Dynamic rock tensile strengths of Laurentian granite: Experimental observation and micromechanical model

Tensile strength is an important material property for rocks. In applications where rocks are subjected to dynamic loads, the dynamic tensile strength is the controlling parameter. Similar to the study of static tensile strength, there are various methods proposed to measure the dynamic tensile strength of rocks. Here we examine dynamic tensile strength values of Laurentian granite (LG) measured from three methods: dynamic direct tension, dynamic Brazilian disc (BD) test, and dynamic semi-circular bending (SCB). We found that the dynamic tensile strength from direct tension has the lowest value, and the dynamic SCB gives the highest strength at a given loading rate. Because the dynamic direct tension measures the intrinsic rock tensile strength, it is thus necessary to reconcile the differences in strength values between the direct tension and the other two methods. We attribute the difference between the dynamic BD results and the direct tension results to the overload and internal friction in BD tests. The difference between the dynamic SCB results and the direct tension results can be understood by invoking the non-local failure theory. It is shown that, after appropriate corrections, the dynamic tensile strengths from the two other tests can be reduced to those from direct tension.     

弯曲试验确定岩石单轴抗拉强度的新方法

岩石的单轴抗拉强度是岩石的一个重要力学参数。四点弯曲试验法是获取岩石单轴抗拉强度的一种间接方法,但四点弯曲试验的传统公式计算出来的单轴抗拉强度往往比实际的单轴抗拉强度大得多,有时甚至是直接拉伸试验抗拉强度的2~3倍。因此,需要对传统公式进行改进,得出新的抗拉强度计算公式,并在四点弯曲试验中获得与实际比较符合的单轴抗拉强度。在岩石拉压模量不同的基础上,考虑岩石破坏前的塑性变形行为,通过弹塑性力学的方法精确地推导出四点式弯曲试验的单轴抗拉强度计算公式,并分析了新的抗拉强度计算公式的结果,获得与实际情形比较符合的岩石单轴抗拉强度。     

商品混凝土早龄期受拉强度的试验研究

在钢筋混凝土工程中,混凝土抗拉强度大多数采用劈裂法检测,探明劈裂抗拉强度与轴心抗拉强度之间的关系有着工程实际意义,但国内外文献中对二者之间的关系没有统一的定论。为较精确地获得混凝土早期抗拉强度,利用自行设计、制作的混凝土轴心受拉试验装置成功地解决了试件对中困难的问题。并对C20、C40、C60三个强度等级的商品混凝土进行了3、71、4、28d和60d的轴心抗拉强度试验,试验结果均不离散。得出了商品混凝土早龄期抗拉强度和立方体抗压强度的关系,并拟合出了商品混凝土轴心抗拉强度和劈裂强度之间的关系式,并从微观角度分析了二者破坏机理的区别。     

Bond and cracking properties of self-consolidating concrete

The experimental program is aimed at investigating the possible differences between bond and cracking properties of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) and vibrated concrete (VC). Four different mechanical tests were performed: splitting test, direct axial tension test, tension member test and beam test in flexure. Moreover specific additional tests were carried out in order to study the effect of the concrete skin (i.e. the surface layer of concrete which do not have the same mechanical and physical properties as bulk concrete mostly due to the wall effect and the evaporation of water) on cracking.Tension member tests did not show any significant difference between SCC and VC in terms of transfer length irrespective of the compressive strength of the concrete. Then, bond properties of both types of concrete are similar. No significant difference between SCC and VC tensile strength was observed by using the splitting test, the direct axial tension test and the beam test. Results obtained on not sawn tension members have shown that SCC cracking load can be significantly lower (up to 40%) than VC one. This reduction in cracking load can be attributed to a lower quality of the SCC skin. If the concrete skin is removed by sawing the specimens or if the concrete skin proportion in the tension cross-section is low (as in beam tests), the cracking loads and then the tensile strength deduced are similar for SCC or VC. The structural performance of the beams cast with SCC or VC can be considered similar under service loading (deflection) or at ultimate state.     

