新型充气夹克的研制与保暖性能评价

为实现防寒服保暖性能的动态调节,研发了以空气为保暖材料的Mountain充气夹克,采用外置手动按压充气泵连续改变充气量及其保暖性能。基于暖体假人实验,在不同充气量、有无袖子、是否穿抓绒衣3种实验条件下测试了充气夹克的局部热阻和总热阻,对比了NuDown充气夹克的隔热性能。实验结果表明:充气状态下的局部热阻和总热阻明显高于未充气状态,充气量会显著影响热阻,充气量越大服装热阻越高,且Moutain充气夹克在充气状态下比NuDown充气夹克具有更佳的保暖调节能力;有袖子时的局部热阻和总热阻明显高于无袖子状态,腹部和背部表现尤为明显;穿抓绒衣可有效增加服装系统热阻,但会很大程度地影响充气夹克的保暖调节能力。     

充气保暖复合面料厚度与热阻的相关性分析

充气保暖功能服装是以空气代替羽绒等填充材料的一类保暖服装。为更好地掌握充气量、充气复合面料厚度与热阻的关系，在5种充气状态(0%、30%、50%、70%、100%)下，测试了12种不同充气复合面料的厚度与热阻的变化。通过对测试数据的整理与分析，建立了三者之间的关系模型。实验结果表明：充气量、充气复合面料厚度与热阻三者之间存在较强的正相关关系；充气量越多，充气复合面料厚度越大，当充气量较少时，充气复合面料之间的厚度差异性较小，充气量越多时其差异性越显著；充气复合面料热阻随充气量的增加呈现先显著升高后趋于平稳的趋势，当充气量达到50%左右时热阻逐步趋于稳定；充气复合面料厚度越大，充气复合面料热阻越大，且当其厚度在20 mm左右时热阻趋于平稳，可作为保暖厚度的参考依据。实验证实充气复合面料在一定程度上具有调温保暖功能，参照所建模型通过调整充气量可以达到不同的保暖效果。     

服装局部热阻与总热阻的动静态关系及其模型

为研究人体在静止站立和行走时服装局部热阻之间的比例关系,以及真人测试和假人测试服装总热阻之间的关系,利用热流计法对人体设定的10个部位测定热流密度,计算得到服装局部的热阻,通过面积系数计算得到站立和和行走状态的服装总热阻,然后对不同测试条件下各部位服装的动静态热阻进行线性拟合,得到拟合斜率,并探讨 了不同状态对服装热阻的影响。结果显示：动态热阻明显低于静态热阻,10个部位动静态模拟斜率依次为：0.72,0.75,0.87,0.74,0.75,0.83,0.82,0.95,0.61,0.64;斜率小于或等于0.76的部位受运动的影响显著。最后得到真人测试的静态热阻和动态热阻,真人和假人测试得到的静态热阻以及动态热阻之间的数字模型。     

风速与步速对服装表面空气层热阻的影响

从服装舒适性角度出发,以服装热舒适性的研究为入口,着重分析风速与步速对服装表面空气层热阻的影响,给出服装的热阻与风速及步速的关系公式。在设定的环境条件下,通过人体假人进行测试,验证公式的预测性和实用性,并找出裸态人体表面空气层热阻和着装后服装表面空气层热阻之间的差异。服装的热阻,以服装的表面为分界线,分为基本热阻与着装人体服装外表面边界空气层的热阻。实验结果表明：风速、行走速度会使服装外表面空气层的热阻减小。     

防寒服开口设计对其保暖性能的影响研究

为探究开口设计对防寒服隔热性能的影响程度,文章对门襟、袖口及领口三个主要的服装开口进行排列组合,通过暖体假人实验探究不同环境温度下、不同开口设计对防寒服隔热性能的影响。结果表明：三种开口的优化设计均对防寒服总热阻有显著影响(p<0.05),其影响程度为领口>袖口>门襟,同时温度会影响三种开口设计对服装隔热性能的提升效果;5℃时服装总热阻最大提升率达7.20%,-10℃时同款防寒服总热阻仅提升5.27%。门襟设计对上臂、下胸及后腰部位的服装隔热性能提升明显,局部服装热阻变化率达6%;环境温度5℃下袖口束紧设计可将手部及下臂部位的服装局部热阻提升7.00%;领口束紧设计可将下胸、腹部、后背、后腰部位的服装局部热阻提升10.00%。研究结果可为防寒服的开口结构设计提供量化的依据和参考。     

