Trace minerals intake: Risks and benefits for cardiovascular health

Minerals play a major role in regulating cardiovascular function. Imbalances in electrolyte minerals are frequent and potentially hazardous occurrences that may lead to the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Transition metals, such as iron, zinc, copper and selenium, play a major role in cell metabolism. However, there is controversy over the effects of dietary and supplemental intake of these metals on cardiovascular risk factors and events. Since their pro-oxidant or antioxidant functions can have different effects on cardiovascular health. While deficiency of these trace elements can cause cardiovascular dysfunction, several studies have also shown a positive association between metal serum levels and cardiovascular risk factors and events. Thus, a J- or U-shaped relationship between the transition minerals and cardiovascular events has been proposed. Given the existing controversies, large, well-designed, long-term, randomized clinical trials are required to better examine the effects of trace mineral intake on cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in the general population. In this review, we discuss the role of dietary and/or supplemental iron, copper, zinc, and selenium on cardiovascular health. We will also clarify their clinical applications, benefits, and harms in CVDs prevention.     

Apparent magnesium absorption in dry cows fed at 3 levels of potassium and 2 levels of magnesium intake

In vitro experiments with isolated rumen epithelium have shown that the relationship between the ruminal K concentration and either the apical membrane potential difference or the mucosal-to-serosal Mg flux reach plateau values at high ruminal K concentrations. Hence, it may be hypothesized that the inhibitory effect of supplemental K on Mg absorption becomes smaller at high initial K intakes. To test our hypothesis, 6 ruminally fistulated, nonpregnant dry cows were fed 6 experimental diets in a 6 x 6 Latin square design with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Four cows were of a Friesian-Holstein x Holstein-Friesian cross, and the 2 remaining cows were of a Meuse-Rhine-IJssel x Holstein-Friesian cross. The diets provided either 40.6 or 69.1 g of Mg per day and contained 20.7, 48.0, or 75.5 g of K per kilogram of dry matter. The dietary variables were obtained by mixing KHCO(3) and MgO into the basal concentrate. Absorption of Mg and the urinary Mg excretion was significantly decreased by supplemental K and significantly increased after the intake of supplemental Mg. In contrast to apparent Mg absorption, the urinary excretion of Mg was not affected by the dietary K x Mg interaction. Postfeeding ruminal K and Mg concentrations were increased with increasing K and Mg intakes. Postfeeding ruminal K concentrations and the urinary excretion of Mg showed a linear negative correlation; the slope was not significantly affected by Mg intake. Therefore, our hypothesis was rejected. Furthermore, these data indicate that supplemental Mg can effectively counteract the suppressant effect of K on Mg absorption in cows.     

Mediterranean diet,cardiovascular disease and mortality in diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized clinical trials

Abstract

To update the clinical practice guidelines for nutrition therapy of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized clinical trials (RCTs) to evaluate the effect of the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) on the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and mortality. We searched Medline, EMBASE (through April 20, 2018) and Cochrane (through May 7, 2018) databases. Pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated by the generic inverse variance method. A total of 41 reports (3 RCTs and 38 cohorts) were included. Meta-analyses of RCTs revealed a beneficial effect of the MedDiet on total CVD incidence (RR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.50, 0.78) and total myocardial infarction (MI) incidence (RR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.49, 0.88). Meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies, which compared the highest versus lowest categories of MedDiet adherence, revealed an inverse association with total CVD mortality (RR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.77, 0.82), coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence (RR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.62, 0.86), CHD mortality (RR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.75, 0.92), stroke incidence (RR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.71, 0.90), stroke mortality (RR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.80, 0.96) and MI incidence (RR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.61, 0.88). The present study suggests that MedDiet has a beneficial role on CVD prevention in populations inclusive of individuals with diabetes.     

