Energy-efficient multipath routing in wireless sensor network considering wireless interference

Due to the energy and resource constraints of a wireless sensor node in a wireless sensor network (WSN), design of energy-efficient multipath routing protocols is a crucial concern for WSN applications. To provide high-quality monitoring information, many WSN applications require high-rate data transmission. Multipath routing protocols are often used to increase the network transmission rate and throughput. Although large-scale WSN can be supported by high bandwidth backbone network, the WSN remains the bottleneck due to resource constraints of wireless sensors and the effects of wireless interference. In this paper, we propose a multipath energy-efficient routing protocol for WSN that considers wireless interference. In the proposed routing protocol, nodes in the interference zone of the discovered path are marked and not allowed to take part in the subsequent routing process. In this way, the quality of wireless communication is improved because the effects of wireless interference can be reduced as much as possible. The network load is distributed on multiple paths instead of concentrating on only one path, and node energy cost is more balanced for the entire wireless network. The routing protocol is simulated in NS2 software. Simulation result shows that the proposed routing protocol achieves lower energy cost and longer network lifetime than that in the literature.     

Termite-hill: Performance optimized swarm intelligence based routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a large collection of sensor nodes with limited power supply, constrained memory capacity, processing capability, and available bandwidth. The main problem in event gathering in wireless sensor networks is the formation of energy-holes or hot spots near the sink. Due to the restricted communication range and high network density, events forwarding in sensor networks is very challenging, and require multi-hop data forwarding. Improving network lifetime and network reliability are the main factors to consider in the research associated with WSN. In static wireless sensor networks, sensors nodes close to the sink node run out of energy much faster than nodes in other parts of the monitored area. The nodes near the sink are more likely to use up their energy because they have to forward all the traffic generated by the nodes farther away to the sink. The uneven energy consumption results in network partitioning and limit the network lifetime. To this end, we propose an on-demand and multipath routing algorithm that utilizes the behavior of real termites on hill building termed Termite-hill which support sink mobility. The main objective of our proposed algorithm is to efficiently relay all the traffic destined for the sink, and also balance the network energy. The performance of our proposed algorithm was tested on static, dynamic and mobile sink scenarios with varying speed, and compared with other state-of-the-art routing algorithms in WSN. The results of our extensive experiments on Routing Modeling Application Simulation Environment (RMASE) demonstrated that our proposed routing algorithm was able to balance the network traffic load, and prolong the network lifetime.     

基于蚁群的无线传感器网络能量均衡非均匀分簇路由算法

无线传感器网络(WSN)路由中,节点未充分考虑路径剩余能量及链路状况进行的路由会造成网络中部分节点网络寿命减少,严重影响网络的生存时间。为此,将蚁群优化算法与非均匀分簇路由算法相结合,提出一种基于蚁群优化算法的无线传感器非均匀分簇路由算法。该算法首先利用考虑节点能量的优化非均匀分簇方法对节点进行分簇,然后以需要传输数据的节点为源节点,汇聚节点为目标节点,利用蚁群优化算法进行多路径搜索,搜索过程充分考虑了路径传输能耗、路径最小剩余能量、传输距离和跳数、所选链路的时延和带宽等因素,最后选出满足条件的多条最优路径,完成源目的节点间的信息传输。实验表明,该算法充分考虑路径传输能耗和路径最小剩余能量、传输跳数及传输距离,能有效延长无线传感器网络的生存期。     

Implementation of energy efficient circuit design using A* algorithm in embedded network

In wireless sensor network, the routing path plays a prominent role in network resource utilization. Since, the nodes in network are open to physical abuse an effective routing protocol is necessary to improve data reliability in network and to overcome node data link disconnection. In this paper, we propose to implement A*EEDDP (Energy Efficient Distributed Diffusion protocol) to improve data reliability and increase network lifetime. The A* algorithm determines the shortest routing path between source node and destination node. In addition, the routing path determine with respect to parameters such as energy consumed for communication, residual energy of nodes and the time over which the nodes can support the routing path. The combined A*EEDDP implement in testbed and performance evaluate interms of network lifetime, throughput, packet delivery ratio, energy efficiency and end to end delay. The A*EEDDP performs better compared to other algorithm and achieves higher packet delivery ratio of 97%.     

