甲壳素及壳聚糖的应用

介绍了甲壳素及壳聚糖的性质,概述了近年来甲壳素及壳聚糖在生物工程、化工环保、生物医学、食品工业等领域的应用进展。     

Chitin and chitosan nanofibers: electrospinning of chitin and deacetylation of chitin nanofibers

An electrospinning method was used to fabricate chitin nanofibous matrix for wound dressings. Chitin was depolymerized by gamma irradiation to improve its solubility. The electrospinning of chitin was performed with 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) as a spinning solvent. Morphology of as-spun and deacetylated chitin (chitosan) nanofibers was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Although as-spun chitin nanofibers had the broad fiber diameter distribution, most of the fiber diameters are less than 100 nm. From the image analysis, they had an average diameter of 110 nm and their diameters ranged from 40 to 640 nm. For deacetylation, as-spun chitin nanofibous matrix was chemically treated with a 40% aqueous NaOH solution at 60 or 100 °C. With the deacetylation for 150 min at 100 °C or for 1day at 60 °C, chitin matrix was transformed into chitosan matrix with degree of deacetylation (DD) ∼85% without dimensional change (shrinkage). This structural transformation from chitin to chitosan was confirmed by FT-IR and WAXD.     

甲壳素/壳聚糖在废水处理中的应用

综述了甲壳素和壳聚糖在含重金属离子废水、有色废水、食品加工废水和生活污水强化生物处理中的应用现状，认为甲壳素和壳聚糖是高效的生物吸附剂和絮凝剂，有颦在水处理领域获得更加广泛的应用。     

Adsorption of humic acid onto chitin and chitosan

The adsorption of humic acid onto chitin and chitosan has been investigated. The uptake of humic acid from aqueous solution was determined from changes in concentration, as measured by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The decrease in humic acid removal was observed with the increase in pH. A significant uptake of humic acid on both chitin and chitosan was observed. The uptake of humid acid on chitosan was greater than that on chitin. Adsorption isothermal data could be interpreted by the Langmuir and Freundlich equation. Langmuir and Freundlich constants have been determined. The experimental data of the adsorption equilibrium from humic acid solutions correlate well with the Langmuir isotherm equation, as compared to the Freundlich isotherm equation. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 2305–2310, 1998     

甲壳素和甲壳胺纤维质量的影响因素

概述了影响甲壳素和甲壳胺纤维质量的因素,如甲壳素和甲壳胺的品质、纺丝原液的溶剂选择及浓度的确定、凝固浴的确定;简述了通过化学改性来改善甲壳素和甲壳胺纤维性能;介绍了国内外为改善纤维质量所作的最新研究。     

甲壳素/壳聚糖医用敷料研究进展

天然高分子甲壳素和壳聚糖具有良好的物化性质、生理活性、生物相容性和生物可降解性,无有害降解物,具有止血和抑菌作用,可促进伤口愈合和组织修复再生,在医用敷料方面有广阔的应用前景.本文综述了近几年甲壳素和壳聚糖作为医用敷料的研究进展.     

Preparation of acetylated chitosan sponges (chitin sponges)

Acetylated chitosan sponges (chitin sponges) were prepared according to acetylation time (25, 50, 75, and 100 h). As the acetylation time increased, the degree of acetylation increased, and a 75‐h acetylation time produced the highest degree of acetylation (DA). The surface morphologies of samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Sponge samples were shown by a water uptake ability test to have higher water absorption abilities. An in vitro biodegradation test showed that sponges with a higher DA were more susceptible to lysozyme hydrolysis. Acetylated chitosan sponges were further shown by an in vitro fibroblast proliferation test to have a higher degree of cell viability on increasing the DA, with 75 h exhibiting the maximum effect. The results showed that the wound healing effect of chitosan sponges can be controlled by the DA. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Interaction of lead and chromium with chitin and chitosan

