Seismic performance of group pile foundation with ground improvement during liquefaction

A pile foundation with ground improvement under the footing is a composite foundation with the objectives of enhancing the seismic performance and rationalizing the substructure by combining the pile foundation with ground improvement. Although the effectiveness of this method has been confirmed in previous studies for application to soft grounds, the applicability of this method to liquefiable grounds has yet to be fully investigated. In this study, therefore, centrifuge model tests and finite element analyses were conducted to clarify the effectiveness of this method and to ascertain the improvement in strength (stiffness) when the method is applied to a liquefiable ground. Firstly, in order to investigate the effect of an improved ground on the behavior of the pile foundation during liquefaction, dynamic centrifuge model tests were conducted for three cases with different strengths of the improved ground. Then, three-dimensional soil–water coupled finite element analyses of the centrifuge model experiments were performed to validate the applicability of the analytical method. After that, parametric studies, in which the strength of the improved ground and the input ground motion were changed, were conducted using the same analytical model. The results confirmed that the horizontal displacement of the pile heads was reduced by the improved ground even in the liquefiable ground, and that the effect of this reduction was more remarkable in cases of high stiffness of the improved ground. Furthermore, it was possible to reduce the bending moments at the pile heads by applying the ground improvement. However, since the bending moment at the boundary between the improved ground and the natural ground became the local maximum, there was an optimum stiffness of the ground improvement at which the maximum bending moment of the piles was reduced. This is because improving the ground around the pile heads has the same effect as extending the footing. It was thus concluded that the behavior of the pile foundation is similar to that of a composite foundation comprised of a caisson and group piles.     

Influence of cement-fly ash-gravel pile-supported approach embankment on abutment piles in soft ground

Abutment piles in soft ground may be subjected to both vertical and horizontal soil movements resulting from approach embankment loads. To constrain the soil movements, the soft soil ground beneath the approach embankment is often improved using composite pile foundations, which aim at mitigating the bump induced by high-speed trains passing through the bridge. So far, there is limited literature on exploring the influence of the degree of ground improvement on abutment piles installed in soft soil grounds. In this paper, a series of three-dimensional (3D) centrifuge model tests was performed on an approach embankment over a silty clay deposit improved by cement-fly ash-gravel (CFG) piles combined with geogrid. Emphasis is placed on the effects of ground replacement ratio (m) on the responses of the abutment piles induced by embankment loads. Meanwhile, a numerical study was conducted with varying ground replacement ratio of the pile-reinforced grounds. Results show that the performance of the abutment piles is significantly improved when reinforcing the ground with CFG piles beneath the approach embankment. Interestingly, there is a threshold value of the replacement ratio of around 4.9% above which the effect of CFG pile foundations is limited. This implies that it is essential to optimize the ground improvement for having a cost-effective design while minimizing the risk of the bump at the end of bridge.     

Group effect on ultimate lateral resistance of piles against uniform ground movement

In earthquake engineering, pile foundations are designed to withstand the lateral loading that results from large displacements due to ground movement caused by strong earthquakes. The distress and failure of superstructures occurs when the lateral load exceeds the ultimate lateral resistance of the piles. The aim of this study is to estimate the ultimate lateral resistance of piles especially in terms of the group effect induced by the pile arrangement. Several experimental and numerical analyses have been conducted on pile groups to investigate the group effect when the groups are subjected to uniform large horizontal ground movement. However, the ultimate lateral resistance of the pile groups in these studies was calculated by applying load to the piles. The present study directly assesses the ultimate lateral resistance of pile groups against ground movement by systematically varying the direction of the ground movement. Although the load bearing ratio of each pile in a pile group, defined as the ratio of the ultimate lateral resistance of each pile in a pile group to that of a single pile, is an important design criterion, it was difficult to assess in past works. This study focuses on the load bearing ratio of each pile against ground movement in various directions. The use of the finite element method (FEM) provides options for simulating the pile-soil system with complex pile arrangements by taking the complicated geometry of the problem into account. The ultimate lateral resistance is examined here for pile groups consisting of a 2?×?2 arrangement of four piles, as well as two piles, three piles, four piles, and an infinite number of piles arranged in a row through case studies in which the pile spacing is changed by applying the two-dimensional rigid plastic finite element method (RPFEM). The RPFEM was extended in this work to calculate not only the total ultimate lateral resistance of pile groups, but also the load bearing ratio of the piles in the group. The obtained results indicate that the load bearing ratio generally increases with an increase in pile spacing and converges to almost unity at a pile spacing ratio of 3.0 with respect to the pile diameter. Moreover, the group effect was further investigated by considering the failure mode of the ground around the piles.     

