Long-term consolidation behavior interpreted with isotache concept for worldwide clays

The consolidation characteristics interpreted with the isotache concept have been studied by many researchers, including the authors. The aim of most of these studies has been to calculate secondary consolidation with high accuracy in order to evaluate the long-term settlement of large-scale structures. In a previous study, the long-term consolidation characteristics of Osaka Bay clay, collected from the construction site of the Kansai International Airport, were examined, and a simplified method based on the isotache concept, using a compression curve and the relationship between the consolidation yield stress (preconsolidation pressure) and the strain rate, was proposed. The former and the latter were obtained from constant rate of strain consolidation (CRS) tests and long-term consolidation (LT) tests, respectively. The latter is expressed by an equation with three isotache parameters. In addition, it is noteworthy that the isotache parameters can be commonly determined for the Osaka Bay clays retrieved from various depths up to 300 m below the seabed. In the present study, the proposed method was applied to worldwide clays with various characteristics using the common values for the isotache parameters determined for the Osaka Bay clays. It was found that the long-term consolidation behavior of those worldwide clays can be well characterized by the proposed method, along with the common values for the isotache parameters.     

Strain Rate Effect on Long-Term Consolidation of Osaka Bay Clay

The consolidation characteristics of clay, based on the isotache concept in which the strain rate effect is considered, have been studied by many researchers. Most of these studies are aimed at calculating the secondary consolidation with high accuracy in order to evaluate the long-term settlement of large structures. In this study, as the first step toward improving the accuracy of the evaluation of long-term settlement at the Kansai International Airport, the consolidation characteristics of Osaka Bay clay are examined and organized based on the isotache concept. This study proposes a simplified model based on the isotache concept by using a compression curve and the relationship between the consolidation yield stress and the strain rate. The former and the latter are obtained from the constant rate of strain consolidation (CRS) tests and long term consolidation (LT) tests, respectively. The latter is expressed by an equation with three isotache parameters. This model is very practical because it requires a minimum of only one CRS test and one LT test. It is widely applicable to the Osaka Bay clay. The isotache parameters used in this model can be commonly determined for the Osaka Bay clays retrieved from various depths at the Kansai International Airport.     

外海料源回填造地土壤静动态压密沉陷特性之探讨

采用云林离岛基础工业区水力抽砂回填外海料源区土壤为试验土样，以海水作为孔隙水介质，在实验室利用简连贵（１９９３）发展之水力抽砂法模拟现地水力抽砂回填方式准备试体，以获取回填造地土壤之颗粒堆积特性。另配合传统的湿捣法，以重量控制方式，配比不同相对密度与细料含量试体，进行一系列Ｒｏｗｅ氏压密试验，同时针对回填土壤之堆积特性、细料含量、相对密度及孔隙介质等影响因素深入探讨，藉以评估回填土壤之压密沉陷特性。利用本文所建立之关系式可完整评估回填造地土壤受静载重与动态荷重后的总沉陷量，提供填海造地高程设计与压密沉陷稳定分析之依据。     

重塑黏土次固结性状的变化规律与定量评价

通过对6种不同的天然沉积土重塑样进行一维压缩次固结试验,明确了重塑黏土次固结变形的主要影响因素为孔隙比与对应于液限的孔隙比,得出了重塑黏土的次固结系数随着固结压力的增大和孔隙比的减小而减小,且相同孔隙比下次固结系数随液限的增大而增大的规律。定义了ln(1+e)-lnt双对数坐标下的次固结系数CαL,提出了双对数坐标次固结系数与液限孔隙比的定量关系表达式,为重塑黏土提供了简便实用的次固结变形计算方法,也为进一步完善Burland等提出的固有压缩概念与压缩理论奠定试验基础。     

Consolidation Inverse Analysis Considering Spatial Variability and Non-Linearity of Soil Parameters

One-dimensional consolidation inverse analysis based on the stochastic nonlinear consolidation model (SNCM) is discussed in this study. The model is determined from the standard consolidation test results, and represents the nonlinearity and spatial variability of the coefficient of volume compressibility and the coefficient of permeability simultaneously. Furthermore, the inverse analysis method is proposed on the basis of the SNCM and the finite element method mixed with the Monte Carlo simulation. Measured settlement and pore water pressure are used as observation data in the inverse analysis. The method is applied to the consolidation test results of kaolin clay, and its applicability is confirmed firstly. Then the inverse analysis of an actual soft ground is performed. Future consolidation behavior of the ground is predicted, and the spatial variability and the non-linearity of the consolidation parameters are identified. It is clarified in this study that complicated spatial variability and non-linearity of the consolidation parameters could be considered appropriately in the proposed inverse analysis method, and the method gives accurate prediction of consolidation behavior.     