中国20个少数民族男性服装整体和局部热阻的研究北大核心CSCD

服装热阻是影响人体着装舒适性的主要物理指标之一。选取具有代表性的20种不同少数民族的男性传统服装,根据款式特点将其分成六组,采用暖体假人测试了服装的整体和局部静态热阻,分析各组内、组间服装局部热阻的差异和变化趋势,以及影响服装热阻的相关因素。研究结果表明:服装的局部热阻与人体部位体形、服装局部结构、人体穿着方式和服装的总重量有关。各少数民族服装的局部热阻分布不均匀,躯干后部位的服装热阻大于前部,腹部和下背处的服装热阻大于胸部和上背,盆骨处的服装热阻最大。     

充气保暖服装的充气尺寸变化率测试与应用

充气保暖服的充气尺寸变化率直接影响其样板的制作设计,为更好地掌握二者之间的关系,测试了6种不同充气面料同种压胶形状,在30%、50%、70%、100%这4种不同充气状态下,经纬向的充气尺寸变化率变化情况。结果表明:充气量与充气尺寸变化率有较强的正相关关系;不同面料在相同充气状态下,经向尺寸变化率均大于纬向尺寸变化率,并且当充气状态达到70%左右时,经向尺寸变化率增幅减弱,而纬向尺寸变化率逐步变小。通过分析得到充气服最大经纬向充气尺寸变化率,可作为充气服基本长度和围度之外,所需增大尺寸的设计参考,根据推板式放量方法,将充气尺寸变化率应用到充气保暖服装样板尺寸设计中。     

手臂活动角度对服装局部热阻的影响

为研究手臂活动角度对衣下间隙局部分布及服装局部散热性能的影响,利用三维扫描仪量化了出汗暖体假人在6种手臂姿势下,12个体段的衣下间隙体积及接触面积,提取了表征人体活动空间大小的物理指标,测量了服装各体段的局部热阻。结果表明:手臂的前伸角度与衣下间隙体积呈负相关性,而与接触面积呈显著正相关性,人体的活动空间随着手臂前伸角度的增加而显著减少;各体段的局部有效热阻呈现出非均匀的分布状态,局部衣下空气层体积越大、接触面积越小的体段,其有效热阻越大。服装的有效热阻可用衣下间隙体积与接触面积百分比共同预测。     

风速对单双层织物热阻的影响北大核心

选取12种T恤面料、9种外套面料,采用美国SGHP-10.5服装热阻和湿阻检测系统针对3种风速环境进行热阻测试,探究风速对织物热阻的影响。按单层织物的热阻测试结果,将最小值及最大值所对应的T恤、外套面料进行两两组合测试,分析双层织物的总热阻与其各单层热阻之间的关系及风速对单双层织物热阻的影响。结果表明:在软风风力范围内,随风速的增大热阻RCT近似呈线性下降,并得出织物热阻与风速的关系式;单层面料两两组合后总热阻小于各单层热阻之和,并建立了不同风速下双层织物总热阻的模型。     

服装动态热阻测定及预测模型的研究进展

为探究风和人体运动对服装动态热阻的影响,基于对人体和环境间热对流的分析,结合实际研究数据,阐明风和人体运动对服装动态热阻存在显著影响。总结了风和人体运动作用下动态热阻的测试方法。动态热阻变化规律的定性分析表明,动态热阻值在风和人体运动作用下呈现下降趋势,且二者对动态热阻的影响程度随着风速和步行速度的增加逐渐下降。分类对正常工作服、冬季防寒服和轻质服装动态热阻具体数值的预测研究进行了概括和总结。研究认为,服装动态热阻预测模型未来的研究重点是动态热阻修正公式的优化和局部动态热阻变化规律2方向。     

服装款式特征对人体局部传热性能的影响

为研究不同服装款式的衣下间隙分布特征,及其对人体局部区段向外环境热量传递的影响,采用同种纺织面料设计制作了3 款号型相同但款式不同的实验衬衫（H 廓型、A 廓型、X 廓型）,应用红外热像仪对裸体与服装外表面温度分布进行无干扰高精度探测,并将人体划分为不同的部位区段,量化人体各区段的局部衣表温度与皮 肤温度的差值,以此表征服装的局部传热性能。结果表明：人体局部的体型特征与服装款式共同影响服装局部传热性能,一方面,服装局部传热性能存在区段间差异;另一方面,款式A 的隔热性能最优,且在腹部、腰部、下背、前臀、后臀部位,其衣表温差显著高于其他2 款服装,而在上胸、下胸及上背区域,由于人体骨骼肌肉的隆起,3款服装间的局部传热性能未发现显著性差异。     

