Ultrasonic-Assisted Enzymolysis to Improve the Antioxidant Activities of Peanut (Arachin conarachin L.) Antioxidant Hydrolysate

The objective of this work is to provide a theoretical basis for preparing peanut antioxidant hydrolysate in order to improve its antioxidant activities. Therefore, response surface methodology (RSM) based on the Box-Behnken design was used to optimize ultrasonic-assisted enzymolysis for the purpose of preparing peanut antioxidant hydrolysate. Results indicated that the DPPH free radical scavenging activity of peanut hydrolysate could reach 90.06% under the following optimum conditions: ultrasonic power of 150.0 w, reaction temperature of 62.0 °C, incubation time of 25.0 min, and initial pH value of 8.5. The DPPH free radical scavenging rate of peanut hydrolysate from ultrasonic-assisted enzymolysis improved comparing with that of peanut hydrolysate from protease hydrolysis alone. The peanut antioxidant hydrolysate was found to display eight improved kinds of antioxidant activities. In conclusion, the optimal ultrasonic-assisted enzymolysis technology conditions described in this paper, appear to be beneficial for preparing peanut antioxidant hydrolysate.     

Design,synthesis, and evaluation of amino-terminated oxidization modified peanut shell as adsorbent of microcolumn for Sudan-I detection and efficient recovery

Sudan I, as a common pigment, is harmful to people’s health. In this work, the alkaline peanut shell as the base, epichlorohydrin and DMF as the solvent, with HBP-NH₂ as the ligand to compose terminal amino-branched peanut shell. Optimization of the modified peanut shell was carried out at different temperatures, different molar ratios of reagents, and different time intervals in HBP-NH₂ using response surface methodology (RSM) for the first attempt. The structure of modified peanut shell was characterized by FT-IR and elemental analysis. The adsorption properties of the modified peanut shell for Sudan I were investigated by batch and column experiments. Batch adsorption results suggested that modified peanut shell had a high adsorption capability for Sudan I and its maximum saturated adsorption capacity was 248.14 mg/g at 308 K, estimated from the Langmuir model. The modified peanut shell and its metal complexes were studied by TGA and SEM. Furthermore, the modified peanut shell can be eluted easily using 2 mol/L NaOH. HBP-NH₂-P not only has a potential application for the selective removal of Sudan I from waste solutions but also has an application in the analysis and detection areas.     

探究新型固体吸附剂——巯基花生壳

以花生壳为原料,用硫代乙醇酸和乙酸酐改性花生壳做固体吸附剂,并探讨了巯基花生壳在不同吸附条件下,定量吸附水中的Ag(Ⅰ),用原子吸收光度法分别测定其含量的方法。在温度为25℃时,1.5 g巯基花生壳吸附做振荡吸附1.5小时可以达到最佳效率(可吸附约260.46μg/g Ag);或室温下,1.5 g巯基花生壳在pH为4.0的银溶液中做振荡吸附1.5小时可达到最佳效率。     

Peanut proteins: Applications,ailments and possible remediation

Peanut is an annually grown plant and the chiefly cultivated species is Arachis hypogaea L. Mainly three types of proteins, arachin, conarachin I and conarachin II are present in peanut. It is an important and cheap source of protein. It can also cause allergic reactions in human beings. The peanut protein contains two components, Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 which are mainly responsible to cause allergy. Different remedial measures have been proposed to fight with the allergenic property of peanut proteins such as treatment with peroxidase, phytic acid, active charcoal, and various enzymes to minimize allergenic effect. Improper storage of peanuts causes growth of a fungal organism that releases aflatoxin, which is a carcinogen to mammals. Use of aluminosilicate clay, gamma irradiation, ozonation methods have been discussed for aflatoxin decontaminated from peanut. In this critical review, we have given an overview of the different extraction procedures of the peanut proteins and pointed out the methodologies to minimize allergenic actions and detoxification of the aflatoxin contamination in peanut.     