一种用于无线传感器网络的改进SPIN路由协议

由于无线传感器网络（WSN）节点的能量有限,因此尽量减少各节点的能量消耗,延长整个网络的生命周期,是无线传感器网络路由协议设计中考虑的主要问题。文章提出了一种改进的SPIN路由协议,取名为SPIN-Z,与现有的SPIN协议比较,其主要特点是通过减少整个网络冗余数据的传输来减少能量消耗。在NS2环境下进行仿真,结果表明SPIN-Z协议比SPIN协议更加节省能量。     

An enhanced real-time routing protocol with load distribution for mobile wireless sensor networks

Mobile wireless sensor network (MWSN) is a wireless ad hoc network that consists of a very large number of tiny sensor nodes communicating with each other in which sensor nodes are either equipped with motors for active mobility or attached to mobile objects for passive mobility. A real-time routing protocol for MWSN is an exciting area of research because messages in the network are delivered according to their end-to-end deadlines (packet lifetime) while sensor nodes are mobile. This paper proposes an enhanced real-time with load distribution (ERTLD) routing protocol for MWSN which is based on our previous routing protocol RTLD. ERTLD utilized corona mechanism and optimal forwarding metrics to forward the data packet in MWSN. It computes the optimal forwarding node based on RSSI, remaining battery level of sensor nodes and packet delay over one-hop. ERTLD ensures high packet delivery ratio and experiences minimum end-to-end delay in WSN and MWSN compared to baseline routing protocol. In this paper we consider a highly dynamic wireless sensor network system in which the sensor nodes and the base station (sink) are mobile. ERTLD has been successfully studied and verified through simulation experiment.     

Dynamic cluster head for lifetime efficiency in WSN

Saving energy and increasing network lifetime are significant challenges in wireless sensor networks （WSNs）. In this paper, we propose a mechanism to distribute the responsibility of cluster-heads among the wireless sensor nodes in the same cluster based on the ZigBee standard, which is the latest WSN standard. ZigBee supports ad hoc on-demand vector （AODV） and cluster-tree routing protocols in its routing layer. However, none of these protocols considers the energy level of the nodes in the network establishing process or in the data routing process. The cluster-tree routing protocol supports single or multi-cluster networks. However, each single cluster in the multi-cluster network has only one node acting as a cluster head. These cluster-heads are fixed in each cluster during the network lifetime. Consequently, using these cluster-heads will cause them to die quickly, and the entire linked nodes to these cluster-heads will be disconnected from the main network. Therefore, the proposed technique to distribute the role of the cluster head among the wireless sensor nodes in the same cluster is vital to increase the lifetime of the network. Our proposed technique is better in terms of performance than the original structure of these protocols. It has increased the lifetime of the wireless sensor nodes, and increased the lifetime of the WSN by around 50% of the original network lifetime.     

能量高效的无线传感器网络路由协议

针对目前无线传感器网络分簇路由协议存在的节点能耗不均衡的问题,提出一种基于分簇思想的能量高效的多跳路由协议(EEMR)。该协议首先基于节点临近度将网络划分成簇,采用簇首自适应轮转模式优化簇内节点通信的能量消耗,以高剩余能量短路径向心角的适应度路由算法均衡簇间通信负载和能量消耗,有效避免多跳路由中出现的能量消耗不均衡问题。仿真结果表明,EEMR协议能有效均衡网络内节点的能量消耗,显著延长无线传感器网络的生命期并提高网络能量利用率。     

A simple, least-time, and energy-efficient routing protocol with one-level data aggregation for wireless sensor networks

The area of wireless sensor networks (WSN) is currently attractive in the research community area due to its applications in diverse fields such as defense security, civilian applications and medical research. Routing is a serious issue in WSN due to the use of computationally-constrained and resource-constrained micro-sensors. These constraints prohibit the deployment of traditional routing protocols designed for other ad hoc wireless networks. Any routing protocol designed for use in WSN should be reliable, energy-efficient and should increase the lifetime of the network. We propose a simple, least-time, energy-efficient routing protocol with one-level data aggregation that ensures increased life time for the network. The proposed protocol was compared with popular ad hoc and sensor network routing protocols, viz., AODV ( [35] and [12]), DSR (Johnson et al., 2001), DSDV (Perkins and Bhagwat, 1994), DD (Intanagonwiwat et al., 2000) and MCF (Ye et al., 2001). It was observed that the proposed protocol outperformed them in throughput, latency, average energy consumption and average network lifetime. The proposed protocol uses absolute time and node energy as the criteria for routing, this ensures reliability and congestion avoidance.     