服装形变对羽绒服隔热能力的影响

为探究服装形变对羽绒服隔热能力的影响规律,采用系带收紧法设计了羽绒服的形变方式和形变水平,并制作了4件充绒量分别为110、135、150、180 g/m²的样衣,分别对应薄型、普通型、中厚型和厚型羽绒服;然后利用暖体假人测试服装热阻,同时获取样衣在不同形变水平下的局部体积(包括羽绒服本身和衣下空间),分析了服装形变对羽绒服总热阻和局部热阻的影响规律。结果表明：羽绒服形变会改变其内部空气的流动状态,对隔热能力产生规律性影响,并因充绒量的不同而存在差异,但存在一个适宜的形变程度使羽绒服的保暖性最优;服装局部隔热能力大小、受形变影响的变化幅度及规律性与人体体表曲线的凹凸程度和是否靠近服装边缘开口处均相关。     

羽绒服装系统的面积因子预测及适用性分析

为合理评价羽绒服装系统的热湿舒适性,准确获取服装的面积因子,利用手持式三维扫描仪对12套羽绒服装系统进行扫描并计算。通过相关性分析确定了服装设计参数(总充绒量、长度)、服装热物理性能(固有热阻和总热阻)与面积因子的相关关系,并基于各影响因素建立了面积因子预测模型。以固有热阻预测面积因子方法作为切入点,探讨了标准数据库中面向轻薄服装的面积因子计算方法在羽绒服装系统中的适用性,并进一步考察了总热阻预测面积因子方法的有效性。结果表明：羽绒服总充绒量与面积因子具有显著相关关系,且长度的作用依赖于单位面积充绒量;相较于固有热阻预测面积因子的方法,总热阻预测法具有更高的预测准确性。     

The laboratory investigation of the clothing microclimatic layers in accordance with the volume quantification and qualification

Some of the researches expressed connection between the numbers and size of the microclimatic air layers on thermal insulation of clothing. The insulation of the ensembles is much affected by the air enclosed between the clothing layers. In loose fitting clothing, they are less subjected to compression and thus add more to the overall thermal insulation. The heat and the moisture are released from the body into the microclimatic layers, subsequently changing properties of the entrapped air. The volume of the microclimatic air layers was investigated by the use of non-contact 3D CAD method. The temperature and humidity changes of microclimatic layers were also observed. This paper represents layer by layer quantification of the clothing ensemble volume with jackets as covering garment and the impact of the microclimatic volume on the clothing insulation. The three-level laboratory testing was performed with human subjects dressed in selected ensembles.     

Thermal resistance of fabrics vs. thermal insulation of clothing made of the fabrics

The protection of a human body against the negative environmental factors, especially the cold, is one of the crucial functions of clothing. Clothing creates a thermal barrier between the human body and the surroundings. The protective efficiency of clothing goods depends mostly on thermal insulation properties of textile materials applied in clothing. The clothing design, fitting to a user’s body, and a number of layers also play an important role in the phenomenon of the heat exchange between the human organism and its surroundings. The thermal insulation properties of textile materials can be measured by means of different testing devices, such as the “skin model,” the Alambeta, the Permetest, and the Thermo Labo. A measurement of clothing goods from the point of view of their thermal insulation is performed using a thermal manikin. The article presents an investigation of thermal insulation properties of vests by means of thermal manikin. The investigated vests have been made of different textile materials: woven and knitted. The thermal insulation properties of fabrics applied in vests have been measured by means of the Alambeta. The article presents and discusses the relationships between the thermal insulation of vests according to the thermal manikin and the thermal resistance of fabrics applied in the vests.     

The relationship between air gap sizes and clothing heat transfer performance

The objective of the study is to establish a quantitative relationship between air gap sizes and clothing thermal performance. Using a three-dimensional human body scanner, the thicknesses and volumes of air gaps of 35 experimental shirts were measured. Relationships between the thermal insulations of clothing, measured on a thermal manikin, and air gap volumes were examined by regression analysis. Also, the regression model between clothing surface temperatures, measured by an infrared thermal camera, and air gap thicknesses was established. The results proved that the thermal insulation of experimental shirts increased with air gap sizes but began to decrease as a result of natural convection when the air gap thickness was higher than 1?cm or the air gap volume was greater than 6000?cm³. The 3D human body scanner can accurately measure air gaps under clothing, but it is expensive and is not available everywhere. A substitute method is to build a mathematical model for predicting air gap sizes. In this paper, regression models were established to estimate volumes and thicknesses of air gaps when the ease allowances of chest circumference and fabric properties were known. This study can be used to predict the thermal performance of clothing at the product’s design stage.