基于不同岩石抗拉强度值确定最大水平主应力的对比分析

水压致裂原地应力测量系统的柔性对最大水平主应力的结果会产生很大的影响,提高最大水平主应力的测量精度对各种地下等工程设计都具有重要意义。通过进行直接拉伸试验、“垫条加载”和“角锥荷载”形式的圆盘劈裂实验、弯曲拉伸实验获得岩石抗拉强度,结合实测破坏压力、孔隙压力数据及相关理论计算出最大水平主应力,并与利用经典水压致裂公式计算得到的最大水平主应力进行数据对比分析。结果表明:通过“角锥荷载”圆盘劈裂实验、直接拉伸试验、“垫条加载”圆盘劈裂实验、三点弯曲实验所获得的最大水平主应力均大于经典水压致裂公式计算得到的最大水平主应力,且偏差依次增大,由此也说明测试系统的柔性会导致利用经典公式计算的最大水平主应力偏小。4种实验中,通过“角锥荷载”圆盘劈裂实验所获得的数据较其他3种方法更接近经典公式计算得到的最大水平主应力,且偏差较小,可以作为估算最大水平主应力的一种替代方法。在未来的工作研究中,可以为避开系统柔性对实测最大水平主应力的影响、提高测量精度提供方法参考。     

植筋搭接混凝土梁静力及疲劳受弯试验研究

为研究植筋锚固在混凝土构件受拉区的受力性能,进行了5根采用植筋技术进行受拉主筋搭接的钢筋混凝土梁受弯试验。其中3根试验梁先静力加载至60%设计荷载,卸载后再加载至破坏,2根试验梁承受2×106次疲劳荷载后再静力加载至破坏。静力试验结果表明,植筋搭接梁在加载再卸载后有较大的残余变形,反映了植筋胶及粘结界面的弹塑性特性。不同搭接长度的植筋搭接梁其抗弯刚度差异不大,但其开裂荷载和极限承载力却有较大差异。将植筋搭接梁的试验结果与块体试件植筋锚固单向拉拔试验的结果比较表明,在相同植筋条件下,梁式试件破坏时钢筋的应力远小于块体试件单向拉拔试件破坏时钢筋的应力。在梁底部纵筋搭接区范围有较多的交叉斜裂缝。这些现象表明基材的应力状态及植筋的混凝土保护层厚度对粘结锚固性能有很大影响。疲劳试验结果表明,在疲劳加载的早期裂缝就基本出齐,从5×105次至2×106次加载过程中裂缝发展不大,也没有新的裂缝产生。在本文的试验条件下,疲劳加载对梁的抗     

离心成型钢纤维混凝土力学及耐腐蚀性能试验研究

通过力学性能试验,研究了离心成型钢纤维混凝土环形截面构件的弯曲抗拉和劈裂抗拉性能。通过在硫酸钠和硫酸溶液中的侵蚀试验,研究了离心成型钢纤维混凝土的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,钢纤维的掺入能显著的提高离心成型混凝土构件的抗裂性能和变形能力,同时也提高了混凝土抵抗硫酸盐侵蚀的能力。     

普通混凝土抗拉强度试验

对原状卵石、破碎卵石和石灰岩碎石三种粗集料配制的普通混凝土抗拉强度进行试验。试验结果表明,普通混凝土的单向直接拉伸强度约为弯拉强度的39%~48%,而双向拉伸强度比单向拉伸强度还要低20%~30%,表现为明显的双向拉伸强度弱化效应。这对于在车辆荷载应力和温度应力综合作用下的混凝土路面板等结构设计来说,是一个值得深入研究的重要课题。     

冻融循环后轻骨料混凝土双轴拉(劈拉)压强度试验和破坏准则研究

进行海水中不同冻融循环次数后轻骨料混凝土双轴拉(劈拉)压状态下的强度试验,考察试件的破坏形态和表面裂缝的走向特征。根据试验结果分析双轴拉压状态下的极限抗压、劈拉强度随冻融循环次数和应力比的变化规律。并在此基础上,建立不同冻融循环次数后主应力空间的破坏准则和考虑冻融循环影响的八面体应力空间的统一破坏准则,为寒冷海洋环境条件下轻骨料混凝土结构在经受拉压组合荷载作用时的强度分析提供试验和理论依据。     

砂岩拉–剪力学特性试验研究

岩体工程开挖和河谷下切均将致使岩体应力沿一个或多个方向卸荷,造成岩体应力场重分布。这种卸荷常造成岩体承受拉剪应力,使得卸荷岩体的破坏呈现明显张性特征。然而由于试验技术的限制,在法向拉应力作用下岩石剪切力学行为的试验研究仍非常困难。笔者研发了拉伸–双面剪切试验装置,可直接在常规微机控制伺服直剪试验机上进行试验(将法向压应力转换成拉应力)。采用此装置,开展了砂岩的拉剪试验,结果表明:拉–剪应力作用下岩石剪应力–剪位移曲线峰前仅出现初始非线性段和线性变形两个阶段(即没有峰前的屈服段);砂岩抗剪强度和剪切刚度随法向拉应力的增大逐渐减小;Hoek-Brown准则比Mohr-Coulomb准则能更好的描述砂岩在拉剪应力下的强度特征;随着法向拉应力的增大,岩样破裂面张性特征越突出且形状更为平直。     