Prediction of Settlement in Natural Deposited Clay Ground with Risk of Large Residual Settlement Due to Embankment Loading

This study endeavors to predict the settlement that could occur in the future at a site where settlement due to embankment loading is already occurring at present. In the site studied here, large residual settlement of as much as 70 cm has already occurred in the 4 years since it entered into service. It is believed that settlement will also continue in the future because excess pore pressure is still present within the clay layers. Furthermore, according to the method of evaluation proposed previously by the authors, which is based on the sensitivity and compression index ratios, it can be judged that the ground includes clays that are sensitive to disturbance and have a strong possibility of large residual settlement. In this paper, simulation of the settlement observed up to now at the site as well as prediction of the settlement that could occur in the future was carried out by deducing the higher compressibilities possessed by the in-situ clays compared with the undisturbed clay specimens in the laboratory. The soil-water coupled finite deformation analysis was employed using the analysis program GEOASIA, in which the constitutive equation for the soil skeleton is mounted with the SYS Cam-clay model. In addition, the effect of modifying the vertical section of the embankment by overlaying in order to counter the settlement was also investigated by numerical analysis. The results showed that such a countermeasure cannot be expected to lead to faster consolidation and that it may require massive funding over a long period of time to cover the maintenance and management costs involved.     

维多利亚褐煤的固结和渗透特性试验研究

维多利亚褐煤一般被认为是一种中级岩土材料(IGMs),其岩土工程性质介于常规土体和岩石之间。褐煤富含有机质,其自然结构和物理组分比较复杂。褐煤具有不同于常规软黏土的基本岩土参数,包括自然密度和相对密度低、天然含水率高、孔隙比大,渗透系数相对较低等。采用原状褐煤试样开展了标准室内固结试验,褐煤材料的固结变形曲线主要表现为:初始阶段变形明显且很快完成,初始阶段变形占比很大,在数分钟内应变可达50%,在较明显的拐点之后,后续变形相对较缓慢。标准Terzaghi固结并不能很好地适用于褐煤材料。设计开展了褐煤材料的常水头渗透试验,基于不同超静孔压消散路径采用2种方法测量了褐煤的渗透系数,试验测得的褐煤材料渗透系数值相对较小。     

Method for calculating horizontal drain induced non-linear and large strain degree of consolidation

Consolidating dredged clay slurries using a combination of vacuum pressure and prefabricated horizontal drains (PHDs) is widely used in practice. This is a large strain problem, but there is no existing large strain theory for PHD induced consolidation. A method with explicit equations has been proposed to consider both mechanical and geometrical non-linearities in analyzing PHD induced consolidation. The method considers stepwise variation of properties using imaginary time concept. An imaginary time is determined by the condition of continuity of degree of consolidation before and after changing the properties. Then the method was applied to analyze a large scale model test of vacuum consolidation with PHD. Two analyses were conducted. One considered both the mechanical and geometrical non-linearity (large strain), and another only considered mechanical non-linearity (small strain). The results of large strain analysis agree with the measured settlement curve and excess pore pressures well. While the small strain analysis under-estimated the rate of consolidation significantly. The results from this study indicate that for analyzing PHD induced consolidation of clay slurries considering the effect of large strain is important, and the proposed method can be a useful design tool.     

A Stress Path Method for Settlement Computation of Normally Consolidated Clays

A stress path method for computing the settlement of normally consolidated clays is presented. The proposed method introduces the characterization of the stress-strain behavior that eliminates unnecessary experimental cost due to uncertainty in the design stress path. For arbitrary control of the effective stress during consolidation, a technique of back-pressure equalization, which enforces the immediate drained condition on the soil specimen without change of the effective stress state, was used. To account for nonlinear anisotropic response in computing the consolidation strains, the iteration procedure was designed. For the proposed method, the stress path experiments on the normally consolidated kaolin were conducted. An example illustrating the feasibility of proposed method in precisely calculating the settlement is shown for a circular footing on the clay stratum.     

