Numerical modelling of rotating packed beds used for CO2 capture processes: A review

Over the last decades, renewable and clean energy sources are being rigorously adopted along with carbon capture technologies to tackle the increasing carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration level in the environment. CO₂ capture is a quintessential option for tackling global warming issues. In this context, the present paper has reviewed the process intensification equipment called a rotating packed bed (RPB), which is highly industry applicable due to high gravity (HiGee) force. This facilitates strong mass transfer characteristics, a compact design, and low energy consumption. In this review, the current research scenario of RPBs using numerical, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and mathematical modelling, along with different machine learning approaches in the CO₂ capture process, has been reviewed. The different geometry designs, hydrodynamic characteristics, performance parameters, research methods, and their effects on CO₂ removal efficiency have been discussed. Furthermore, the latest experimental studies are also summarized, especially in the absorption and adsorption domain. Finally, recommendations have been given to support the RPBs in different industrial and commercial applications of CO₂ removal.     

Techno-economic assessment of pulverized coal boilers and IGCC power plants with CO 2 capture

The current studies on power plant technologies suggest that Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) systems are an effective and economic CO₂ capture technology pathway. In addition, the system in conventional configuration has the advantage of being more “CO₂ capture ready” than other technologies. Pulverized coal boilers (PC) have, however, proven high technical performance attributes and are economically often most practical technologies. To highlight the pros and cons of both technologies in connection with an integrated CO₂ capture, a comparative analysis of ultrasupercritical PC and IGCC is carried out in this paper. The technical design, the mass and energy balance and the system optimizations are implemented by using the ECLIPSE chemical plant simulation software package. Built upon these technologies, the CO₂ capture facilities are incorporated within the system. The most appropriate CO₂ capture systems for the PC system selected for this work are the oxy-fuel system and the postcombustion scheme using Monoethanolamine solvent scrubber column (MEA). The IGCC systems are designed in two configurations: Water gas shift reactor and Selexol-based separation. Both options generate CO₂-rich and hydrogen rich-gas streams. Following the comparative analysis of the technical performance attributes of the above cycles, the economic assessment is carried out using the economic toolbox of ECLIPSE is seamlessly connected to the results of the mass and energy balance as well as the utility usages. The total cost assessment is implemented according to the step-count exponential costing method using the dominant factors and/or a combination of parameters. Subsequently, based on a set of assumptions, the net present value estimation is implemented to calculate the breakeven electricity selling prices and the CO₂ avoidance cost.     

Energy and capital cost analysis of CO2 capture in coal IGCC processes via gas separation membranes

In this study, the use of a hybrid coal integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) system, consisting of a gasifier, a shift reactor and a membrane separator, has been examined. Two alternative separation options were studied: (a) low temperature separation, using polymer membranes, and (b) high temperature separation, by ceramic membranes. Single and multistage separation was examined for operation at 16 and 23 bar. The energy and cost analysis of the alternative cases show that CO₂ removal in this hybrid IGCC scheme is technically feasible. Incorporation of shift reaction and membrane separators results in an energy penalty of 8–14% units, depending on pressure and staging, and in increased capital cost, especially for the ceramic membranes. However, this technology would permit reduction of CO₂ emissions exceeding 50%, compared to conventional IGCC.     

二氧化碳捕集技术及应用分析

分析了CO2捕集技术及现状。CO2捕集是CCS的关键技术单元之一,针对不同的CO2气源,国内外研究开发了多种技术。许多CO2捕集技术已经工业化,其中燃烧后烟气中CO2的捕集技术主要是以一乙醇胺(MEA)为基础的胺法;燃烧前的CO2捕集技术主要应用于IGCC电厂,一般需要对煤气中CO进行部分变换,变换后脱碳可采用成熟技术,如Selexol(NHD)等。富氧燃烧则是在中试成功的基础上,进行更大规模的工业示范。国内外大型煤制油化工项目主要采用低温甲醇洗脱除CO2,如果设置CO2产品塔,则可以获得体积分数98%以上的CO2。天然气脱碳主要采用MDEA技术。另外还有低温法、PSA、膜分离等CO2捕集技术及化学链燃烧等一些正在研发的技术。     