One-dimensional wave equation analyses for pile responses subjected to seismic horizontal ground motions

This paper presents a numerical one-dimensional wave equation analysis technique for piles and pile groups subjected to seismic horizontal ground motions in liquefiable zones. The so-called Earthquake Wave Equation Analysis for Piles (EQWEAP) procedure is introduced for piles subjected to horizontal earthquake excitations. Disregarding the effects of kinematic soil–pile interaction, the seismic responses of piles can be obtained by approximating the free-field ground response analysis, the ultimate earth pressure model, and the ground displacement profiles. The nonlinearities of the concrete piles were modeled using the approximate tri-linear moment–curvature relationships. A case study and application concerns were presented. Although the analysis is in one dimension, it is found to be effective and able to provide a rapid estimation in foundation design when seismic pile behaviors are of interest. The advantages of this analysis are the time efficiency of the seismic design of pile foundations and the relative simplicity of the analysis. In addition, it suggests alternative modeling for the dynamic analysis adopting the commonly known static models and/or methods.     

Behavior and Simulation of Deep Cement Mixing (DCM) and Stiffened Deep Cement Mixing (SDCM) Piles Under Full Scale Loading

A new kind of Deep Cement Mixing (DCM) pile called Stiffened Deep Mixing Pile (SDCM) is introduced to mitigate the low flexural strength and unexpected failures of DCM piles. A jet grouting method with a jet pressure of 22 MPa, was utilized in the installation of DCM piles. The SDCM pile consists of a DCM pile with a precast reinforced concrete core pile inserted at its center. Pile and embankment load tests were conducted, and then the results of the field load tests were simulated by a 3D finite element method (FEM) to back-analyze and confirm the related design parameters. These parameters were then used further in numerical experiments. The field test results showed that the settlements and lateral movements of the SDCM pile using a prestressed concrete core pile with area ratio (A_core/A_DCM) of 0.17 and a length ratio of 0.85 was less than those of the DCM pile by 40% and 60%, respectively. Moreover, the SDCM pile foundation increased the bearing capacity by as much as 2.2 times. The average lateral pile capacity of the SDCM piles was 15 times higher than the DCM piles. A strength reduction factor of 0.40 was obtained at the concrete core and the DCM interface from the full scale pullout test. The behavior of both the DCM and SDCM piles was confirmed from the subsequent 3D FEM simulations. From the 3D FEM simulations, the length of the concrete core pile had more influence on the settlements of the SDCM pile than its cross-sectional area. However, both the length and cross-sectional area of concrete core pile affected the lateral resistance of the SDCM pile.     

水平荷载作用下高承台管桩的荷载传递性状及承载力研究

土地资源紧缺使得在地基回填基料缺乏的天津沿海港区建设中,首次采用了部分桩体"悬空"的高承台管桩基础,如何确定这些悬空管桩的水平抗力特性是工程实践应用中的难题之一。针对天津东疆保税港区物流加工区二期工程所采用的高承台管桩基础,运用有限元分析软件ABAQUS对水平荷载作用下高承台管桩的受力性状进行模拟。分析了不同桩长、不同桩径、不同桩身弹性模量、不同土质条件下以及不同悬空高度下高承台管桩的荷载传递性状及承载力的变化规律,并与低承台管桩受力性状进行比较。有限元分析结果表明,当悬空高度不大于1.7m时,高承台管桩水平极限承载力变化不大,而当悬空高度超过1.7m时,其承载力迅速减小。增加土体强度、桩身模量和桩径有助于提高高承台管桩水平极限承载力,桩长对其影响不大。     