瓜子壳和花生壳吸附去除亚甲基蓝染料的影响研究

试验以农业固体废弃物花生壳、瓜子壳为生物吸附材料,以亚甲基蓝染料为吸附对象,考察不同条件(如吸附剂用量、溶液pH值和吸附时间等)对亚甲基兰染料吸附效果的影响,结果表明,吸附剂量为2.0 g时,瓜子壳和花生壳对染料的吸附效果较好,均能达到吸附平衡;染料溶液在弱酸或碱性条件下,有利于花生壳和瓜子壳对亚甲基蓝的吸附;花生壳和瓜子壳对亚甲基蓝的吸附均在30 min内达到饱和。而瓜子壳对溶液中亚甲基兰染料的吸附能力要高于花生壳的吸附能力,可作为含亚甲基兰染料印染废水的处理材料。     

改性花生蛋白/PVA共混体系的流变性能

以花生粕为原料提取花生蛋白,对花生蛋白进行酰胺化改性,将改性花生蛋白与聚乙烯醇(PVA)共混制得改性花生蛋白/PVA共混原液。采用红外光谱仪对改性花生蛋白进行结构分析,并对改性花生蛋白/PVA共混体系的流变性能进行了研究。结果表明,马来酸酐对花生蛋白进行了酰胺化改性,改性花生蛋白/PVA共混体系为非牛顿流体,其表观粘度(ηa)随着温度的增加而下降,但随着PVA的含量增加而显著增加,改性花生蛋白的含量对ηa影响较小;当温度较低时,共混体系的剪切速率(γ.)对其ηa影响较为显著;共混体系的粘流活化能随γ.的增大而下降。     

The estimation of peanut meal in a premix for bread enrichment

Summary By modifying existing methods a dependable procedure has been developed for the estimation of defatted peanut flour in a premix containing this component in addition to skim milk powder and calcium carbonate. The method is based on extraction of the catechol tannin pigments of the peanut skin by refluxing with diluted alcohol, purification of the pigments by precipitation as the lead salts, and development of a red color in alcoholic hydrochloric acid. This red product has a maximum absorption at 545 mμ, and the extinction is directly proportional to the concentration of peanut meal in a range of 0–70%. Deviations from the linear relationship occur at higher concentrations. Using a premix containing 60% peanut meal, a standard deviation of 2.1% has been calculated for this procedure, indicating excellent reproducibility for control determinations.     

氯虫苯甲酰胺与联苯菊酯混配种子处理对花生地下及地上害虫的防治效果

[目的]为明确氯虫苯甲酰胺和联苯菊酯混配种子处理对花生田害虫的防治效果,筛选出合适的配比。[方法]通过田间试验观察2种药剂混配对花生田害虫的防治效果。[结果]收获期时,12%氯虫·联苯悬浮种衣剂(3∶1)有效成分用量为4 g/kg种子处理时对蛴螬和金针虫的防治效果最佳,分别为84.94%和81.82%;同时其对花生蚜(Aphis craccivora Koch)的防治效果最好,为31.99%;并可促进出苗,减少烂种,增产率达18.77%。[结论]该剂量混配对蛴螬和金针虫具有很高的防效,同时兼治花生蚜,对花生生长及产量俱佳,可推广用于花生田害虫防治。     

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ANEW PEANUT CURING PROCESS FOR WEST TEXAS*

Peanut quality is a major concern in all phases of the peanut industry from production to manufacturing. Postharvest processing of peanuts can have profound effects on the quality and safety of peanut food products. Curing is a key Step in postharvest processing. Curing peanuts improperly can significantly reduce quality, and result in significant losses to both farmers and processors. The conventional drying system designed in the 1960's is still being used in the processing of the pean uts today (Figure I). The objectives of this paper is to design and develop a new peanut curing process for West Texas.     

Yield and quality of tofu made form soybeans and soy/peanut blends

The yield and quality of tofu made from blends of soybeans and raw peanuts, partially defatted peanut flour, and defatted peanut flour were investigated. Defatted peanut flour appears to be the most compatible with soybeans for tofu making, followed by partially defatted peanut flour and raw peanuts. Raw peanuts could be incorporated at levels of 10% while partially defatted or defatted peanut flour could be incorporated at a level of 20%: higher levels produced tofu with either poor texture or low yield. SEM images of tofu made from 100% soybeans showed a uniform, continuous, three-dimensional honeycomb-like protein network structure. When 10% of the soybeans was replaced by either raw peanuts; partially defatted peanut flour; or defatted peanut flour, the protein strands that make up the network structure were thicker than those of 100% soybean tofu. When soybeans were replaced with either of the three peanut products at a 30% level, the protein strands of the network structure were either less continuous or appeared perforated.     