承压水降水引起地面沉降的实用预估方法研究

以地下水渗流理论和太沙基固结理论为基础,本文探讨了一种新的与现场测试相结合的两步沉降预估法,介绍了该法预测地表沉降的具体思路,并且推导了相应的计算公式。通过现场抽水试验获取计算参数和地表沉降分布规律,利用多井试验反演所得的降深与地表沉降关系,运用数值模拟手段对场地内的地表沉降进行预测。实例预测结果表明,该法能较好的预测承压水降水引起的地面沉降,是一种预测基坑降水引起周围地面沉降的有效方法。     

太湖湖沼相天然沉积土结构性评价

天然沉积土由于结构性的影响,通常具有与相应重塑样截然不同的力学性质。利用重塑土的固有特性作为评价参考基准,通过对太湖湖沼相典型沉积土的原状样和重塑样的固结压缩试验,从压缩特性方面探讨了如何评价土结构性对天然沉积土力学性状的影响。试验结果表明:土体结构性使天然土体具有的结构屈服应力对其变形性状起控制作用,屈服应力比YSR可判断土结构性的强弱;并与度量原位状态土体结构性抗力的应力灵敏度Sσ、衡量土的结构性对变形影响的稳定指数SI结合起来,作为定量分析和评价土结构性影响的指标;评价指标揭示出太湖湖沼相天然沉积土在沉积过程以及沉积后受到土结构性的影响,具有高位结构性。同时试验结果验证了该评价方法能够适合具有不同结构形式的天然状态土体。     

任意荷载下分数阶导数黏弹性饱和土体一维固结

将分数阶导数理论引入Kelvin–Voigt模型,来描述黏弹性饱和土体的力学行为。对饱和土体一维固结方程和分数阶导数Kelvin–Voigt本构方程实施Laplace变换,联立求解得到变换域内有效应力和沉降的解析解。采用Crump方法实现Laplace数值反演,获得了任意荷载情况下物理空间内一维固结问题的半解析解。并将指数荷载情况下分数阶导数模型退化到黏弹性情形,结果与已有文献解析解相同,验证了本研究提出任意荷载情况下分数阶导数黏弹性解的可靠性。最后,分析了相关参数对固结沉降的影响。研究表明,任意荷载情形下分数阶导数黏弹性饱和土体一维固结发展过程与黏滞系数和分数阶次有关,分数阶次越大,固结沉降发展越快;黏滞系数越大,固结沉降变化越慢;荷载变化趋势与由荷载参数变化引起的沉降变化规律是一致的,且最终沉降量一致。本研究有助于深入认识分数阶黏弹性饱和土体的固结行为。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区压实回填土地基沉降计算方法

沟谷型黄土高填方工程地基沉降控制问题既是重点也是难点,针对黄土丘陵沟壑区压实回填土地基沉降计算方法研究较少。通过室内人工配制试样与回填场地原位探井取样开展了一系列室内高、中、低压侧限压缩固结试验,探究了压实回填土的变形特性,基于割线模量法与分层总和法研究路径的不同提出了一种改进的沉降计算方法,对比分析了填筑体在不同计算方法下的最终沉降量差异。试验结果发现,采用基于Gunary模型非线性垂直压应力-压应变关系表示的割线模量法,计算所得的最终沉降量数值比分层总和法计算值偏小,两者偏差在4.8%之内。压实回填试验场地的实测压实度基本稳定在(70±5)%,通过提出的计算方法预测回填场地33 m深填方填筑体在水环境未变化时产生的总压缩固结沉降变形量为1523.2 mm,填方区的地基沉降量非常大,填方区的基础设施建设应在地基充分固结变形稳定后,同时,高填方施工应严格控制压实度,努力提升施工质量。该计算方法是对割线模量法沉降计算体系的有益补充,其计算结果可供实际工程建设参考。     

塑料排水板处理软土地基的离心模型试验研究

采用大型土工离心机对某海上机场工程近海软土地基上堤坝施工期及运行期进行了模拟。原型中采用塑料排水板固结法处理软土地基,模型中则根据固结过程相似的原理,换算成等效圆截面排水体,在模型制作中采用等效透水滤芯来模拟。试验中采用停机加载法模拟分级施工加载过程。根据激光位移传感器试验数据可以计算得出相应原型软土地基的沉降特性。利用试验得到的沉降曲线,采用"经验双曲线法"推算出了地基最终沉降,然后得出按沉降推算的分层地基平均固结度随时间的变化。对比沉降推算的运行5 a时软土地基固结度和理论计算结果,二者基本接近,表明文中塑料排水板的模拟方法用于离心模型试验是可行的。通过与理论计算结果比较,表明试验采用的塑料排水板模拟方法是可行的。     

高含水率疏浚淤泥透气真空防淤堵模型

透气真空技术解决了传统真空处理高含水率疏浚淤泥存在的淤堵问题,但其防淤堵控制尚缺乏有效分析方法.利用Ruth滤水理论建立了高含水率疏浚淤泥径向排水模型,采用透气真空抽水模型的试验结果验证了模型的有效性.同时,明确了反映淤泥排水层滤水性能的径向平均比阻arav在抽水过程中的变化规律:传统真空抽水形成的淤泥排水层有一个被压密的过程,孔隙结构不稳定,排水管道易发生淤堵;而采用透气真空抽水可以使淤泥排水层形成相对稳定的孔隙结构,有效地防止淤堵现象的发生.     