CO2的捕集及资源化利用

新型吸附材料对CO₂进行吸附分离并催化转化为高附加值产品,具有绿色清洁的优点,是未来全球应对气候变化的重要技术选择之一,但在复杂环境CO₂的捕集过程中存在无法高效吸附分离以及成本较高的问题。本文简述了CO₂吸附材料最新研究进展以及资源化利用的有效途径,主要介绍了金属有机骨架（MOF）、分子筛、多孔碳材料、共价有机骨架（COF）等吸附材料的物化性质等对吸附量和选择性的影响,从催化转化的角度对合成甲酸、甲醇以及烯烃等小分子化合物进行了论述。基于含CO₂废气的综合治理问题,探讨了将钢铁行业中的烟道气以及高炉煤气等进行加氢的可行性,在CO₂捕集和转化的科学技术进步上开拓了新思路,对CO₂更加清洁高效利用,实现低碳化、智能化多能融合进行展望。     

Dynamic modelling of the absorber of a post-combustion CO2 capture plant: Modelling and simulations

Modelling work related to carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture technologies is of great importance with respect to the design, control, and optimization of the capture process. Development of dynamic models as such is important since there is much information embedded with the dynamics of a plant which cannot be studied with steady state models. A model for the absorption column of a post-combustion CO₂ capture plant is developed following the rate based approach to represent heat and mass transfer. The Kent–Eisenberg model is used to compute the transfer and generation rates of the species. Sensitivity of the model for different physiochemical property correlations is analyzed. The predictions of the dynamic model for the capture plant start-up scenario and operation of the absorption column under varying operating conditions in the up-stream power plant and the down-stream stripping column are presented. Predictions of the transient behaviour of the developed absorber model appear realistic and comply with standard steady state models.     

仲丁醇生产工艺路线的技术经济分析

通过对以正丁烯为原料生产仲丁醇的两种不同工艺路线的技术经济比较,论述了直接水合法工艺路线的合理性;与硫酸水合法工艺比较,投资可降低22%—33%;生产过程中没有连续的酸性污水,没有腐蚀和废气处理问题,副产物也少;生产1t仲丁醇所需的原料消耗为1.24t(硫酸水合法工艺为1.56t)。     

二氧化碳捕集材料的研究进展

二氧化碳过度排放所导致的全球变暖已成为环境危机的重要问题,所以中国提出的实现碳达峰和碳中和的战略目标势在必行.为了解决这个问题,科研工作者们采用多种多样的二氧化碳捕集和储存技术.该文重点介绍了碳类材料、沸石、金属有机骨架材料、水滑石类材料、金属氧化物及其盐以及负载胺基材料等主要的CO2吸附材料的最新研究进展,详细介绍了各种吸附剂的吸附机理、性能的优缺点、改进的方向以及面临的挑战,并对吸附材料未来发展方向进行了展望.     

二氧化碳驱伴生气分离技术综述

对CO2驱油田伴生气成分复杂、二氧化碳浓度高等特点进行了分析,详细介绍了几种当前热门的伴生气分离提纯技术,包括化学吸收法、膜分离法、变压吸附法、低温分馏法等,并对各类方法的原理、优缺点进行了深入解析。对伴生气CO2分离技术及复配方法进行了综合对比,得出膜分离+化学吸收法、低温分馏+化学吸收、膜分离+变压吸附更适用于分离CO2驱油田伴生气中的CO2。     

Magnesium-based cements for CO2 capture and utilisation

Magnesium from reject desalination brine is reacted at atmospheric pressure and 25–65 °C with CO₂ from industrial effluent combustion gas, precipitating preferably nesquehonite, MgCO₃.3H₂O. Nesquehonite can be thermally activated so that, when remixed with water, it is self-cementing. At ambient temperature, cure durations are typically ~ 1–3 days. The nesquehonite-based product contains ~ 32 wt% sequestered carbon dioxide and, at end of use, can be recycled without loss of CO₂. As an application example, cast nesquehonite products are suitable to form lightweight, incombustible building materials with densities in the range 700–900 kg/m³. Compressive strengths of the cast products are low, ca 2–4 MPa, thus application is envisaged to be broadly similar to that of gypsum-based products.     