Extraction of peanut skin oil by modified supercritical carbon dioxide: Empirical modelling and optimization

ABSTRACT

Peanut skin is a waste by-product from peanut industries. It is rich in antioxidants and bioactive compounds. Therefore, the objective of this study was to empirically model and optimize supercritical CO₂ extraction of oil from peanut skin. The extraction conditions were pressure (100, 200 and 300 bar), temperature (313, 328 and 343 K) and rate of modifier ethanol (0.075, 0.15 and 0.225 mL/min). The extraction process was subsequently examined using modified Brunner and Esquivel models. The optimum conditions for extraction peanut skin oil were 279 bar, 70°C and rate of modifier of 7.5% with a maximum yield of peanut skin oil of 0.83 g and initial slope of 0.568 g/min.     

Gamma radiation effects on peanut skin antioxidants

Peanut skin, which is removed in the peanut blanching process, is rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties. The aims of this study were to measure bioactive compounds in peanut skins and evaluate the effect of gamma radiation on their antioxidant activity. Peanut skin samples were treated with 0.0, 5.0, 7.5, or 10.0 kGy gamma rays. Total phenolics, condensed tannins, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity were evaluated. Extracts obtained from the peanut skins were added to refined-bleached-deodorized (RBD) soybean oil. The oxidative stability of the oil samples was determined using the Oil Stability Index method and compared to a control and synthetic antioxidants (100 mg/kg BHT and 200 mg/kg TBHQ). Gamma radiation changed total phenolic content, total condensed tannins, total flavonoid content, and the antioxidant activity. All extracts, gamma irradiated or not, presented increasing induction period (h), measured by the Oil Stability Index method, when compared with the control. Antioxidant activity of the peanut skins was higher than BHT. The present study confirmed that gamma radiation did not affect the peanut skin extracts' antioxidative properties when added to soybean oil.     

基于鲁米诺-白藜芦醇荧光体系检测花生衣中的白藜芦醇和苷

探讨了鲁米诺-白藜芦醇体系的荧光性质,提取了3种颜色花生衣中的白藜芦醇和苷,并进行测定。实验采用超声-微波协同萃取技术进行提取,正交试验确定最佳提取条件,白藜芦醇和苷的含量用荧光法进行测定。结果表明,花生衣中白藜芦醇和苷提取的最佳试验条件是乙醇作萃取剂、料液比1∶25(g/mL)、微波功率50 W、萃取时间15 min;在pH 9的弱碱性环境下反应20 min,白藜芦醇对鲁米诺的荧光增敏作用最强,在0.5~50μg/mL浓度范围内,白藜芦醇浓度对鲁米诺的荧光增敏作用呈线性关系,由此测定3种颜色(粉、红、黑)的花生衣中白藜芦醇和苷的含量分别为0.261、0.370、0.257 mg/g。该方法可成功用于花生衣中白藜芦醇和苷的分析检测。     

Thickening action of hydroxystearates in peanut butter

When 0.5–1% of 12-hydroxystearic acid or the corresponding triglyceride is incorporated into unhardened peanut butter, the resulting product has stiff creamy consistency, and no oil separation takes place upon standing. Sensory evaluation of this peanut butter indicated that it was indistinguishable from typical commercial material in flavor and texture.     

Lipolysis of corn,peanut and randomized peanut oils

Corn oil, peanut oil and randomized peanut oil exhibit different atherogenic potentials; peanut oil being more atherogenic than the other oils. This study was conducted to ascertain if the atherogenicity of these oils was related to their rates of lipolysis. Using both pancreatic lipase and milk lipoprotein lipase (LPL), it was shown that the rated of lipolysis were corn oil>peanut oil>randomized peanut oil. The rates of lipolysis are not related to atherogenicity and may be affected by the distribution of long-chain saturated fatty acids in the component triglycerides.     

