CA6DE1-21K柴油机瞬态工况NOx的排放特性

试验研究了CA6DE1-21K柴油机在恒转速变转矩和恒转矩变转速瞬态工况下NOx的排放规律．研究结果表明，在恒转速变转矩瞬态工况中，NOx瞬态排放值低于其在稳态工况下的排放值，且与转矩变化率的变化关系不大．在恒转矩变转速瞬态工况中，中低负荷时NOx排放值随着转速变化率的升高而上升，而在中高负荷时，工况的变化率对NOx排放影响不大。     

CA6DE1-21K柴油机瞬态工况下的烟度排放特性

利用瞬态控制及测量系统，对增压中冷柴油机在瞬态工况下的烟度排放特性进行了试验研究．结果表明，恒转速变转矩瞬态工况中，在中低转速时，排气的烟度随着转矩变化率的增加而上升，这主要是由于涡轮增压器在低速时增压效果差及瞬时空燃比滞后所致．恒转矩变转速瞬态工况中，在中高负荷时，排气的烟度随着转速变化率的增加而上升，这主要是由于随着转速变化率的增加，空燃比相对于燃油喷射滞后严重所致．     

车用直喷柴油机递增负荷工况下的微粒排放特性

采用自行设计的柴油机微粒袋式取样系统对车用柴油机恒转速、增转矩工况下的微粒排放进行了研究。试验结果表明:在恒转速增转矩瞬态工况下,随着转矩增加率的增大,微粒及其不可溶成分和可溶性有机成分排放量均增加;高转速时转矩增加率对微粒排放的影响稍大。不可溶成分的增加是微粒排放量增大的主要原因,但转速较低时可溶性有机成分的增加也不容忽视。冷却介质温度较低时微粒排放量增大。     

柴油机恒转矩增转速瞬态工况的烟度及燃烧特性分析

采用自行设计的瞬态工况控制及测量系统对增压中冷柴油机进行了恒转矩增转速瞬态工况下发动机的空燃比、消光烟度及示功图参数的测试，并与稳态数据进行了对比。试验结果表明：在瞬态工况下，发动机的外部参数及燃烧过程参数与稳态过程存在很大的差异，其差异程度随工况瞬变性加剧而增加。随转速增加率的上升空燃比减小，燃烧持续期延长，扩散燃烧比增加，导致排气烟度上升。     

进气涡流对车用直喷式柴油机瞬态工况下微粒排放的影响

用自行设计的喷气式可变涡流进气系统（ＡＩＶＳＩＳ）调节气缸内的涡流水平,试验研究了进气涡流对车用直喷式柴油机恒转速增转矩瞬态工况下微粒排放的影响,结果表明,对于一定涡流比的瞬态工况,随着转矩变化率的增大,柴油机的微粒排放量逐渐增加,涡流比越小,瞬态工况微粒的排放随转矩变化率增大的速率越高。相同转矩增长率的瞬态工况,随着涡流比的增大,柴油机微粒的排放量逐渐降低。提高恒转速增转矩瞬态工况缸内的涡流强度     

直喷式柴油机瞬态工况燃烧噪声控制研究

开展多缸柴油机瞬态工况燃烧噪声的控制研究。分别在四缸自然吸气发动机、增压发动机、引入EGR发动机和高压共轨发动机上开展了不同负荷工况下的瞬态与稳态工况的燃烧噪声测试分析,开展了增压、EGR和喷射策略对燃烧噪声控制研究。增压对瞬态工况的燃烧噪声有一定的抑制作用,增压对恒转速增转矩瞬态工况燃烧噪声的控制效果要好于对恒转矩增转速工况。瞬态工况引入适当的EGR有助于燃烧噪声的降低,EGR控制瞬态工况燃烧噪声的关键是能够实时对EGR率进行调节。相对于稳态工况,瞬态工况下应取较大的预喷量和与主预喷间隔,并得到试验的验证。     

柴油机瞬变工况的动态响应及燃烧劣变分析

利用瞬态控制和测试系统,研究了增压柴油机恒转速增转矩瞬变工况不同加载时间和转速对发动机动态响应及燃烧劣变的影响.为分析问题的方便,定义了一个评价瞬变响应性能的参数——滞后系数.结果表明:在相同加载时间下,发动机的油量、转矩、进气量和NOx的滞后系数依次增大;随着加载时间或转速的减小,各参数的滞后系数逐渐增大;与稳态工况相比,瞬变过程中发动机存在进气延迟、空燃比降低、燃烧相位推迟、烟度和燃油消耗率增加等燃烧劣变问题,且随着加载时间或转速的减小,上述的"问题"越严重.     

