22种氯代烃气体标准样品的气瓶筛选研究

介绍了22种氯代烃气体标准样品的气瓶筛选的研究方法,并考察了进口涂层气瓶、国产涂层气瓶、国产普通气瓶用于制备22种氯代烃气体标准样品的适用性。     

原位修复氯代烃污染场地地下水的现场中试研究

以典型氯代烃污染场地为试验基地,采用原位注入方法,研究了添加强化药剂对地下水氯代烃厌氧还原脱氯降解和化学环境变化的影响。结果表明,强化药剂能有效促进氯代烃污染地下水的原位还原修复,且对1,1,1-三氯乙烷、1,1-二氯乙烷的去除效果(平均去除率>99%)好于对1,1-二氯乙烯的效果(平均去除率78.9%);药剂最佳作用时间为注入后90d内,最佳作用半径为1.5m,主要作用途径为药剂中缓释有机碳介导的厌氧生物还原脱氯。     

22种氯代烃标准气体的瓶内均匀性研究

分子量大的氯代烃在气瓶内可能出现分层、沸点高的氯代烃可能在气瓶内吸附,从而引起挥发性氯代烃混合标准气体出现瓶内不均匀的现象。研究确定了氮气中22种挥发性氯代烃标准气体瓶内均匀性的实验方法,并通过考察量值随样品压力的变化来评价样品在瓶内的均匀性。根据实验结果分别计算了22种氯代烃瓶内不均匀性所引起的不确定度,结果显示在样品压力2 MPa时,1,1,2,2-四氯乙烷、间二氯苯、对二氯苯、邻二氯苯的量值显著变大,其瓶内不均匀性所引起的不确定度2%。样品压力2 MPa,22种挥发性氯代烃标准气体会出现不均匀现象,因此样品的最低使用压力为2 MPa。     

微生物法分步修复氯代烃污染地下水的初探

以无泡曝气膜组件为氢源和氧源的释放装置,分别建立厌氧还原修复区和好氧氧化分解区,并考察了氢气和氧气曝气压力对水相氧化还原电位的影响及曝气过程对厌氧还原脱氯反应、好氧氧化分解反应的影响。结果表明:厌氧还原脱氯区的氧化还原电位-水相停留时间曲线均呈现出上开口抛物线特征;好氧氧化分解区的氧化还原电位-水相停留时间曲线均呈现出下开口抛物线特征;两个修复区的最佳停留时间比例为4∶1。     

石油磺酸盐中氯代烃的检测——顶空气相色谱法

本文建立了顶空气相色谱法检测石油磺酸盐中氯代烃含量的方法,成功实现了对石油磺酸盐中氯代烃的精确定量分析,检测限为1mg/L。     

不饱和氯代烃制备不饱和醇的催化水解工艺研究

采用催化水解法为合成方法,开发了由不饱和氯代烃制备不饱和醇的高效新工艺。研究了催化剂种类和用量、助催化剂、氯代烃、反应时间和反应温度等因素对不饱和醇制备过程的影响规律。优化工艺为:催化剂Cu Cl/Na I为催化体系,用量均为氯代烃摩尔量的2%;反应温度为70℃;反应时间为6 h。在此条件下,不饱和醇的收率80%。当催化水解母液循环利用时,只需每次补加氯代烃摩尔量0.5%的催化剂,不饱和醇的收率基本不变。合成的不饱和醇经过了气相和核磁表征。     

三氯乙烯生产废水中氯代烃的脱除

以三氯乙烯生产工业废水为处理对象,采用0价铁催化还原、混凝沉淀法,对氯代烃进行脱除处理,探讨了脱氯处理效果及其反应机理。结果表明,三氯乙烯的脱氯效率大于99％,其他氯代烃脱氯效率大于90％。催化还原反应在常温、常压下进行,反应条件温和,对三氯乙烯生产废水中的氯代烃具有很好的脱除效果。     

SiO2/P(SMA-co-MMA-co-BA)树脂的制备及氯代烃吸附性能

采用悬浮聚合法制备了一种二氧化硅/聚(甲基丙烯酸十八烷基酯-co-甲基丙烯酸甲酯-co-丙烯酸丁酯)〔SiO2/P(SMA-co-MMA-co-BA)〕树脂，用于水体中氯代烃的吸附去除。通过单因素实验法研究了未改性SiO2粒径和改性SiO2用量对树脂吸附性能的影响，并利用FTIR、界面参数、SEM和BET等对材料的结构进行表征。结果表明：树脂对氯代烃的吸附选择性强、吸附速率快，且当负载的未改性SiO2粒径为50 nm、改性SiO2用量为丙烯酸酯单体总质量的1.5%时，改性树脂在6 h内对CH2Cl2、CHCl3、CCl4和C2Cl4的最大吸附倍率分别可以达到49.10、56.41、46.50和43.45 g/g，与未经SiO2改性的树脂相比吸附能力分别提高了62.91%、49.23%、42.86%和54.08%；并且经过10次吸脱附循环后，改性树脂对CHCl3的吸附倍率仍有50.30 g/g，与未经SiO2改性的树脂相比其再生性能提高了42.21%。     