The influence of organic solvents on transphosphatidylation by phospholipase D from peanut in anhydrous organic solvents

Phospholipase D (PLD) is widely used for the transphosphatidylation of phospholipids, which is conventionally performed in biphasic systems. The influence of organic solvents on transphosphatidylation by peanut PLD in anhydrous organic solvents was studied and, for the first time, compared to that of a biphasic system in this paper. The results demonstrated that PLD activity from peanut was influenced by solvents of different polarity in anhydrous organic solvents, and the influence tendency of organic solvents (diethyl ether, chloroform, methylenechloride) on transphosphatidylation by peanut PLD in anhydrous organic solvents was the same as that in a biphasic system consisting of water and a hydrophobic organic solvent.     

Lectin may contribute to the atherogenicity of peanut oil

Peanut oil is unexpectedly atherogenic for rats, rabbits, and primates. The lesions it produces are more fibrous than fatty. The mechanism underlying the atherogenicity of peanut oil has been elusive. Randomization of peanut oil reduces significantly its atherogenic properties, but native and randomized peanut oils have similar rates of lipolysis, and rats fed the two oils absorb and transport lipids in a similar fashion. Peanut oil differs from other oils in having a relatively high lectin content, and the randomization process markedly reduces the lectin content as well. The biologically active lectin of peanut oil has an affinity for glycoproteins found specifically on arterial smooth muscle cells. Peanut lectin has been shown to stimulate growth of smooth muscle and pulmonary arterial cells. Vigorous washing of peanut oil reduces its lectin content by 46%. Compared to rabbits fed cholesterol and peanut oil, rabbits fed cholesterol and washed peanut oil exhibited less severe atherosclerosis in the aortic arch (by 9%) and in the thoracic aorta (by 31%). The data suggest that peanut oils' endogenous lectin may contribute significantly to its atherogenic properties.     

Optimization of Protoplast Isolation and Transformation for a Pilot Study of Genome Editing in Peanut by Targeting the Allergen Gene Ara h 2

The cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a legume consumed worldwide in the form of oil, nuts, peanut butter, and candy. Improving peanut production and nutrition will require new technologies to enable novel trait development. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR–Cas9) is a powerful and versatile genome-editing tool for introducing genetic changes for studying gene expression and improving crops, including peanuts. An efficient in vivo transient CRISPR–Cas9- editing system using protoplasts as a testbed could be a versatile platform to optimize this technology. In this study, multiplex CRISPR–Cas9 genome editing was performed in peanut protoplasts to disrupt a major allergen gene with the help of an endogenous tRNA-processing system. In this process, we successfully optimized protoplast isolation and transformation with green fluorescent protein (GFP) plasmid, designed two sgRNAs for an allergen gene, Ara h 2, and tested their efficiency by in vitro digestion with Cas9. Finally, through deep-sequencing analysis, several edits were identified in our target gene after PEG-mediated transformation in protoplasts with a Cas9 and sgRNA-containing vector. These findings demonstrated that a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated protoplast transformation system can serve as a rapid and effective tool for transient expression assays and sgRNA validation in peanut.     

不同包装处理对花生仁贮藏品质影响研究

研究包装处理对花生仁保鲜效果的影响。分别对花生仁进行普通包装、真空包装、充氮包装,监测存储期间花生仁水分含量、过氧化值、酸价的变化,对比3种包装花生仁的贮藏品质。结果表明:包装处理能够明显改善花生仁的贮藏品质,其中包装的阻隔性对花生仁的保鲜效果影响显著,真空包装和充氮包装花生仁的过氧化值和酸价分别低于普通包装31%~50%、26%~47%,对两重要品质指标的劣化有明显的抑制作用,说明阻隔性包装能够有效提高花生仁的贮藏品质。     

巯基花生壳对Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)吸附效率的测定

以花生壳为原料,用硫代乙醇酸和乙酸酐改性花生壳做固体吸附剂,并探讨了改性前后的花生壳在不同吸附条件下,定量吸附水样中的Cu(Ⅱ),Pb(Ⅱ)的能力,采用原子吸收光度法分别测定其含量的方法。实验得出,对于50mL 5.001μg/mL Cu(Ⅱ)溶液,1.5g巯基花生壳在常温下做2.5h静态吸附的吸附效率最好,可达到92.82%。而对于50ml 43.35μg/mL溶液,2g未改性花生壳(常温)和1g未改性花生壳(加热至40℃)做2.5h静态吸附时吸附效率最好,其吸附效率可以分别达到91.43%和91.26%。