Accumulation of Calcium in Bean Cultivars Differing in Seed Size

Accumulation of Ca, Mg and K, the principal cations in dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) seed, was studied under field and greenhouse conditions. ‘Cran-09’, a cranberry bean and ‘Norstar’, a navy bean, were grown to maturity under greenhouse conditions. ‘Cran-09’ had a seed weight of 605 mg, a seed Ca concentration of 1·2 g kg^-1 and a Ca harvest index of 0·032. The corresponding three parameters in ‘Norstar’ were a seed weight of 161 mg, a seed Ca concentration of 2·2 g kg^-1 and a Ca harvest index of 0·064. The difference in seed Ca concentration was not due to increased absorption of Ca by ‘Norstar’, but rather was due to a larger proportion of Ca in plant tops being diverted to the seed component. The larger seed Ca concentration in ‘Norstar’ was compensated to some extent by a smaller seed K concentration. In contrast to Ca, cultivar had relatively little effect on harvest indices for Mg, K, N and P. The average seed Ca concentration in six navy bean cultivars grown under field conditions was 90% more than that of three kidney and three cranberry bean cultivars. © 1997 SCI.     

Changes of Mineral Concentrations in Serra Cheese during Ripening and Throughout the Cheesemaking Season

Seasonal changes of the ash content and mineral concentrations in Serra cheese were studied over a typical 35-day ripening period. Statistically significant differences (at the 5% level) exist between the ash content and the concentrations of Na, K, Ca, P, Mg and Zn in cheeses during ripening. The highest concentrations of Na was obtained in cheese ripened for 7 days, whereas the concentrations of K, Ca, P, Ng and Zn decreased significantly during ripening. For 35-day-old cheeses, concentrations of Na, K and Cu were lowest and concentration of P was highest for cheeses manufactured in May. The concentration of Ca was lowest for cheeses manufactured in February. On average, the most concentrated minerals (in g kg^-1 of total solids, TS) in 35-day-old Serra cheese were Na (18·56), Ca (9·70) and P (7·92) and, at a lower level, K (1·70) and Mg (0·96). Only trace levels (in mg kg_TS^-1) of Zn (94·33), Cu (2·26) and Mn (1·25) were detected. A high mineral nutrition quality was thus ascribed to 35-day-old Serra cheese based on the average nutritional densities: 4·8 for Ca, 4·0 for P, 1·1 for Mg, 3·4 for Na, 2·4 for Zn, 0·4 for Cu, 0·2 for Mn and 0·2 for K. © 1997 SCI     

Potato consumption and risk of all cause,cancer and cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

Abstract

A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies was conducted to examine the association of potato consumption and risk of all-cause, cancer and cardiovascular mortality in adults. We searched PubMed, Scopus databases up to September 2018 for all relevant published papers. All analyses were performed on HRs or RRs and 95% CIs. In twenty prospective studies, 25,208 cases were reported for all-cause mortality, 4877 for cancer mortality and 2366 for CVD mortality. No significant association was found between potato consumption and risk of all-cause (0.90; 95% CI: 0.8, 1.02, p?=?0.096) and cancer (1.09; 95% CI: 0.96, 1.24, P?=?0.204) mortality. In addition, no significant linear association was found between each 100?g/d increments in potato consumption and risk of all-cause (P?=?0.7) and cancer (P?=?0.09) mortality. Moreover, nonlinear association between potato consumption and risk of cancer mortality was non-significant (P-nonlinearity?=?0.99). In addition, two of three studies which examined the association of potato consumption with CVD mortality did not find any significant relationship. There was no evidence for publication bias in this study. We failed to find significant association between potato consumption and risk of mortality. Further studies are required to confirm this issue.     

Redistribution of minerals in apple fruit during storage: Effects of late summer pruning,calcium sprays and low temperature breakdown

Transverse distribution patterns of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in Cox's Orange Pippin apples at harvest and subsequent redistribution patterns during storage in air at 0°C were measured. Distribution and redistribution patterns differed from those in Spartan apples measured in the previous year. Orchard calcium sprays increased the proportion of calcium in the outer parts and slightly increased the proportion of magnesium towards the centre of the fruit. Late summer pruning slightly increased the proportion of magnesium in the core at harvest and increased the rate of redistribution of calcium from the core to the outer fruit parts during storage. Redistribution patterns, especially those of magnesium, were drastically altered when low temperature breakdown developed and minerals moved into the affected zones.     