基于簇的无线传感器网络交会路由协议

针对现有无线传感器网络(WSN)协议中更多消耗sink附近节点能量导致网络寿命短的问题,本文提出一种基于簇的无线传感器网络交会路由协议(Cluster-based Rendezvous Routing Protocol, CRRP)。该协议是基于交会的路由协议,其中在网络的中间构建交会区域,该交会区域划分整个网络区域并在传感器节点之间分配网络负载,这延长了网络寿命。此交会区域内的节点分为不同的簇,每个簇的簇头(CH)负责不同簇之间的通信,sink在此交会区域内发送其更新的位置信息,并且当传感器节点想要发送数据时,会从该交会区域检索sink的当前位置信息并直接将数据发送到sink。仿真实验结果表明,在能耗与网络寿命性能方面,本文CRRP协议优于Rendezvous协议、LBDD协议、Railroad协议和Ring协议。     

基于自适应数据融合的LEACH路由协议

如何有效地使用传感器节点的能量以延长WSN的生存时间,一直是WSN路由协议研究的重点.基于LEACH,提出了一种新的路由协议AF-LEACH,AF-LEACH根据数据融合的能量开销和所带来的节能增益,对传感器节点采集的数据进行自适应的数据融合.仿真实验表明,与LEACH协议以及在各节点都进行数据融合的MA-LEACH[...     

高能量节点驱动的按需距离矢量路由协议

无线自组织网络中的按需距离矢量路由协议(AODV)没有考虑到能量消耗的均衡性和网络生命期的问题。针对AODV的这一缺点,提出了一种高能量节点驱动的AODV协议(HN-AODV)。此协议将高能量节点驱动的策略应用于按需路由发现过程,尽量选择能量较高的节点来承担转发任务,以此来平衡网络能耗。仿真结果显示,HN-AODV在基本不降低数据传输性能的前提下,显著提高了网络生命周期。这种高能量节点驱动的方案同样可以运用在其它类似的反应式路由协议中。     

WSN in cyber physical systems: Enhanced energy management routing approach using software agents

Recently, the cyber physical system has emerged as a promising direction to enrich the interactions between physical and virtual worlds. Meanwhile, a lot of research is dedicated to wireless sensor networks as an integral part of cyber physical systems. A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network consisting of spatially distributed autonomous devices that use sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions. These autonomous devices, or nodes, combine with routers and a gateway to create a typical WSN system. Shrinking size and increasing deployment density of wireless sensor nodes implies the smaller equipped battery size. This means emerging wireless sensor nodes must compete for efficient energy utilization to increase the WSN lifetime. The network lifetime is defined as the time duration until the first sensor node in a network fails due to battery depletion. One solution for enhancing the lifetime of WSN is to utilize mobile agents. In this paper, we propose an agent-based approach that performs data processing and data aggregation decisions locally i.e., at nodes rather than bringing data back to a central processor (sink). Our proposed approach increases the network lifetime by generating an optimal routing path for mobile agents to transverse the network. The proposed approach consists of two phases. In the first phase, Dijkstra’s algorithm is used to generate a complete graph to connect all source nodes in a WSN. In the second phase, a genetic algorithm is used to generate the best-approximated route for mobile agents in a radio harsh environment to route the sensory data to the base-station. To demonstrate the feasibility of our approach, a formal analysis and experimental results are presented.     