某高层建筑素混凝土桩复合地基的设计

通过石家庄某高层建筑地基采用素混凝土桩加固处理的工程实例,对素混凝土桩在复合地基中的设计和沉降进行了分析,着重介绍了桩长、桩径、桩间距、桩体强度、褥垫层厚度等设计参数的确定,可供设计者参考。     

基于渐进破坏的路堤下刚性桩复合地基的稳定性分析及控制

传统的刚性桩复合地基支承路堤的稳定分析方法均是假定滑动区内桩体发生同时破坏。在已有研究基础上,采用有限差分方法开展了考虑桩体破坏后的不同性状(post-failure behavior)和不同桩体破坏顺序的路堤稳定性分析,结果表明无筋刚性桩复合地基首先在局部位置发生脆性弯曲破坏,应力释放后引发相邻桩体的弯矩大幅度增加并发生弯曲破坏,从而产生由局部桩体的弯曲破坏引发不同位置桩体的渐进破坏,并最终导致复合地基发生失稳破坏。假定桩体同时发生破坏的复合地基支承路堤的稳定分析方法将显著高估路堤稳定性,路堤下复合地基的稳定性分析应考虑局部位置首先破坏并引发其它位置桩体的渐进破坏。基于复合地基中桩体渐进破坏控制的理念,提出了路堤下复合地基关键桩的概念和分区不等强设计的稳定性控制方法,通过提高关键桩桩体抗弯强度及延性的方法,可有效提高路堤整体稳定性。     

双参数地基横向受荷桩的传递矩阵法解

为研究地基土体剪切刚度沿深度变化对横向受荷桩工作性状的影响,基于Newmark法和Pasternak双参数地基模型,假设土体剪切刚度为幂函数分布,由单元的挠曲微分方程求得了各结点的横向抗力。忽略了土体压缩变形和剪切变形的耦合作用后,对各结点的横向抗力做了简化,进而导出了单元的场传递矩阵及桩的总体传递矩阵;根据桩底边界条件,求得了桩的初始状态向量,确定了各结点的状态向量。算例分析表明:土体的剪切作用对减小顶位移和桩身最大弯矩有一定的贡献,且对中长桩的影响较长桩明显;土体剪切刚度沿深度变化对桩顶位移影响很小,地面处土体剪切刚度对其影响较大,双参数地基模型能够更好的模拟桩土的实际工况。     

立式钢制储罐基础设计

以某罐区立式钢制储罐基础设计为例,探讨预制桩、灌注桩和浅基础应用于储罐基础的设计方法。储罐基础设计可比拟为“板-柱结构”体系,借助pkpm结构软件分析两种桩型承载力、浅基础设计、场地条件影响及桩-土共同作用。储罐桩基设计应对水平承载力、竖向承载力和配筋量三控制设计,对于端承型桩基,一般情况下单桩水平承载力起控制作用。相同桩数时,采用方形布桩的边桩配筋比环形布桩的更易产生突变。应用于软土场地的砼预制桩不仅应进行桩基承载力计算,还应加强桩基配筋验算。     

Centrifuge model test on dynamic behavior of group-pile foundation With inclined piles and its numerical simulation

In this paper, dynamic behavior of a grouppile foundation with inclined piles in loose sand has been investigated with centrifuge model tests. The test results are also simulated with elastoplastic dynamic finite element method, in which, not only sectional force of piles, stress of ground, but also deformation of piles are calculated using a three-dimensional elastoplastic dynamic finite element analysis (Code name: DGPILE-3D). The numerical analyses are conducted with a full system in which a superstructure, a pile foundation and surrounding ground are considered together so that interaction between pile foundation and soils can be properly simulated because the nonlinearities of both the pile and the ground are described with suitable constitutive models. Different types of piles, vertical pile or inclined pile, are considered in order to verify the different characteristics of a group pile foundation with inclined piles. The validity of the calculation is verified by the model tests.     