The interaction of the natural marine polymer chitin and its deacetylated derivative chitosan with lead and chromium has been investigated. The uptake of lead and chromium was determined from changes in concentration as measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. A significant uptake of Pb(II) on both chitosan and chitin was observed. However, the uptake of Pb(II) on chitin was approximately 21% of that on chitosan. The number of Natoms in chitin and chitosan and per number of Pb(II) ions sorbed was 115 and 29, respectively. The number density of flakes observed in the scanning electron microscope and characterized by an intense Pb signal in energy dispersive analysis of x rays (EDAX) was greater on the surface of chitosan [containing 1.7 × 10^?4 mole Pb(II)/g chitosan] than chitin [containing 3.5 × 10^?5 mole Pb(II)/g chitin] after equilibration with Pb(II) solution. The bonding state of lead on chitosan as determined by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) is similar to the bonding of lead in PbO based on the Pb 4f_7/2 binding energy. A significant shift in the O 1s binding energy from 532.2 to 531.4 eV was observed for chitosen after equilibration with Pb(II) solution. The caculated values of the N/Pb ratio from ESCA spectra were 0.5 and 11, for chitosan and chitin, respectively. A significant uptake of Cr(III) on chitosan was observed and a significant increase in the pH of solutions of Cr(III) on equilibration with chitosan occurred. A high number density of nodules characterized by an intense Cr signal in EDAX was observed in chitosan [containing 2.5 mole Cr(III)/g chitosan] after equilibration with Cr(III) solution. The calculated values of the N/Cr ratio from ESCA spectra was 18 for chitosan.     

Regioselective introduction of β-galactoside branches into chitosan and chitin

β-d-Galactoside branches have been introduced into chitosan and chitin regioselectively through a series of controlled modification reactions based on N-phthaloyl-chitosan. The glycosylation reaction between a chitosan derivative having a reactive group only at C-6 and an orthoester of d-galactose proceeded efficiently to give a protected product with a degree of substitution up to about 0.5. Deprotection gave a branched chitosan, and the subsequent N-acetylation afforded a branched chitin. Unlike chitosan and chitin, the resulting nonnatural branched polysaccharides were characterized by high affinity for solvents and readily soluble in neutral water. Furthermore, branched chitin was easily degraded by lysozyme. Received: 31 July 1997/Revised: 2 September 1997/Accepted: 19 September 1997     

Entanglement network of chitin and chitosan in ionic liquid solutions

Concentrated solutions of a chitin from squid pens and of two commercial samples of chitosan were successfully prepared by using an ionic liquid 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate as a solvent. The dynamic viscoelasticity data for the solutions exhibited rubbery plateaus, indicating the existence of entanglement network of chitin and chitosan in the solutions. To characterize the network, the values of the molecular weight between entanglements (M_e) for chitin and chitosan in the solutions were determined from the plateau moduli. Then the values of M_e in the molten state (M_e,melt), a material constant reflecting the inherent nature of polymer species, for chitin and chitosan were estimated to be 1.7 × 10³ and 3.0 × 10³, respectively. It was found that there was a significant difference in M_e,melt between chitin and chitosan. Compared with other polysaccharides such as cellulose and agarose in terms of the number of monosaccharide units between entanglements (N_unit), chitin had significantly smaller N_unit of 8, while chitosan had equivalent N_unit of 19. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2439–2443, 2013     

Current state of chitin purification and chitosan production from insects

Chitin, and especially its deacetylated variant chitosan, has many applications, e.g. as carrier material for pharmaceutical drugs or as a flocculant in wastewater treatment. Despite its versatility and accessibility, chitin, the second most abundant polysaccharide on Earth, has so far been commercially extracted only from crustaceans and to a minor extent from fungi. Insects are a viable alternative source of chitin, but they have not been exploited in the past due to limited availability. Today however, for the sustainable production of animal feed, insect farming is being developed substantially. The availability of large quantities of insect biomass and chitin-rich side products such as exuviae and exoskeletons has been increasing. This review provides an overview of recently published studies of chitin extraction from insects, its subsequent conversion into chitosan and the primary analytical methods used to characterize insect-based chitin and chitosan. We have discovered a large number of research articles published over the past 20 years, confirming the increased attention being received by chitin and chitosan production from insects. Despite numerous publications, we identified several knowledge gaps, such as a lack of data concerning chitin purification degree and chitosan yield. Furthermore, analytical methods used to obtain physicochemical characteristics, structural information and chemical composition meet basic qualitative requirements but do not satisfy the need for a more quantitative evaluation. Despite the current shortcomings that need to be overcome, this review presents encouraging data on the use of insects as an alternative source of chitin and chitosan in the future. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).     