Reconsideration of the settlement behavior of peat from view point of hydraulic conductivity

This paper deals with the settlement of peat from the view point of hydraulic conductivity (k). The validity of using the oedometer tests, including the calculation method, for measuring k is carefully examined by numerical analysis as well as a test combined with an oedometer and a hydraulic conductivity test. It is found from these studies that the conventional oedometer test (JIS A 1217, 2009) can be evaluated to measure k for peat with the same accuracy as that for usual clays, provided that the incremental load ratio is unity. The significant difference in the characteristics of k for peat and usual clayey soils is their relation between the compression index (C_c) and the hydraulic conductivity change index (C_k). As a result, rather than remaining constant during consolidation, the coefficient of consolidation (c_v) of peat decreases considerably with increasing consolidation pressure (p), while the c_v coefficient for usual clayey soil is almost constant at the normally consolidated stage. The influence of c_v dependent on p is studied by a numerical analysis for the one dimensional consolidation problem as well as for the ground improved by vertical drain. It is found that if the incremental consolidation pressure (Δp/p) is large, careful judgment is required when adopting conventional consolidation analyses, especially in case of the vertical drain.     

砂井排水法在镇江电厂三期干煤棚工程中的应用

基于轴对称单井理论,将砂井打设所导致整个地基竖向渗透性增强的影响等效在太沙基单向固结方程的渗透系数上,确定出地基的竖向等效渗透系数,从而将砂井地基转换成无砂井地基的固结排水问题。这样对整个土基进行真三维固结的有限元分析就可以预测砂井地基固结排水所导致的不均匀沉降、土体侧向变形以及土体内的孔压消散,最后,通过某工程实例验证了该方法的有效性。     

Proposal of a Simple Method for Assessing the Susceptibility of Naturally Deposited Clay Grounds to Large Long-Term Settlement due to Embankment Loading

A simple method that utilizes the results of laboratory tests has been proposed for determining the susceptibility of soft clay grounds to large residual consolidation settlement due to embankment loading. It was found that there is a possibility of large long-term settlement if the sensitivity and compression index ratios of the clay material that constitutes the ground are equal to or more than 8.0 and 1.5, respectively. The compression index ratio is defined in this paper as the ratio (Cc/Ccr) of the steepest gradient of the compression curve of an undisturbed sample to that of the remolded sample. Through the SYS Cam-clay model, an elasto-plastic constitutive model that describes the actions of the soil skeleton structure, it was found that clays with large sensitivity and compression index ratios are characterized by initially highly structured soils and that decay/upgradation of the structure can easily occur due to plastic deformation. In addition, by following Schmertmann's graphic method for in-situ compression curve (1953), this paper proposes a method of deducing the in-situ initial conditions from the results of laboratory consolidation tests on undisturbed samples. These investigations revealed not only that large delayed settlement is facilitated in clays, which have higher degrees of structure and faster rates of structural decay, but also that the Δe method and other simple methods of predicting settlement may underestimate the amount of settlement.     

淮河干流香浮段疏浚泥固结度室内试验研究

针对淮河干流香庙—浮山段高含水率疏浚泥进行了能够测试底部孔压的一维固结试验,研究了土样变形和底部孔压随固结时间的变化规律,探讨了基于太沙基固结理论建立的变形时间曲线法(Casagrande法)和超静孔压消散法得到的两种固结度的差异性状。结果表明:Casagrande法判断主固结完成时,超静孔压消散没有完成,残余超静孔压约为荷载增量的10%～20%;随着竖向荷载的增加,利用两种方法确定的主固结沉降的差异程度随外加荷载呈半对数线性变化;以真空排水工法为例,分析了基于Casagrande法和超静孔压消散法得到的主固结沉降差异程度。     

Design and analyses of floating stone columns

Two-dimensional (2D) finite element analyses were performed on floating stone columns using the unit cell concept to investigate the settlement and the consolidation characteristics of an improved foundation system. Undrained analyses, followed by consolidation analyses, were conducted throughout the study. The computed values for settlement and excess pore pressure distribution over time are compared for different area replacement ratios. Based on these coupled consolidation analyses, a simple approximate method is developed to predict the degree of consolidation for floating stone columns. In addition, a simple method to calculate the settlement improvement factor for floating columns is proposed. The proposed method may provide more realistic answers than other design methods in view of the yielding characteristics and the influence of key parameters that are considered in the analyses. The key parameters relevant to the design of floating stone columns include the area replacement ratio, the friction angle of the column material, the loading intensity, and the post-installation earth pressure. Closer agreements are obtained with the proposed method than with the established Priebe׳s method or α–β method.