侧向受荷板桩极限承载力的下限有限元分析

基于结构和平面应变单元,采用数值下限法分析结构–土体接触的稳定性问题。下限分析的求解借助锥形规划中原–对偶内点算法。提出了可以考虑轴力、剪力和力矩复合加载形式下的结构屈服形式;并以侧向受荷板桩为例,得出了水平力和力矩共同作用下的破坏包络线。结果显示:侧向受荷板桩的极限承载力H/(cL)是相对强度参数Mp/(cL2)的函数。该结果与Davis(1961)的刚性桩近似计算比较吻合。本文是下限有限元法首次采用结构和平面应变单元复合形式在深基础中的应用。     

Centrifuge model test on dynamic behavior of group-pile foundation with inclined piles and its numerical simulation

In this paper, dynamic behavior of a group-pile foundation with inclined piles in loose sand has been investigated with centrifuge model tests. The test results are also simulated with elastoplastic dynamic finite element method, in which, not only sectional force of piles, stress of ground, but also deformation of piles are calculated using a three-dimensional elastoplastic dynamic finite element analysis (Code name: DGPILE-3D). The numerical analyses are conducted with a full system in which a superstructure, a pile foundation and surrounding ground are considered together so that interaction between pile foundation and soils can be properly simulated because the nonlinearities of both the pile and the ground are described with suitable constitutive models. Different types of piles, vertical pile or inclined pile, are considered in order to verify the different characteristics of a group pile foundation with inclined piles. The validity of the calculation is verified by the model tests.     

深基坑剪力键支护模型优化研究

为寻求深基坑剪力键支护模型的优化形式,在剪力键支护体系构想与模型试验的基础上,设计了3组剪力键与直立桩之间不同组合形式的试验方案,在模拟基坑开挖过程中,对各方案中支护模型的桩顶水平位移、桩身内力及基坑外侧填土表面的沉降进行监测,同时设计了4个系列12组剪力键模型方案进行有限元数值模拟。结果表明:斜向桩与腰梁连接的节点位于直立桩桩身处的剪力键组支护效果优于斜向桩与腰梁连接的节点位于相邻直立桩中间的剪力键组; 腰梁位于直立桩上部的剪力键组支护效果优于腰梁位于直立桩中部和下部的剪力键组; 腰梁高度对支护效果的影响大于斜向桩与直立桩连接节点位置的影响; 剪力键模型的支护效果与斜向桩和竖向的夹角非正相关,并且在实际工程中夹角越大所占用的地下空间越大,基于数值模拟可认为斜向桩与竖向的夹角30°为剪力键支护结构的适宜角度; 斜向桩与腰梁连接的节点位于直立桩桩身处、斜向桩与竖向夹角30°且腰梁位于直立桩上部的剪力键组是较优的支护形式,这些成果可为剪力键支护技术的开发与应用中提供借鉴。     

沉管干振碎石桩加固液化地基试验研究

本文根据现场液化地基加固试验研究,对沉管干振碎石桩加固液化地基的原理、效果、质量控制方法进行了讨论。研究成果表明,沉管干振碎石桩用于处理液化地基具有较大的优越性。瞬态瑞利波法具有快捷可靠的优点,可以在地基处理质量检测中推广使用。     

新近高回填区塔吊亮杆桩基础的设计与施工

该文介绍了新近高回填区塔吊亮杆桩基础的设计与施工。塔吊桩基础设计主要从岩土分析、桩的竖向、水平承载力、桩身承载力、承台受冲切、受剪切承载力、抗拔桩基承载力和抗倾覆等方面进行验算,并对此提供了相应的计算简图、计算过程及计算结果。施工方面着重强调施工注意事项和安全措施。     

