Experimental investigation on performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine fueled with biodiesel from waste tallow

Tallow oil being one of the non-edible oils can be explored for biodiesel production; however, limited information is available in literature regarding the use of tallow biodiesel as an alternate form of energy. This study deals with systematic characterization of tallow biodiesel to find its suitability for diesel engines. The chemical nature and composition of tallow biodiesel as determined by NMR, FTIR and GC analyses are closely related to established biodiesel properties. In this investigation, tallow biodiesel blends (B10, B20 and B100) were used to study the performance and emission of compression ignition engine at different loads (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%), and the results were then compared with baseline results of conventional base diesel. The fuel properties of biodiesel and its blends were also determined which were comparable with that of diesel. Brake thermal efficiency for biodiesel blends were in comparable range with that of base diesel. The average reduction in carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and smoke emission for B100 blend of biodiesel was observed to be 16.04, 28.09 and 28.57%, respectively, compared to base diesel. However, there was an average increase in NOx emission (15.34%) for B100 blend compared to diesel. The overall results show that tallow biodiesel could be recommended as a diesel fuel alternate.     

A numerical study on the performance,combustion and emission parameters of a compression ignition engine fuelled with diesel,palm stearin biodiesel and alcohol blends

A numerical simulation has been carried out in this study to evaluate the effect of alcohol addition to the blends of diesel and palm stearin biodiesel on the performance, combustion and emission of a diesel engine. The commercial software Diesel-RK has been used in this study to simulate a single-cylinder, naturally aspirated, direct injection, four-stroke diesel engine. The simulated results have been validated against experimental observation for the base fuel diesel. The effects of two alcohols, namely ethanol and methanol have been separately investigated and compared. The results indicate that although the brake-specific fuel consumption is slightly increased, the other performance characteristics and the entire combustion and emission parameters are improved with alcohol addition to diesel–biodiesel blends. The instantaneous heat release rate, ignition delay and oxides of nitrogen emission are found to be more with methanol than with ethanol. The diesel–biodiesel blend also shows better combustion and emission characteristics than that of diesel except oxides of nitrogen emission.     

Effects of carbon nanotubes additions on flash ignition characteristics of Fe and Al nanoparticles

The influences of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) additions on the flash ignition characteristics of Iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) nanoparticles (NPs) were presented. CNTs can be used as the additive to these metal nanoparticles for improving the flash ignition and burning processes. Different mass fractions of CNTs additions were considered. The mixture of Al and CNTs could combust in air with obvious giant flame, whereas the mixture of Fe and CNTs combusted under a relative stable condition with slight red light. The temperature distributions were measured using non-contact optical method and showed that Al NPs mixed with CNTs were burning at a higher temperature level than Fe NPs. Although different mass fractions of CNTs cannot significantly change the overall flash ignition phenomenon, CNTs additions influenced the minimum ignition energy (MIE) of mixtures. The appropriate content of CNTs addition can decrease the Fe NPs MIE significantly. However, the Al NPs MIE decreased all along with the increase of CNTs content. The micro- and nano- structures of Fe and Al NPs with CNTs additions before and after ignitions were examined by scanning electron microscope and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the special thermal conductive characteristics of CNTs and the cross-connected features for metal particles with CNTs caused the enhancement of flash ignition.     

Design of piston bowl geometry for better combustion in direct-injection compression ignition engine

The current computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study presents the effect of piston bowl geometry on the performance and emissions of a direct-injection diesel engine. Different piston bowl profiles, namely, hemispherical combustion chamber (HCC), shallow depth combustion chamber (SCC) and toroidal combustion chamber (TCC), have been created with a baseline compression ratio of 17.5. CONVERGE^TM CFD code coupled with the SAGE combustion model was used for numerical analysis. It is observed that the TCC piston bowl geometry renders better air–fuel mixture inside the cylinder, which leads to a homogeneous charge. Further, numerical experiments are carried out to analyze suitable TCC piston bowl geometry by varying the depth of the bowl. Out of all the cases, the case with 1.26 mm decrease in depth of bowl from the baseline (TCC) design gives better emissions and performance characteristics.     

Performance of graphene-added palm biodiesel in a diesel engine

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy - An experimental study to unveil the effects of graphene into palm biodiesel on the compression ignition engine is conducted. Transesterified palm oil...     

Effect of reformulated fuel strategy on compression ignition engine compatibility using antioxidant additive and clean Karanja methyl ester

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy - The present work aims at investigating the compatibility of antioxidant with biodiesel through the tribological assessment of a compression ignition...     