P&T/GC/MS/SIS法在加氯消毒饮用水中痕量挥发性氯代烃测定中的应用

以吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱联用选择离子存储法(P&T/GC/MS/SIS)测定自来水中微量挥发性氯代烃,确定了最佳定性定量操作条件,同时探讨了改变原水中加氯量对三氯甲烷形成量的影响.当进样量为5.00mL时,四种氯代烃的线性范围为0～50ug/L,相关系数达0.9991以上;相对标准偏差RSD＜9.8%;相对误差＜7.6%,样品加标回收率为88%～128%,检测限在0.0006～0.26μg·L-1.方法操作方便,结果令人满意.     

吉林石化"α-氯代烃基硅氧烷的制备方法"获国家专利

吉林石化公司研究院开发成功的“α-氯代烃基硅氧烷的制备方法”,日前获国家发明专利(ZL01131131．2)。     

Possible options for mitigating methane emission from rice cultivation

Studies focused on mitigating CH₄ emission from rice paddy fields are summarized and the possibilities and limits that the options might be applied to world's rice cultivation are discussed. The mitigation options are water management, soil amendments, organic matter management, different tillage, rotation, and cultivar selection. Altering water management, in particular promoting midseason aeration by short-term drainage, is one of the most promising strategies, although these practices may be limited to the rice paddy fields where the irrigation system is well prepared. Improving organic matter management by promoting aerobic degradation through composting or incorporating into soil during off-season drained period is another most promising candidate. There are several formidable obstacles to adopt the mitigation options into local rice farming, including limited applicability to different types of rice fields, increasing cost and labor, negative effects on rice yield and soil fertility, and time requirement for practical application. Further studies to verify the mitigation options should focus on the feasibility for local farmers. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

趋严的环保政策与染料业发展

本文考察了环保政策对染料市场价格的影响,认为环保已成为影响染料市场供需的主要因素,提出了染料工业应对未来环保趋势的办法。     

发生炉煤气站应用的政策限制与技术发展空间

本文分析了发生炉煤气站目前的应用状况、应用的政策限制及限制政策存在的问题,指出一段式煤气发生炉具有一定的应用条件,是气化无烟煤最为适合的炉型,不应将其列为绝对限制项目;国家及地方政府对于煤气发生炉的应用,应该予以监督疏导,不应武断地一刀切。同时提出设备制造企业只有立足技术及工艺创新,以煤气站的环境保护、安全生产为创新基点,深入挖掘系统资源节约的潜力,发生炉煤气站才能拥有稳定而广阔的发展空间。     

Macro‐economic multi‐objective input–output model for minimizing CO2 emissions: Application to the U.S. economy

Designing effective environmental policies for mitigating global warming is a very challenging task that requires detailed knowledge of the international channels through which goods are traded. This work presents a decision‐support tool that minimizes the environmental impact at a global macroeconomic scale by performing changes in the economic sectors of an economy. Our tool combines multi‐objective optimization, environmentally extended input–output tables and life cycle assessment within a unified framework. Our results on the U.S. economy to minimize CO₂ emissions identify sectors that should be regulated first to reach a given environmental target while maximizing the demand satisfaction. The impact of shale gas on our results is also studied. Our findings show that the application of process systems engineering tools at a macroeconomic level can provide valuable insight for public policy makers into problems of general interest. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 3639–3656, 2016     

Homogenized model of environmental barrier coatings for evaluation of energy release rate

For efficient calculation of energy release rate (ERR) for interface cracks in environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) with a columnar layer, we propose a simple and versatile homogenization method of the columnar layer. The columnar layer consisting of a number of fine columns is modeled as an anisotropic homogenized layer whose elastic properties are isotropic in the plane perpendicular to the layer thickness direction. The homogenization was achieved by a finite element method (FEM) analysis for a single columnar model to obtain elastic parameters that characterize the homogenized layer. For validation of the homogenization method, we conduct an FEM analysis for a typical EBC structure and obtain the ERRs of an interface crack with various crack length and columnar size. We demonstrate that the homogenization method provides estimation of ERR with a good accuracy on the safer side, which is advantageous for EBC structure design. In addition, the method can reduce the calculation time by more than 50%. From these results, we conclude that the proposed homogenization method can be applied generally for estimation of ERR in EBCs with a columnar layer.