掺聚丙烯纤维改善C120超高强混凝土脆性的试验研究

以C120超高强混凝土为基准,掺入聚丙烯纤维进行了混凝土的早期收缩、断裂性能、劈裂抗拉、高温脆性爆裂试验。试验结果表明:聚丙烯纤维限制了混凝土裂缝的发展;随着纤维掺量的增加,混凝土的韧性也随之增加;掺聚丙烯纤维后C120混凝土的劈裂抗拉强度和拉压比均有所提高,混凝土的脆性得到明显改善;克服了高温脆爆现象,实现了C120超高强混凝土的高性能化。     

不同强度海水珊瑚骨料混凝土断裂性能对比研究

对不同强度海水珊瑚骨料混凝土(SCAC)开展了抗压、劈裂拉伸以及预切口梁三点弯曲试验,获得了其荷载-裂纹口张开宽度关系以及断裂能、特征长度等断裂参数.结果 表明:随着SCAC强度等级的提高,其抗压强度及劈裂抗拉强度增大,拉压强度比小幅降低,开裂荷载与峰值荷载比明显增大,峰值裂纹口张开宽度显著降低;SCAC试件破坏均为裂纹贯穿骨料,断面光滑;提高SCAC强度等级可在一定程度上弥补珊瑚骨料的低强度缺陷,提高SCAC的断裂性能,但其脆性也相应增加.     

Digital image-based numerical modeling method for prediction of inhomogeneous rock failure

This paper presents a two-dimensional digital image-based numerical modeling method for prediction of inhomogeneous rock failure behavior under loadings. Actual inhomogeneities of granitic rocks are extracted from color images of the granite cross-sections. They are represented as the internal spatial distribution of three main granite minerals (quartz, feldspar and biotite). The actual mineral spatial distribution on granite cross-section is then incorporated into conventional numerical software packages to examine the rock failures under loading. Some digital image processing algorithms are presented to isolate and identify the main internal minerals and their distribution from color digital images. A simple method is proposed to transform the actual image data into vector data for generation of finite meshes or grids. The vector data are used directly as uniform square element meshes or grids that can be inputted into the existing software packages. The finite difference software package FLAC is used as an example for the present investigation. The conventional Mohr–Coulomb and tensile stress failure criteria are used to examine the failure behavior of a circular granite cross-section under the conventional Brazilian indirect tensile test loading conditions. The numerical results indicate that the vertical tensile crack initiates in a biotite located near the geometrical center of the granite cross-section and the actual spatial distribution of the three minerals plays an important role in modifying the propagation pattern of the tensile crack from its theoretical position at the central vertical diameter of a homogeneous circular cross-section. The numerically predicted failure load and tensile strength values for inhomogeneous granite are much lower than the expected values.     

基于统一强度理论的巴西圆盘劈裂强度分析

基于统一强度理论,构建了考虑2个较大主应力相互影响并适用于不同拉压比材料的巴西圆盘试验应力分析的统一劈裂破坏强度准则,通过参数变化得到常用的多种强度准则推导结果;为了验证理论公式,对C35商品混凝土试件进行了巴西圆盘劈裂试验,在试验研究基础上对统一强度准则演化出的多种强度准则计算结果进行对比分析。结果表明:材料的拉压比和中间切应力及相应作用面上正应力组合的加权参数对材料劈裂抗拉强度影响很大,最大拉应变强度理论和最大拉应力强度理论计算得到的劈裂强度分别为上、下限值,其他强度理论得到的值在两者之间,从而验证了统一强度理论对巴西圆盘劈裂试验分析的可靠性和适用性。     

Experimental Determination of Softening Relations for Cement-Treated Sand

Three-point bending tests and plane strain compression tests were conducted to investigate tensile and shear failure in cement-treated sand. The bending test results were used to evaluate the tension fracture energy and crack opening displacements. From these results, the tension-softening relation was obtained using the energy balance approach. In the plane strain compression tests, the strain localization zone that occurs during a strain-softening process and the local displacements across the shear band were identified by an image analysis. The shear-softening relation and the energy consumed during the shear failure were estimated based on these local displacements. After the test, the shear bands that appeared on the specimen surface were observed with a microscope. This microscopic observation revealed the appearance of shear fracture zone and provided information on the thickness of the shear band. Moreover, we discussed the difference in the energies consumed by the tensile failure and the shear failure.     