N-containing activated carbons for CO2 capture

A series of SK-activated carbons were prepared by carbonising soya beans in the presence of KOH as activation agent. Different activation temperatures were applied to study the influence of preparation conditions on the surface properties of the carbons and their CO₂ adsorption capacity. It was found that the CO₂ adsorption capacity is directly related to the nature of surface basic N-containing groups and that the highest CO₂ adsorption capacity value was 4.24 mmol/g under 25°C and 1 atm.     

介孔SiO2吸附CO2的性能研究

以正硅酸乙酯（TEOS）为硅源,端氨基聚氧化丙烯醚（D2000）为模板剂,在水和乙醇的混合溶液中合成了蠕虫状介孔结构的介孔SiO₂（记为MSU-J）。采用物理浸渍的方法利用四乙烯五胺（TEPA）改性介孔MSU-J。采用红外、N₂吸附/脱附、元素分析表征改性介孔SiO₂。红外测试表明,经过物理浸渍可以将有机胺负载到介孔SiO₂上。N₂吸附/脱附试验表明,经过氨基修饰后,介孔SiO₂的介孔结构没有发生变化,但是介孔的孔容、孔径以及比表面积随着氨基浸渍量的增加而减小。在25℃和45℃,0.1 MPa下的纯CO₂吸附试验表明,氨基改性材料对CO₂吸附效果明显提高。当浸渍量为20%、吸附条件为25℃/0.1 MPa时,吸附量达到最大值138.6mg/g。当氨基含量继续增加时,吸附量反而降低。循环性试验表明,制备的吸附剂具有良好的循环性能,循环使用6次,材料的吸附量下降很少。     

CO2捕集技术的研究进展

介绍了近年来二氧化碳捕集技术路线和国内外的有关研究项目,分析了各种方法的分离原理及优缺点。并对二氧化碳捕捉技术发展前景进行了展望。     

油田燃煤电厂CO_2捕集纯化工程实践

CO2是一种温室气体,通过CO2收集、驱油技术,能将造成温室效应的气体用于提高原油采收率,同时减少工业生产中温室气体的排放。为了实现CO2的捕集纯化,胜利油田采用一乙醇胺溶液(MEA)化学吸收工艺捕集CO2。介绍了"低渗透油藏CO2驱油"重大先导试验,在胜利发电厂建设CO2捕集纯化装置,通过此装置收集稳定、廉价的CO2气体用于驱油生产实践。通过分析系统运行状况,对装置进行了一系列的试验、研究,总结了大量CO2捕集系统的工程应用经验。胜利油田CO2捕集项目,通过将大型燃煤电厂烟道气中CO2捕集纯化、安全输送等系列技术攻关,形成低能耗捕集纯化、运输的集成配套技术。     

生物质制甲醇系统CO2捕集过程的设计模拟及技术经济性分析

通过ASPEN PLUS过程系统建模模拟,设计了生物质制甲醇系统中CO2的捕集工艺流程,并分析了其技术经济性能,研究了不同CO2捕集率的成本及其对生物质制甲醇能耗、水耗的影响。结果表明,捕集率为85%时生物质制甲醇系统CO2捕集封存较佳,单位捕集量的成本最低,有效能耗为453 MJ/t、水耗为193 kg/t、成本为135元/t,远低于直接从大气中捕集CO2。虽然这将使生物质制甲醇的生产成本增加154元/t,但当CO2减排补贴价格为40~50元/t时,则可抵消该部分成本增量。     

Modelling and analysis of pre-combustion CO2 capture with membranes

A pre-combustion CO₂ capture system was modelled with three different membranes. It comprised an amine absorber for the elimination of H₂S, high- and low-temperature water gas shift reactors for the conversion of CO to CO₂ and a membrane to keep over 90% of the CO₂ in the retentate. The absorber and equilibrium reactors were modelled using rigorous models, while the partial least squares model was used for three different types of membranes to predict the experimental results. The effectiveness of the modelling of the reactors and membranes was tested through comparison of simulated results with experimental data. The effects of operating pressure and membrane type are also discussed, and it was found that using a smaller membrane under high pressure lowered the membrane’s cost but also lowered energy recovery.     

