多糖类可食性食品药物膜的开发与应用

首先介绍了可食性膜的特性要求及特点,然后对多糖类可食性膜的种类和应用进行了综述,最后讨论了其存在的问题及发展趋势。     

Perspectives for chitosan based antimicrobial films in food applications

Recently, increasing attention has been paid to develop and test films with antimicrobial properties in order to improve food safety and shelf life. Active biomolecules such as chitosan and its derivatives have a significant role in food application area in view of recent outbreaks of contaminations associated with food products as well as growing concerns regarding the negative environmental impact of packaging materials currently in use. Chitosan has a great potential for a wide range of applications due to its biodegradability, biocompatibility, antimicrobial activity, non-toxicity and versatile chemical and physical properties. Thus, chitosan based films have proven to be very effective in food preservation. The presence of amino group in C2 position of chitosan provides major functionality towards biotechnological needs, particularly, in food applications. Chitosan based polymeric materials can be formed into fibers, films, gels, sponges, beads or even nanoparticles. Chitosan films have shown potential to be used as a packaging material for the quality preservation of a variety of food. Besides, chitosan has widely been used in antimicrobial films to provide edible protective coating, in dipping and spraying for the food products due to its antimicrobial properties. Chitosan has exhibited high antimicrobial activity against a wide variety of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms, including fungi, and Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The present review aims to highlight various preparative methods and antimicrobial activity including the mechanism of the antimicrobial action of chitosan based films. The optimisation of the biocidic properties of these so called biocomposites films and role of biocatalysts in improvement of quality and shelf life of foods has been discussed.     

可食性膜保鲜技术的发展与展望

可食性膜是一种由天然可食性材料制成的选择透过性薄膜,常被应用于保鲜新鲜果蔬,通过控制果蔬的内部气体交换、延缓水分损失、提高机械性能,阻止空气中氧气与食品发生氧化反应,防止微生物细菌的滋生,最终起到降低腐败速率、延长其货架期和提升商品价值的作用。随着这种绿色型保鲜技术的不断发展,可食性膜也被作为抗菌剂、防腐剂、调味剂和增塑剂等功能性成分的载体,由两种或者两种以上材料组成的复合配方涂膜互相丰富并改善了不同类型涂膜之间的保鲜作用,从而得到更加优质有效的可食性涂膜配方。本文主要概述了可食性膜的保鲜原理与成分组成、应用历史及发展演变,综述了可食性膜的类型、特点及其制作工艺,进一步展望了可食性膜的发展方向。     

植物精油在可食性抗菌膜中的应用

本文简要介绍了可食性抗菌膜的种类和抑菌机理,综述了近年来国内外植物精油的提取技术、化学成分、抑菌机理、植物精油对可食性抗菌膜性能的影响及其在食品保鲜上的应用的研究进展,并分析了植物精油应用在可食性抗菌膜上可能存在的问题,对其未来发展前景进行了展望。      

Antimicrobial activity of coriander oil and its effectiveness as food preservative

Foodborne illness represents a major economic burden worldwide and a serious public health threat, with around 48 million people affected and 3,000 death each year only in the USA. One of the possible strategies to reduce foodborne infections is the development of effective preservation strategies capable of eradicating microbial contamination of foods. Over the last years, new challenges for the food industry have arisen such as the increase of antimicrobial resistance of foodborne pathogens to common preservatives and consumers demand for naturally based products. In order to overcome this, new approaches using natural or bio-based products as food preservatives need to be investigated. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is a well-known herb widely used as spice, or in folk medicine, and in the pharmacy and food industries. Coriander seed oil is the world's second most relevant essential oil, exhibiting antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, some yeasts, dermatophytes and filamentous fungi. This review highlights coriander oil antimicrobial activity and possible mechanisms of action in microbial cells and discusses the ability of coriander oil usage as a food preservative, pointing out possible paths for the successful evolution for these strategies towards a successful development of a food preservation strategy using coriander oil.     

Natural antimicrobial/antioxidant agents in meat and poultry products as well as fruits and vegetables: A review

Synthetic preservatives are widely used by the food industry to control the growth of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms and to inhibit the process of lipid oxidation extending the shelf-life, quality and safety of food products. However, consumer's preference for natural food additives and concern regarding the safety of synthetic preservatives prompted the food industry to look for natural alternatives. Natural antimicrobials, including plant extracts and their essential oils, enzymes, peptides, bacteriocins, bacteriophages, and fermented ingredients have all been shown to have the potential for use as alternatives to chemical antimicrobials. Some spices, herbs and other plant extracts were also reported to be strong antioxidants. The antimicrobial/antioxidant activities of some plant extracts and/or their essential oils are mainly due to the presence of some major bioactive compounds, including phenolic acids, terpenes, aldehydes, and flavonoids. The proposed mechanisms of action of these natural preservatives are reported. An overview of the research done on the direct incorporation of natural preservatives agents into meat and poultry products as well as fruit and vegetables to extend their shelf-life is presented. The development of edible packaging materials containing natural preservatives is growing and their applications in selected food products are also presented in this review.     