隧道开挖条件下被动群桩遮拦效应分析

隧道开挖不可避免地会引起周围土体位移,从而导致临近建筑物桩基础产生附加变形和内力,降低桩基承载力,引起上部结构失稳甚至破坏。如何分析隧道开挖对邻近群桩的影响成为岩土工程界所关心的问题,为此作者提出隧道开挖对群桩影响的两阶段分析方法:第一阶段采用Loganathan等(1998)提出的解析解计算隧道开挖引起的土体自由位移场;第二阶段基于Winkler地基模型将土体自由位移施加于桩分析桩基的力学反应,同时考虑桩基的遮拦效应分析隧道开挖对群桩的影响。采用三维整体数值分析方法分析隧道开挖对临近群桩的影响,并通过对比验证了简化解析方法的合理性,在此基础上分析隧道开挖条件下被动群桩的遮拦效应,分析表明:(1)群桩遮拦效应随桩间距增大而减小;(2)遮拦效应对前排桩影响小于对后排桩的影响,尤其是轴力;(3)遮拦效应对位移的影响远小于对内力的影响,其中对水平位移的影响很小,可以忽略不计。     

基桩检测方法及静载试验加载量问题探讨

由于有关规范对基桩检测的规定不完全相同,容易造成混乱。对《建筑地基基础设计规范》(GB 50007-2011)、《建筑桩基技术规范》(JGJ 94-2008)、《建筑基桩检测技术规范》(JGJ 106-2014)中有关基桩检测规定进行比较,对高、低应变检测方法及其适用情况进行分析,对桩承载力计算方法进行归纳,对静载试验加载量及桩身纵筋配筋问题进行探讨。得出如下主要结论:建筑桩基设计等级为甲、乙级的基桩应进行试桩,丙级的基桩一般可不试桩;高应变法检测基桩承载力和低应变法检测基桩完整性有一定的局限性和适用范围;钻芯法钻取的混凝土芯样试件抗压强度一般低于混凝土的强度等级;基桩承载力静载试验检测的最大加载量在不同情况下取值不同;需考虑负摩阻力的基桩承载力静载试验检测的最大加载量应考虑中性点以上部分桩侧摩阻力的不利影响。     

基于沉降控制的组合后压浆灌注桩承载力计算研究

以沉降控制标准为原则来确定后压浆灌注桩的承载力有着重要的实际意义。基于石首长江公路大桥工程开展的6根大直径钻孔灌注桩现场静载试验,通过对比分析桩端桩侧组合压浆桩压浆前后的试验结果,研究了组合后压浆对深厚细砂层钻孔灌注桩承载变形性状的影响,在此基础上通过统计得出了在不同桩顶沉降条件下桩端阻力增强系数、桩侧阻力增强系数的取值范围,并给出了一种基于沉降控制标准的组合后压浆桩承载力设计方法,最后通过工程实例验证了该设计方法的合理性。结果表明,组合后压浆条件下的深厚细砂层钻孔灌注桩承载变形性能显著提升,且承载力提高幅度随着桩顶沉降的增加逐渐增大;组合后压浆桩加载至极限状态时,其极限承载力至少提高66%,且能有效地控制桩基沉降量;同时组合压浆后能有效地改善桩端支承性能与桩侧受力特性,显著提高桩端阻力和桩侧摩阻力,并对桩基的荷载传递特性产生明显影响。此外,设计计算方法能较好地给出组合后压浆桩荷载沉降关系的范围,可保守地将计算结果的下限作为工程设计使用。     

伸出地面上基桩的动力稳定性研究

基于Hamilton原理,导出了桩在轴向动力荷载下的激振频率计算式,分析了伸出地面上基桩的动力稳定性问题,探讨了桩端不同约束、桩长比、桩径、地基土水平抗力和激振频率等参数对桩动力稳定性的影响,结合实例,分析了桩在不同桩端约束条件下桩的动力不稳定区域的差异。