difference between the melting temperature of the PCM and the inlet temperature of the heat transfer fluid (HTF) increased and hence the exergy efficiency increased.     

大连市某高层建筑风振和地震反应的主动质量阻尼(AMD)控制分析与设计

本文以大连市某大型高层钢筋混凝土结构为背景,进行了高层建筑结构抗风抗震的AMD主动控制分析和方案设计。首先,根据实际工程数据建立了结构动力分析的计算模型,编制了风荷载随机抽样程序,给出了用于分析的典型风荷载和地震波动荷载样本。其次,进行了脉动风荷载作用下AMD控制系统物理参数和控制算法软参数的优化分析,得到了AMD子系统的最优质量、刚度和阻尼等物理参数。然后,在AMD子系统取得最优参数的情况下,进行了结构脉动风荷载作用下和常遇地震作用下AMD主动控制的反应分析;计算结果表明,采用AMD主动控制系统可以使结构的风振加速度控制效果达40％以上,大幅度提高规范要求的风振舒适度,对常遇地震作用下位移反应的控制效果也可以达到40％左右。最后,仿真分析了AMD控制结构平动-扭转耦联振动的控制效果。此外,本文还给出了实际工程结构进行AMD主动控制设计的一般性步骤,可供类似高层建筑结构进行AMD主动控制分析和设计时参考。     

工程专业认证(评估)背景下建筑环境与能源应用工程专业卓越人才培养模式的探索

“卓越工程师教育培养计划”与“工程专业认证(评估)”二者相辅相成,互相促进,旨在提高中国工程教育人才培养质量。文章介绍了安徽工业大学建筑环境与能源应用工程专业卓越人才培养模式的探索,在“卓越工程师教育培养计划”与“工程专业认证”(评估)二者深度融合的过程中,不断提升办学条件,规范专业建设,优化专业结构,注重学生“双创”能力的培养,兼顾行业特色和地域特色,构建“两融合、四层次”复合人才培养模式,着力提高人才培养质量。     

Ingestion risks of metals in groundwater based on TIN model and dose-response assessment — A case study in the Xiangjiang watershed, central-south China

Groundwater samples were collected in the Xiangjiang watershed in China from 2002 to 2008 to analyze concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, mercury, manganese, and zinc. Spatial and seasonal trends of metal concentrations were then discussed. Combined with geostatistics, an ingestion risk assessment of metals in groundwater was performed using the dose-response assessment method and the triangulated irregular network (TIN) model. Arsenic concentration in groundwater had a larger variation from year to year, while the variations of other metal concentrations were minor. Meanwhile, As concentrations in groundwater over the period of 2002-2004 were significantly higher than that over the period of 2005-2007, indicating the improvement of groundwater quality within the later year. The hazard index (HI) in 2002 was also significantly higher than that in 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008. Moreover, more than 80% of the study area recorded an HI of more than 1.0 for children, suggesting that some people will experience deleterious health effects from drinking groundwater in the Xiangjiang watershed. Arsenic and manganese were the largest contributors to human health risks (HHRs). This study highlights the value of long-term health risk evaluation and the importance of geographic information system (GIS) technologies in the assessment of watershed-scale human health risk.     

城市热岛效应对我国不同气候区既有居住建筑采暖空调能耗的影响研究

选取严寒地区、寒冷地区、夏热冬冷地区和夏热冬暖地区的9个城市典型气象年数据为基准,采用TRNSYS对某实际居住建筑的采暖空调能耗进行了模拟计算。结果表明：同一个气候区的居住建筑采暖能耗降低率与热岛强度呈现出良好的线性关系,空调能耗的增加率与热岛强度的线性关系则不明显。夏热冬暖地区,居住建筑仅为空调能耗,受热岛效应影响总能耗增长率约为8.55%/0.5℃;夏热冬冷地区,热岛效应带来的空调能耗增加和采暖能耗降低相差不大,总能耗基本保持不变;严寒和寒冷地区,居住建筑以采暖能耗为主,受热岛效应影响总能耗降低率分别约为1.74%/0.5℃和2.97%/0.5℃。