碳酸钙晶须的合成及形成过程

研究了用氯化钙－氯化镁－氢氧化镁体系碳化制备碳酸钙晶须的过程。结果表明，在较高的初始氧化钙与氯化镁摩尔比下，所得粉体由碳酸钙球形粒子，玉米棒状晶须和少量光滑晶须构成。在碳化过程, 首无形成大量的碳酸钙球形粒子，然后粒子集形成粒子链，继续生长或断裂形成玉米棒状结晶，光滑晶须在反应的后期形成。体系中反应前存在的氢氧化钙粒子是早期球形粒子聚集成粒子链，进而形成玉米棒状晶须的原因。在较低的氧化钙与氯化镁摩尔比下，晶须的形成过程不同于高氧化钙与氯化镁摩尔比下的情况，可以制轩出由大量光滑晶须和少量球形粒子构成的粉体材料。     

克氏螯虾制备甲壳素及壳聚糠的研究

以克氏螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)壳为原料,通过脱脂、脱蛋白及脱钙得到甲壳素,甲壳素继续脱乙酰基制得壳聚糖。研究了HCl质量分数、酸浸时间对甲壳素脱钙的影响及NaOH质量分数、反应时间对壳聚糖脱乙酰度和黏度的影响。得到较佳的工艺为:wHCl=5%,酸浸时间2 h;wNaOH=45%,脱乙酰反应时间4 h。制得甲壳素中灰分0.9%,壳聚糖脱乙酰度81%,黏度440 mPa.s。另外,在甲壳素制备中,通过原料粉碎、添加复合脱脂剂等工艺的改进来提高效率,降低酸、碱消耗,产品质量也得到提高。     

水热法制备纳米分散颗粒和晶须材料进展

纳米分散颗粒和一维晶须材料性能优越、用途广泛,是近年研究热点。液相法尤其是水热法因具有过程简单和能耗低等特点而被广泛用于制备纳米材料。首先介绍了近年来水热技术在纳米分散颗粒制备中的进展,包括超临界水热法、连续水热法以及水热改性法,并分析了其实现纳米颗粒粒径及分散性控制的原理。然后介绍了两种水热制备晶须材料的新思路,包括水热重结晶法和离子诱导-结构重整法,阐述了其实现晶须定向生长的机制。     

Monolayer formation of chitin derivatives containing PMMA side-chains

The monolayer behaviour of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-grafted chitin derivatives was studied on an air–water interface by measuring surface pressure–area isotherms. The formation of a stable monolayer indicates the well-defined packing and orientation of the chitin derivative, which can be regulated by the main-chain length under appropriate experimental conditions. The isotherms exhibit a transition point from a liquid expanded phase to a condensed phase at a surface pressure of approximately 15mN/m for almost all monolayers examined. The transition pressure decreases with increase of temperature from 10 to 20°C. The properties of the sub-phase affected the formation of a monolayer greatly. The collapse of a surface film takes place at lower pressure on the sub-phase of a 0.1 M NaCI solution. After introducing lysozyme at a concentration at 2.4 × 10^?8M to the sub-phase, the monolayer showed an extensively expanded phase with a longer transition region. This indicates that the monolayer was degraded by the lysozyme, resulting in a disordered structure. The results are contrasted with those of an aqueous phase where N-acetylglucosamine residues may be inaccessible to lysozyme so that the degradation of the chitin derivative occurs at a very slow rate.     

甲壳素制备壳聚糖脱乙酰度可控性的研究

介绍了甲壳素（ehintin）和壳聚糖（ehitosan）的性质、用途及发展前景;分析了国内外对壳聚糖的研究状况及取得的成果;描述了制备壳聚糖的实验原理;初步研究了在保证能获得大分子量的情况下提高壳聚糖的脱乙酰度的实验方法;介绍了测定壳聚糖脱乙酰基的实验方法;分析了影响壳聚糖脱乙酰度（Degree　of　 Deacetylation缩写：D．D．）的主要因素。     

Chemical structure and compatibility of polyamide–chitin and chitosan blends

This work presents a comparative study of the compatibilization of four binary blends with slight differences in their chemical structures. The natural polymers chitin (QA) and chitosan (QN) are blended with polyamide 6 (PA6) and polyamide 66 (PA66). The results, obtained using differential scanning calorimetry, infrared spectroscopy, and light and scanning electron microscopy, gave the following compatibilization sequence: PA6/QN ≈ PA66/QN > PA6/QA > PA66/QA. This behavior could be related to the ability of QN to form hydrogen bonds and also to the capability of the packing of PA66. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 78: 850–857, 2000