Fermented dairy foods intake and risk of cardiovascular diseases: A meta-analysis of cohort studies

Abstract

Since the associations of fermented dairy foods intake with risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remained inconsistent, we carried out this meta-analysis on all published cohort studies to estimate the overall effect. We searched the PubMed and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) databases for all articles within a range of published years from 1980 to 2018 on the association between fermented dairy foods intake and CVD risk. Finally, 10 studies met the inclusion criteria for this study, with 385,122 participants, 1,392 Myocardial infarction, 4,490 coronary heart disease (CHD), 7,078 stroke, and 51,707 uncategorized CVD cases. Overall, statistical evidence of significantly decreased CVD risk was found to be associated with fermented dairy foods intake (OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.76–0.91). In subgroup analysis, cheese and yogurt consumptions were associated with decreased CVD risk (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.80–0.94 for cheese and OR = 0. 78, 95% CI = 0.67–0.89 for yogurt). Our meta-analysis indicated that fermented dairy foods intake was associated with decreased CVD risk.     

超声提取-电感耦合等离子体质谱法快速测定卷烟纸中钾、钠、钙、镁的含量

采用超声提取-电感耦合等离子体质谱法能快速测定卷烟纸中钾（K）、钠（Na）、钙（Ca）、镁（Mg）含量,控制卷烟纸的质量稳定性。检出限分别为2.46、0.44、8.84、0.28 μg/L;回收率90.3%~109.0%;相对标准偏差（RSD）<5%。此方法具有操作简单、准确、快速等优点,适合于卷烟纸中K、Na、Ca、Mg含量的分析。     

Varietal differences in the mineral composition of bulked samples of fruit from Cox's Orange Pippin,Crispin (Mutsu) and Spartan apple trees

Concentrations of dry matter, nitrogen and major mineral constituents in samples of Cox's Orange Pippin and Crispin fruit from interplanted trees were measured for 4 years. Similar measurements were made over a 6 year period in Cox and Spartan fruit samples from trees interplanted in another orchard. Concentrations varied greatly in all varieties from year to year. In comparison with Cox, fruit calcium concentrations were higher for a given mean mass per apple in Crispin in all years and in Spartan for 4 of the 6 years at harvest. Concentrations of nitrogen, potassium, magnesium and phosphorus were lower in Crispin and Spartan than in Cox fruit at harvest in all years, but dry matter and sodium concentrations differed only in some years. Changes in concentrations during fruit growth were measured in 2 years for each comparison. Differences between nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations in either Crispin or Spartan and Cox apples were evident throughout fruitlet enlargement in both years. Calcium concentrations were higher in Crispin and Spartan fruitlets than in Cox fruitlets of equivalent mass. Variations in the concentrations of potassium, magnesium and calcium from tree to tree were greater for Cox than Crispin samples but relationships between potassium and magnesium concentrations were similar for both varieties.     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定鲜榨西瓜汁中铁钙镁钾钠磷

用硝酸和过氧化氢的混合消解液对鲜榨西瓜汁进行封闭微波消解,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪（ICP-AES）法直接测定西瓜汁中微量铁、钙、镁、钾、钠、磷的含量。该方法检出限符合规范要求,方法回收率98.5%～101.8%,相对标准偏差（RSD）〈5.0%。该方法具有良好的准确度和精密度,且溶样过程无污染,方法简便、快速。     

Effect of dietary ratio of Na:K on feed intake, milk production, and mineral metabolism in mid-lactation dairy cows

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of altering the dietary ratio of Na:K while keeping the dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) constant, on dry matter (DM) intake, milk production, and mineral metabolism in lactating dairy cows. Fifteen mid-lactation Holstein cows averaging 160 d in milk were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with treatments varying in the molar ratio of Na:K (0.21, 0.53, and 1.06). Diets contained A) 0.25% Na and 2.00% K, B) 0.50% Na and 1.60% K, or C) 0.75% Na and 1.20% K (on a DM basis), and all contained the same DCAD of 33 mEq (Na + K - Cl - S)/100 g of DM. There was a quadratic effect of the ratio of Na:K on DM intake (28.4, 27.5, and 28.3 kg/d for diets A, B, and C, respectively). The ratio of Na:K did not affect milk yield (average 39.2 kg/d), milk composition (average 3.60% fat; 3.01% protein; and 8.62% solids-not-fat), or coccygeal venous plasma concentrations of HCO₃⁻ (average 29.3 mEq/L), Na⁺ (average 136.7 mEq/L), K⁺ (average 4.53 mEq/L), Cl⁻ (average 97.5 mEq/L), Ca (average 10.06 mg/dL), and Mg (average 2.49 mg/dL), and urinary pH (average 8.38) and ratio of Cl⁻:creatinine (average 4.35). The ratios of urinary Na⁺:creatinine (1.80, 4.21, and 7.42), Ca:creatinine (0.035, 0.041, and 0.064), and Mg:creatinine (0.53, 0.60, and 0.77) increased linearly with increasing ratios of Na:K, whereas the ratio of urinary K⁺:creatinine decreased linearly as the ratio of Na:K increased (22.4, 15.9, and 10.3). Milk production and composition of mid-lactation cows was similar among dietary ratios of Na:K with the same DCAD of 33 mEq/100 g of DM.     