冲击压缩下氧化铝陶瓷中的延迟破坏实验研究

利用轻气炮对不同厚度的氧化铝陶瓷试件进行了平板冲击实验,并借助激光速度干涉仪（VISAR）测试了试件的自由面速度历程。实验结果显示,自由面速度曲线上存在表征破坏波出现的二次压缩信号。根据实验结果计算获得了破坏波穿过试件的运动进程,并确定了试件中破坏波的运动轨迹近似为一条直线,得出在冲击压力为7.16GPa时试件内破坏波波速约为5.051km/s,破坏延迟时间约为0.105μs。最后简单分析了该现象产生的物理机制。     

An experimental investigation on the combustion characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine fuelled with an algal biodiesel and its diesel blends

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy - Conscientious efforts by researchers established that microalgae have huge potential for future energy production. Microalgae strain Euglena sanguinea...     

Influence of alumina nanoparticles additives into biofuel (water hyacinth)-diesel mixture on diesel engine performance and emissions

The using diesel and biodiesel blends as a fuel has been a recent field of study especially with nanoparticles additives. The addition of alumina nanoparticles to biodiesel was verified to reduce emissions, while engine performance was not given great attention to evaluate the effect of blending alumina nanoparticles with the diesel and biodiesel mixture on the performance characteristics of the diesel engine. Then performance and emission tests were carried out by using different fuel samples in a single cylinder diesel engine. The brake thermal efficiency for the alumina nanoparticles (50 ppm, 100 ppm) and biodiesel blends were lower than that of biofuel (D80B20) blends, it was decreased by 2.5 %, 6.05 % respectively as compared to the blend (D80B20). The rate of carbon monoxide emissions for the two biodiesel and alumina blends were lower than that of the biodiesel blend (D80B20) and the best reduction was for the blend (D80B20N50) and was 76.3 % as compared with the biodiesel blend (D80B20). Also, the nitrogen oxides emissions for all the blends with nanoparticles were lower than that of the blend D80B20 due to shortened ignition delay and less fuel was added during the combustion which lead to reduction in nitrogen oxides emissions.     

Influence of ethanol on the operating parameters of an internal-combustion engine

Distinctive features of the operation of an internal-combustion engine burning ethanol-containing fuels have been studied. It has been shown that the enrichment of gasoline with ethanol tends to diminish the concentrations of CO and NO in combustion products, with the engine’s fuel efficiency being inevitably degraded due to the lower volumetric heat of combustion of the blend. The experimentally confirmed technique of blocking the growth in the concentration of NO in the combustion products of hydrogen-containing fuels by enrichment of the blend with ethanol has been proposed; the optimum parameters of the three-fuel composition have been established.     

Experimental investigation of doped mwcnts on biodiesel for enhancement of the performance and exhaust emissions in a diesel engine

This article deals with an experimental work that aims to examine the effects of MWCNTs dispersed into diesel fuels. Nano diesel fuels were prepared by dispersing multi-walled carbon nanotubes into base liquid. The MWCNT nanomaterial was mixed in the fuel blend along with a surfactant by means of an ultrasonicator, to attain stable dispersion. Physicochemical properties of nano-additive based diesel were measured and compared with pure diesel fuel. Physicochemical properties of nano-additive based diesel were measured and compared with pure diesel fuel. An experimental investigation was performed at a constant speed of 1500 revolution per minutes at different engine load conditions. The engine performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine burning MWCNTs were compared with pure diesel fuel. MWCNTs to diesel oil is effectively enhancing the performance and decreasing exhaust emissions in a diesel engine. The properties of N80?+?JB20 with MWCNT fuel blend are changed owing to the mixing of biodiesel and the combination of the MWCNT nanomaterials.     

Effect of EGR on the exhaust gas temperature and exhaust opacity in compression ignition engines

In diesel engines, NOx formation is a highly temperature-dependent phenomenon and takes place when the temperature in the combustion chamber exceeds 2000 K. Therefore, in order to reduce NOx emissions in the exhaust, it is necessary to keep peak combustion temperatures under control. One simple way of reducing the NOx emission of a diesel engine is by late injection of fuel into the combustion chamber. This technique is effective but increases fuel consumption by 10–15%, which necessitates the use of more effective NOx reduction techniques like exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Re-circulating part of the exhaust gas helps in reducing NOx, but appreciable paniculate emissions are observed at high loads, hence there is a trade-off between NOx and smoke emission. To get maximum benefit from this trade-off, a paniculate trap may be used to reduce the amount of unburnt particulates in EGR, which in turn reduce the paniculate emission also. An experimental investigation was conducted to observe the effect of exhaust gas re-circulation on the exhaust gas temperatures and exhaust opacity. The experimental setup for the proposed experiments was developed on a two-cylinder, direct injection, air-cooled, compression ignition engine. A matrix of experiments was conducted for observing the effect of different quantities of EGR on exhaust gas temperatures and opacity     

Experimental analysis of fuel from fish processing industry waste in a diesel engine