金属离子促进乙醇胺捕集二氧化碳研究

为了解决醇胺法燃烧后捕集二氧化碳再生能耗过高的问题,研究了一种向胺溶液中添加金属离子以降低其CO₂解吸能耗的方法,称之为金属离子络合物热缓冲自热利用技术。以广泛商业化应用的单乙醇胺（MEA）溶液为研究载体,并在MEA溶液中分别添加金属离子铜或镍, 通过建立含有金属离子的MEA捕集CO₂体系的化学反应模型,解释金属离子热缓冲剂效应的内在机理。机理显示在MEA-金属离子-CO₂-H₂O体系中,金属-MEA络合物作为一种有效的反应热缓冲剂,将有机胺吸收CO₂过程中释放的反应热（放热反应）存储于金属络合物的解离键能中（吸热反应）,在CO₂高温解吸中通过其络合放热反应将储存的能量释放出来用于CO₂解吸,形成自热再生低能耗CO₂捕集技术,从而降低了MEA再生的能耗。本文进行了综合的实验测定来评价金属离子对MEA溶液捕集CO₂过程的性能提升影响,包括CO₂反应热、解吸速率、吸收-解吸循环负载、汽液平衡溶解度等。实验结果表明铜离子或镍离子作为添加剂,能增加MEA的CO₂平衡循环负载14%~20%或7%~10%,同时能够降低MEA的CO₂反应热值6.6%~24%或6.0%~20%。     

负载型K2CO3/Al2O3二氧化碳吸收剂的碳酸化反应特性

引言 全球变暖已经成为一个备受关注的环境问题.据预测,如不采取积极的温室气体减排措施,从现在起到2100年,全球近地面平均气温将继续升高1.4～5.8℃[1].CO2是主要的温室气体,而我国燃煤电厂是CO2排放量最大、最集中的化石燃料燃烧场所.因此研究和开发适用于燃煤电厂的CO2减排技术至关重要.     

Techno-economic assessment of pulverized coal boilers and IGCC power plants with CO2 capture

The current studies on power plant technologies suggest that Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) systems are an effective and economic CO₂ capture technology pathway. In addition, the system in conventional configuration has the advantage of being more “CO₂ capture ready” than other technologies. Pulverized coal boilers (PC) have, however, proven high technical performance attributes and are economically often most practical technologies. To highlight the pros and cons of both technologies in connection with an integrated CO₂ capture, a comparative analysis of ultrasupercritical PC and IGCC is carried out in this paper. The technical design, the mass and energy balance and the system optimizations are implemented by using the ECLIPSE chemical plant simulation software package. Built upon these technologies, the CO₂ capture facilities are incorporated within the system. The most appropriate CO₂ capture systems for the PC system selected for this work are the oxy-fuel system and the postcombustion scheme using Monoethanolamine solvent scrubber column (MEA). The IGCC systems are designed in two configurations: Water gas shift reactor and Selexol-based separation. Both options generate CO₂-rich and hydrogen rich-gas streams. Following the comparative analysis of the technical performance attributes of the above cycles, the economic assessment is carried out using the economic toolbox of ECLIPSE is seamlessly connected to the results of the mass and energy balance as well as the utility usages. The total cost assessment is implemented according to the step-count exponential costing method using the dominant factors and/or a combination of parameters. Subsequently, based on a set of assumptions, the net present value estimation is implemented to calculate the breakeven electricity selling prices and the CO₂ avoidance cost.