可食性活性涂膜在鲜切果蔬保鲜中的应用

可食性涂膜是一种由天然可食性材料制成的选择透过性薄膜,具有调节果蔬内部气体交换、减少水分损失、降低腐烂率及延长货架期的特性,在果蔬包装及保鲜领域中已引起广泛关注。鲜切果蔬具有新鲜、方便、快捷等特点,已在全球范围内广泛供应餐饮业及零售业。可食性涂膜作为多种食品添加剂的载体常应用于生鲜产品中,且将活性添加剂与可食性涂膜结合可以延长鲜切果蔬的货架期,提高果蔬品质,减少果蔬表面致腐及致病菌增长的风险。可食性活性涂膜将作为一种绿色、安全、营养的保鲜技术,并将应用于鲜切果蔬保鲜领域的研究。本文综述了可食性涂膜的分类及其添加的抗菌剂、抗氧化剂、塑形剂、营养素等活性成分在鲜切果蔬保鲜中的应用,旨在开发用于鲜切果蔬保鲜的功能性可食性涂膜。     

Physiochemical and antimicrobial properties of edible aloe/gelatin composite films

Edible antimicrobial aloe/gelatin composite films with different ratio of freeze–dried aloe leaf gel powder and gelatin (aloe/gelatin = 5/0, 4/1, 3/2, 2/3, 1/4 and 0/5) were fabricated. The thickness of the resulting films was between 0.055 (aloe/gelatin = 0/5) and 0.157 mm (aloe/gelatin = 4/1). The mechanical properties including maximum elongation, tensile strength, elongation at break and break strength were determined. The mechanical properties were increased with the increasing amount of gelatin used in the composite formulation. The tensile strength for composite films with the ratio of 4/1, 3/2, 2/3, 1/4 and 0/5 was 4.12, 5.29, 6.96, 11.47 and 37.76 MPa, respectively. Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogens, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus were used in antimicrobial activity test. The results showed that antimicrobial activities of the composite films increased as the amount of aloe gel powder used in the composite films increased. The average area of inhibitory zones for films with composition of aloe/gelatin = 1/4 and aloe/gelatin = 4/1 was 1.63–2.38 and 3.82–4.80 cm², respectively.     

可食性膜在果蔬贮藏保鲜中的应用

主要介绍可食性膜的概念、特点、类型及其在果蔬保鲜中的应用。     

可食性膜在果蔬贮藏保鲜中的应用

主要介绍可食性膜的概念、特点、类型及其在果蔬保鲜中的应用。     

植物抗菌剂抑菌机理及其在食品防腐中的应用

综述了植物抗菌剂在食品中的应用,控制食品腐败的作用和机理,及其发展趋势。通过总结前人在抑菌作用机理、食品成分对植物提取物的影响、植物提取物间的交互作用和植物提取物与其他技术相结合贮藏食品的研究成果,总结出植物抗菌剂与食品成分的相互作用会使其活性降低;较高的抗菌剂浓度会导致食品味道和香气的改变;体外条件下植物提取物的抗菌活性与其在食品体系中的活性有很大差别等影响植物抗菌剂使用的问题。这需要通过深入研究植物提取物与食品微生态的关系,加大力度开发有效植物资源,植物抗菌剂与食品加工、包装和贮藏技术相结合等才可能得到解决。     

Antimicrobial activity of whey protein isolate edible films with essential oils against food spoilers and foodborne pathogens

The use of antimicrobial edible film is proposed as a means of improving food safety and extending the shelf-life of food systems by controlling the release of antimicrobials on food surfaces. In this work we first selected and studied 8 different essential oils (EOs) from plants, namely, oregano, clove, tea tree, coriander, mastic thyme, laurel, rosemary, and sage as natural antimicrobials against 2 gram-positive bacteria (Listeria innocua and Staphylococcus aureus) and 2 gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella enteritidis and Pseudomona fragi) by using the agar disk diffusion method. EOs from oregano, clove, and tea tree produced the largest surfaces of inhibition against the growth of the 4 bacterial strains tested. Second and following the assessment of compatibility, stable antimicrobial edible films based on whey protein isolate (WPI) with increasing concentrations (0.5% to 9%) of the 8 EOs were developed and tested for antimicrobial activity against the same gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. WPI-edible films incorporating oregano or clove EO were found to have the most intense inhibitory effect of microbial growth. The bacterial strain gram-negative P. fragi presented the less susceptibility to the effect of those films. Moreover, only the edible films based on these 2 EOs were active against all 4 studied microorganisms. On the other hand, the edible films incorporating tea tree, coriander, mastic thyme, laurel, rosemary, or sage EOs even at high concentrations (7% to 9%) did not cause any antimicrobial effect against the pathogens S. aureus or S. enteritidis. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Potential applications of this technology can introduce direct benefits to the food industry by improving safety and microbial product quality. The results of this research have direct application in the food industry with potential applications in various foodstuffs, including meat and poultry products where the control of spoilage bacteria such as P. fragi throughout their chilled storage or the improvement of food safety by controlling pathogens such as S. enteritidis are topics of particular interest for the industry.     