无线传感器网络中能量保护策略的研究

无线传感器网络是一组带有无线收发装置的传感器节点组成的临时性的网络自治系统,由于无线传感器网络的节点是用有限寿命的电池来提供的,因此能量保护策略成为该网络所有协议层的关键问题。从节点级、链路级和网络级3个层次总结和评估了适用于无线传感器网络的能量保护策略;在网络层提出了基于信道接入分簇算法的路由协议,并简述了该算法的主要实现过程;通过OPNET仿真给出相关结果。     

基于汇聚节点移动的能量均衡路由协议的研究

在无线传感器网络路由协议的设计中,传感器节点的监测数据要以多跳中继的方式向sink汇聚节点进行传输。在sink汇聚节点固定网络,临近sink汇聚节点的传感器节点需要中转其他节点的监测数据,从而耗费大量的电池能量,很容易造成过早地死亡,使网络的连通度下降,甚至会造成网络的分割,缩短了网络寿命。为了解决这一问题,从sink汇聚节点的角度,提出了一个基于sink汇聚节点移动的能量均衡的路由协议——SERP路由协议,通过sink汇聚节点的移动,使其附近的传感器节点不断地发生变化也就是网络内的“热点”不断地发生变化,从而促使传感器节点间的负载得到均衡,达到延长网络寿命的目的。在协议中,首先将无线传感器网络的监测区域分成有限个虚拟单元格,然后以每个单元格的中心作为sink汇聚节点的移动位置,最后通过线性规划确定sink汇聚节点在每个位置的停留时间。针对上述路由协议,对它进行了仿真分析,结果显示网络内节点的能量消耗比较高效均衡,有效地延长了网络寿命。     

无线传感器节点针对捕获节点攻击可靠性研究

无线传感器网络中的节点通常运算和存储能力有限,由于网络本身的特点,数据容易遭到攻击,因此,保密成为一个重要的因素;为解决这一问题,许多文献提出公钥密码系统,但这种方法存在的一个普遍问题是源节点到目的节点密钥的建立;当源节点到目的节点建立新密钥时,它们必须频繁的交换信息实现可靠链接;由于无线连接的不可靠性和电池耗尽等因素无线传感器网络路由机制也要不断改变;传感器节点增加时安全问题尤为严重;提出了一种新的基于机密共享方案数据分配方法应对网络攻击,并通过实验证明这种方法的有效;最后,考虑到安全性,和已有的无线传感器网络安全体系结构TinySec方法进行对比。     

无线传感器网络中基于骨架的路由协议*

传感器节点能量有限且通常不可补给,有效的路由协议有助于降低网络的能量消耗,延长网络寿命。提出了无线传感器网络中基于骨架的路由协议,在仅利用连接信息的基础上,首先提取出传感器网络的骨架,然后利用骨架对每个传感器节点命名,利用节点名称就可以实现源节点与目标节点间的路由。仿真实验表明了算法的有效性。     

无线传感器网络中能量有效自适应路由算法研究

针对无线传感器网络寿命最大化问题,基于无线传感器节点能耗分布特点和数据传输能耗模型,建立无线传感器网络生存周期的数学优化模型,并针对最小能耗路由的能耗不均衡问题和能量均衡路由的能耗开销问题,综合考虑网络中节点的剩余能量和节点间发送数据的能耗,提出一个适合无线多跳传感器网络的自适应路由算法。仿真结果表明,提出的路由算法能充分地利用有限的能量资源,较大地延长网络生存周期。     

基于云信任模型和蚁群算法的WSN簇可信路由算法

在无线传感器网络中,信息的传输需要安全的保护.在分簇管理的基础上,GTMS(group-based trust management scheme)算法利用节点的可信度来实现路由的安全.但是,它的可信度表示方法过于简单,无法反映信誉复杂性.因此,在基于区间的云相似度比较算法的基础上,以云理论为基础构建节点可信度,提出了基于云信任模型和蚁群算法的无线传感器网络簇可信路由算法.研究结果表明,在准确判定簇内节点可信度的基础上,CRPCTMAS (cluster reliability protocol based on cloud trust model and the ant scheme)算法建立了安全、有效的路由,保证了路由的高有效发包率,延长了网络的生命周期     

一种基于虚拟网格位置的分簇算法

为了延长无线传感器网络生命周期, 提出一种基于虚拟网格的分簇路由算法RPLG. 该算法将监测区域划分为若干虚拟网格, 同一网格内节点自组织成簇. 根据节点所在网格位置和剩余能量启动计时器选取本地簇首, 且簇内成员可以根据局部的信息调整簇的大小, 达到节省能量的目的. 仿真实验和分析表明: 该协议能均衡网络能量, 延长网络的生存时间.