In the present work, biofuel derived from industrial fish processing industry waste is used in diesel engines to study its suitability . Biofuel from industry fish waste is produced through catalytic cracking, and its quality has been improved through distillation. A single cylinder 4.5 kW at 1500 rpm was used to find the suitability of biofuel and undistilled biofuel in diesel engine. Experimental results show that the brake thermal efficiency of biofuel and undistilled biofuel is similar. Brake thermal efficiency for diesel, undistilled biofuel and biofuel is 29.98, 32.12 and 32.4%, respectively, at 80% load. Carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons, particulate matter and oxides of nitrogen emissions increase with undistilled biofuel compared to biofuel. There is a small reduction in carbon dioxide emission with undistilled biofuel compared to biofuel. Even though the cylinder pressure is high with undistilled biofuel, the intensity of premixed combustion is lower than distilled biofuel. The ignition delay and combustion duration increase with undistilled biofuel. Finally, it is concluded that the fuel derived from fish processing industry waste can be used as a fuel for diesel engine after distillation.     

An experimental investigation on the performance,combustion and emission characteristics of a variable compression ratio diesel engine using diesel and palm stearin methyl ester

An attempt has been made to use biodiesel prepared from non-edible portion of palm oil as fuel of a conventional mono-cylinder compression ignition engine. The present experimental investigation takes into account the combined effect of using blends of diesel–palm stearin biodiesel as fuels and the compression ratio on different performance, combustion and emission characteristics of the said engine. The experiments have been carried out on a single-cylinder, direct injection diesel engine at varying compression ratio of 16:1–18:1 in four steps. It is observed that the brake thermal efficiency reduces by 7.9% when neat biodiesel is used instead of diesel. But, it increases with the increase in compression ratio for all the blends. Brake specific fuel consumption and exhaust gas temperature increase with the addition of biodiesel to diesel and also with the increase in compression ratio. Heat release rate decreases with biodiesel, and it is minimum at the rated compression ratio of 17.5:1 for all the fuels considered here. On the other hand, ignition delay is found to be more with neat diesel, and it increases with the decrease in compression ratio. Significant reductions in emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) and smoke are observed with biodiesel, while the emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NO_x) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) increase. The decrease in compression ratio increases the emissions of CO, HC and smoke, but the emissions of NO_x and CO₂ decrease with the decrease in compression ratio.     

Experimental investigation of impact of diesel particulate filter on smoke and NO<Subscript>x</Subscript> emissions of a Euro-I compression ignition engine with active and off-board regeneration

Old engines (Euro III or earlier) produce more emissions, and it will be difficult to entirely stop their usage especially in developing and under-developed nations; hence, it is desired that appropriate emission reduction technologies are tested on such engines to analyze their feasibility and economical acceptability. While most such studies have been conducted on constant speed stationary engines and modern engines, this study tried to analyze the effectiveness of an uncoated wall-flow type ceramic diesel particulate filter on a Euro-I, water-cooled, direct injection, variable speed, compression ignition engine in a laboratory set-up in India. Also, this study focused on diesel particulate filter regeneration by two methods: active regeneration by diesel injection in the particulate filter using an electronic control unit and off-board regeneration by taking out and heating the diesel particulate filter in an electrical resistance furnace at 650 °C for 10 h. The results, in the form of smoke emission, NO_x emission and engine performance, obtained using both the regeneration methods were analyzed, and conclusions were drawn. It was found that using diesel particulate filter, particulate matter emissions (smoke) were almost entirely eliminated. It was also found that off-board regeneration had numerous advantages compared to active regeneration. Since a furnace would be needed for off-board regeneration, an exchange process for diesel particulate filter is suggested.     

脂肪酸甲酯对生物柴油十六烷值影响的研究

选用了菜籽油、葵花籽油、棕榈油3种植物油快速甲酯化制得生物柴油,通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪测得3种生物柴油的脂肪酸甲酯成分和相对百分含量.并比较分析了脂肪酸甲酯异同点,引用本实验数据和相关文献解释和论证了脂肪酸甲酯的异同对生物柴油十六烷值的影响,生物柴油的十六烷值随着饱和脂肪酸甲酯含量的增加而增加,多不饱和脂肪酸甲酯含量的增加(尤其是亚麻酸甲酯)而降低.     

Investigation of the effect of barium-based additive on smoke and NOx emissions of a diesel engine fueled with conventional and biodiesel fuels

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy - Nowadays, increasing energy demand and environmental and air pollution issues have spread the use of alternative fuels such as biodiesel in diesel...     

Influence of chemical nonequilibrium on the characteristics of power units operating on a chemically reactive gas

Flux parameter calculation features in the circuit of power units operating on a chemically-reactive N₂O₄ mixture are reviewed in this paper. It was observed that, contrary to chemically inert heat-transfer agents, a change in the state of a chemically-reactive gas under the influence of external action depends both on the total magnitude of the action and on its specific value. The effect of chemical reaction kinetics on the thermodynamic characteristics of similar type units has been qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed.Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering of Belarus Academy of Sciences, Minsk. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 62, No. 6, pp. 825–830, June, 1992.