时间-温度指示器在食品智能包装中的应用研究进展

壳聚糖作为一种生物可降解聚合物因具有优良的包装特性和独特的抗菌性能而成为可替代传统石油基塑料的理想食品包装材料之一。同时,借鉴智能包装可以监测包装食品性状和食品周围环境的特点,使得壳聚糖基智能食品包装引起广泛的关注。本文首先简要介绍了壳聚糖的结构与来源,然后详述了壳聚糖作为食品包装材料所具备的包装性能和功能特性,最后重点阐述了指示型壳聚糖基智能食品包装在食品贮藏中的研究进展,尤其是在指示水产品、肉和肉制品及乳制品等易腐败食品新鲜度方面的应用,并对壳聚糖基智能指示包装材料的发展方向和趋势进行了展望,为基于壳聚糖的智能指示型食品包装的研发和应用提供参考。     

Physicochemical properties and application of pullulan edible films and coatings in fruit preservation

The effects of water, sorbitol and a sucrose fatty acid ester (SE) on the water sorption behaviour and thermal and mechanical properties of pullulan‐based edible films as well as the physiological responses of fruit coated with pullulan have been studied. Incorporation of sorbitol or SE in pullulan films resulted in lower equilibrium moisture contents at low to intermediate water activities (a_w), but much higher moisture contents at a_w > 0.75; estimates of monolayer values (within 4.1–5.9 gH₂O kg^?1 solids) were given by application of the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Guggenheim–Anderson–DeBoer (GAB) models. A single glass–rubber transition (T_g), attributed to the polysaccharide component, was detected by calorimetry and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) at a sorbitol level of 15–30% DM. With both tests the strong plasticising action of water and polyol was evident in the thermal curves, and the T_g vs moisture content data were successfully fitted to the Gordon–Taylor empirical model. Multifrequency DMTA measurements provided estimates for the apparent activation energy of the glass transition in the range of ? 300–488 kJ mol^?1. With large‐deformation mechanical testing, large decreases in Young's moduli (tensile and three‐point bend tests) were observed as a result of water‐ and/or polyol‐mediated glass‐to‐rubber transition of the polymeric films. In the moisture content range of 2–8%, increases in flexural modulus (E) and maximum stress (σ_max) with small increases in moisture content were found for films made of pullulan or pullulan mixed with 15% DM sorbitol; a strong softening effect was observed when the water content exceeded this range. Addition of sorbitol increased the water vapour transmission rate of the films, whereas addition of SE had the opposite effect. Application of a pullulan/sorbitol/SE coating on strawberries resulted in large changes in internal fruit atmosphere composition which were beneficial for extending the shelf‐life of this fruit; the coated fruit showed much higher levels of CO₂, a large reduction in internal O₂, better firmness and colour retention and a reduced rate of weight loss. In contrast, similar studies on whole kiwifruits showed increased levels of internal ethylene, which caused acceleration of fruit ripening during storage. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

植酸的食品保鲜机理及应用

本文通过植酸的分子结构,分析了植酸的理化特性及高效螯合金属离子的作用机理。介绍了植酸在食品行业中作为抗氧化剂、护色剂、沉淀剂的理论研究和应用概况,并对植酸食品保鲜技术进行了展望。     

淀粉基食品薄膜在肉制品保鲜中的应用

肉制品作为具有高生物价值的蛋白质、矿物质、维生素和过量生物活性化合物等基本营养素的来源,被人们广泛接受和喜爱。但是肉质品在不当环境下储存极易腐败变质,因此亟需寻求绿色、高效的保鲜技术。近年来,淀粉作为一种可成膜多糖被广泛用于制备生物可降解薄膜以用于食品包装,通过作为抗氧化抗菌生物活性物质载体或隔绝氧气等来维持肉制品的新鲜度,目前基于淀粉与成膜材料联合制备的复合膜已成为肉制品防腐保鲜技术的研究热点。因此,本文通过综述淀粉的基本性质、基于淀粉制备的食品复合膜的结构及特性,以及重点阐述淀粉基食品薄膜与精油、天然提取物、纳米复合材料等联用在肉制品保鲜中的研究进展,以期为淀粉基食品薄膜在肉制品保鲜中的应用提供理论参考。     

Trends in the use of natural antioxidants in active food packaging: a review

The demand for natural antioxidant active packaging is increasing due to its unquestionable advantages compared with the addition of antioxidants directly to the food. Therefore, the search for antioxidants perceived as natural, namely those that naturally occur in herbs and spices, is a field attracting great interest. In line with this, in the last few years, natural antioxidants such as α-tocopherol, caffeic acid, catechin, quercetin, carvacrol and plant extracts (e.g. rosemary extract) have been incorporated into food packaging. On the other hand, consumers and the food industry are also interested in active biodegradable/compostable packaging and edible films to reduce environmental impact, minimise food loss and minimise contaminants from industrial production and reutilisation by-products. The present review focuses on the natural antioxidants already applied in active food packaging, and it reviews the methods used to determine the oxidation protection effect of antioxidant active films and the methods used to quantify natural antioxidants in food matrices or food simulants. Lastly consumers’ demands and industry trends are also addressed.