Dietary intake of anthocyanins and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

Abstract

Accumulating evidence suggests flavonoid intake is associated with reduced risk of non-communicable diseases. We aimed to systematically determine and quantify the potential association between dietary anthocyanin intake and risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). A systematic literature search of studies reporting anthocyanin intake and risk of fatal or nonfatal CVD was performed using SCOPUS, MEDLINE, CINAHL and Cochrane Library. The relative risk (RR) or hazard ratio (HR) of highest category of anthocyanin foods were pooled in a random-effects meta-analysis. Subgroup analysis were conducted to determine possible sources of heterogeneity. The meta-analysis suggested intake of dietary anthocyanins and reduced risk of CHD (RR?=?0.91, 95% CI: 0.83, 0.99; I²?=?12.0, P_h?=?0.337) and CVD mortality (RR?=?0.92, 95% CI: 0.87, 0.97; I²?=?0.0, P_h?=?0.584). However, there was no relationship between the intake of these compounds and reduced risk of MI, stroke or total CVD. Subgroup analysis determined reduced risk of CHD and CVD mortality was more prominent for anthocyanidin intake, as opposed to anthocyanin or berries. Our systematic review and meta-analysis provides evidence that anthocyanins, specifically anthocyanidins, reduce the risk of CHD and CVD mortality. Further randomized controlled trials on anthocyanin intake and CVD risk factors are needed to support these findings.     

施用钙镁对烤烟钾吸收、循环和含量的影响

通过不同钙镁水平处理(正常、低钙、高钙、低镁、高镁)的水培试验,研究了钙、镁水平对烤烟钾吸收量、循环、外排和烟叶钾积累量的影响。结果表明,在本试验条件下,高钙和高镁处理可以促进烤烟根系对钾素的吸收,有效减少根系对钾营养的外排,增加钾的净吸收,同时能有效地调节钾素在烤烟体内的循环,并提高烤烟烟叶含钾量。在收获期,高钙处理的上、中、下部叶的钾含量比对照提高了0.38、0.41、0.69个百分点;高镁处理的分别比对照提高了0.31、0.42、0.60个百分点。本试验条件下,高钙、高镁处理可以提高根系钾的吸收,减少根系中钾的外排量,促进伤流液和韧皮部循环以及增加烟叶的钾积累量,最终提高上、中、下部叶的钾含量。     

镁肥生产应用近期动态

本文评述了国内外近期不同镁肥的生产和应用。     

关于《食用盐》标准(GB5461-92)的探讨

本文根据对食用盐中氯化钠、钙和镁、白度等的功能分析,阐明白度是判断食用盐质量的主要指标,《食用盐》标准(GB5461一92)中氯化钠含量不必规定过高,钙和镁是人体必需的营养元素,并提出对《食用盐》标准(GB5461—92)的修订意见。     

食品防腐剂复配形式在面包中的防腐应用研究

GB 2760-2007《食品添加剂使用卫生标准》中规定：面包中允许使用的防腐剂有3种：丙酸盐类、脱氢乙酸及其钠盐、山梨酸及其钾盐。研究了丙酸钙与脱氢醋酸钠两者复配形式、丙酸钙与脱氢醋酸钠和山梨酸钾三者复配形式对面包的防腐效果。结果表明,丙酸钙与脱氢醋酸钠两者复配形式更有利于延长面包保质期,复配的比例6∶4。