混凝土的早期收缩机理与开裂条件研究

对混凝土收缩的研究进行了总结,并在此基础上对混凝土产生收缩的机理进行了深入探讨。混凝土产生收缩的原因是由于自干燥导致的弯液面曲率半径的减小和表面张力的提高。混凝土在发生开裂时的拉应力小于当时混凝土的劈裂抗拉强度。环形约束时,当拉应力达到劈裂抗拉强度的55%~62%时,混凝土发生开裂。试验室中可以根据约束混凝土拉应力的发展趋势和开裂的时间来预测工程中混凝土发生开裂的可能性。     

Peak and residual strength characteristics of cement-treated soil cured under different consolidation conditions

The shear strength of cement-treated soil can be changed by both cementation and consolidation during the early stages of hardening because of cement hydration. Based on the results of triaxial and unconfined compression tests, this paper describes the effects of isotropic and one-dimensional consolidation stress, applied during the curing period, on the undrained peak and residual shear strengths of cement-treated soil. The sample used was a mixture of fine-grained sand and ordinary Portland cement. A consolidated undrained triaxial compression test (ICU) was conducted on the specimens immediately after the cement treatment. Each test was conducted under different consolidation pressures, curing times and delayed loading times. The following conclusions were developed from the results and discussions: (1) the undrained peak shear strength of cement-treated soil, cured under different consolidation conditions, increases with an increase in either the consolidation pressure or the curing time, whereas it gradually decreases with an increase in the delayed loading time. (2) The rate of undrained strength increase resulting from consolidation differs significantly between isotropic and one-dimensional consolidations. (3) For a curing time of between one and seven days, the rate of strength increase by isotropic consolidation exceeds that by one-dimensional consolidation. The simultaneous volumetric change of cement-treated soil during consolidation depends on the stress conditions of the specimen, that is, the difference between isotropic and one-dimensional consolidations. (4) When the test is not conducted under nearly in-situ conditions, the undrained shear strength may be underestimated, depending on the time interval between the cement treatment and the start of consolidation. (5) The shear strength in the residual state is influenced by the consolidation pressure during curing. (6) As the consolidation pressure during curing increases, the specimens exhibit a higher residual strength.     

土工直接拉伸试验装置的研制及应用

针对现有土工直接拉伸试验装置的不足,研制了一套卧式直接拉伸试验装置;装置由拉伸加载系统、数字液压伺服控制系统、数据采集分析系统3部分组成。试验装置可开展多种易成型材料的直接拉伸试验,能精确测试材料的抗拉强度并能给出拉应力-应变曲线;巧妙设计了加载夹具解决了试验材料与拉伸装置的连接难题;能精确连续控制试验拉力,并能获得材料抗拉强度峰后段的拉应力-应变曲线。使用新研制的试验装置开展了黏土、铁晶砂相似材料和水泥砂浆的直接拉伸试验,试验结果表明：在黏土直接拉伸试验所涉及的含水率范围内,当干密度保持不变时,黏土的抗拉强度随含水率的增加逐渐降低,而峰值拉应变则随含水率的增加逐渐增加;黏土达到峰值强度后,并不会突然断裂而是存在一个软化段,此时土体仍然具有一定的承载能力;铁晶砂相似材料的抗拉强度随着松香酒精溶液浓度的增加而提高;随灰砂比的提高,水泥砂浆的抗拉强度和拉伸弹性模量均相应提高。     

Simplified models for cross-section stress demands on C-section purlins in uplift

The objective of this paper is to provide and verify simplified models that predict the longitudinal stresses that develop in C-section purlins in uplift. The paper begins with the simple case of flexural stress; where the force has to be applied at the shear center, or the section braced in both flanges. Restrictions on load application point and restraint of the flanges are removed until arriving at the more complex problem of bending when movement of the tension flange alone is restricted, as commonly found in purlin-sheeting systems. Winter's model for predicting the longitudinal stresses developed due to direct torsion is reviewed, verified, and then extended to cover the case of a bending member with tension flange restraint. The developed longitudinal stresses from flexure and restrained torsion are used to assess the elastic stability behavior of typical purlin-sheeting systems. Finally, strength predictions of typical C-section purlins are provided for existing AISI methods and a newly proposed extension to the direct strength method that employs the predicted longitudinal stress distributions within the strength prediction.     

桥梁铰缝加固用环氧树脂力学性能的影响因素分析

研究了时间、配比和温度对桥梁铰缝加固用环氧树脂力学性能的影响。试验结果表明,随着固化温度的升高,胶体固化时间减少,树脂自身强度增加,抗弯、抗压和劈裂强度增大,断裂伸长率降低,胶体发生脆断所需拉伸力减小;不同温度下,抗弯、抗压和劈裂抗拉强度随时间的增长,基本呈现上升趋势。升高温度有利于树脂的早期粘结强度,但是后期可能存在老化,使得粘结能力下降;固化剂的含量在一定范围内增加,树脂固化时间缩短,但是对最终粘结强度影响不大。