GTL/柴油混合燃料对直喷式柴油机排放特性的影响

应用自行开发的柴油机瞬态工况测控系统和微粒采集系统,试验研究了GTL/柴油混合燃料对小型直喷式柴油机稳态及恒转速增转矩瞬态工况下排放特性的影响规律.研究结果表明:与普通柴油相比,添加GTL燃料有利于降低柴油机排放,对消光烟度及微粒排放降低效果更明显.在稳态工况下,随GTL添加比例的增加,有害排放物均有所降低,当GTL添加比例超过20 %后改善效果不明显.在恒转速增转矩瞬态工况下,当GTL添加比例小于20 %时,NOx排放降低,PM排放变化不明显,当GTL添加比例增加到60 %时,PM、DS排放显著降低,但NOx却有所升高.     

直喷式柴油机瞬态工况燃烧噪声的试验研究与分析

研究直喷式柴油机瞬态工况对燃烧噪声影响机理。开展内燃机瞬态工况测试技术和测试方法研究，找出瞬态工况下燃烧噪声相对于同转速、同负荷的稳态工况燃烧噪声差异的规律，并从瞬念与稳态工况下燃烧过程的差异对试验结果进行分析。瞬态工况擘面温度、喷油爪力、针阀升程最大值和针阀外启持续时问均高于同负荷同转速的稳态工况，导致瞬态工况滞燃期、燃烧始点和喷油最与稳态工况相比产生差异。结果表明，瞬态工况下动力负荷和压力高频振荡相对于同负荷同转速的稳态工况发生改变是引起燃烧噪声产生差异的根本原因。     

车用直喷柴油机瞬态工况控制及微粒排放测量

研制了一种在发动机台架上进行柴油机瞬态工况控制及排气微粒的测试系统，该系统主要由普通电涡流测功机、简单电控系统、A／D采集板和微粒稀释取样袋等组成。此系统可实现柴油机一些基本瞬态工况的控制、数据的实时采集以及微粒的测量。     

燃烧边界条件对乙醇均质压燃燃烧的影响

在一台由CA6110柴油机改造而成的单缸发动机上进行了燃烧边界条件对乙醇燃料均质压燃（HCCI）燃烧过程影响的试验研究。结果表明，在转速和进气温度一定时，随着过量空气系数的增加，着火始点推迟，燃烧持续期变长，缸内的最大燃烧压力降低，放热率降低，φ50（50％乙醇燃烧放热量所在的曲轴转角）位置推迟，燃烧效率降低；在发动机转速、进气温度和过量空气系数一定时，随着EGR率的升高，着火始点推迟，燃烧持续期延长，φ50位置推迟，放热速率降低，压力升高率变小，缸内最大燃烧压力减小，燃烧效率降低。在转速和供油量一定时，随着进气温度的升高，着火始点提前，燃烧持续期变短，压力升高率变大，缸内的最大燃烧压力变大。得到了发动机转速、过量空气系数和对应于最大指示热效率点的进气温度间的MAP图。     

进气温度和过量空气系数对乙醇均质压燃燃烧过程的影响

在一台经过改进的CA6110发动机上,进行了进气温度和过量空气系数对乙醇燃料均质压燃燃烧过程影响的试验研究．结果表明,在转速和供油量一定时,随着进气温度的升高,着火始点提前,燃烧持续期变短,压力升高率变大,缸内的最大燃烧压力变大,指示效率提高,平均指示压力升高．当进气温度一定时,随着过量空气系数的减小,着火始点提前,燃烧持续期逐渐变短,压力升高率变大,缸内的最大燃烧压力变大,指示效率增加．     

The effect of engine speed and cylinder-to-cylinder variations on backfire in a hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine

The port-injection-type hydrogen engine is advantaged in that hydrogen gas is injected into the intake pipe through a low-pressure fuel injector, and the mixing period with air is sufficient to produce uniform mixing, improving the thermal efficiency. A drawback is that the flame backfires in the intake manifold, reducing the engine output because the amount of intake air is reduced, owing to the large volume of hydrogen. Here, the backfire mechanism as a part of the development of full-load output capability is investigated, and a 2.4-liter reciprocating gasoline engine is modified to a hydrogen engine with a hydrogen supply system. To secure the stability and output performance of the hydrogen engine, the excess air ratio was controlled with a universal engine control unit.The torque, excess air ratio, hydrogen fuel, and intake air flow rate changes in time were compared under low- and high-engine speed conditions with a wide-open throttle. The excess air ratio depends on the change in the fuel amount when the throttle is completely opened, and excess air ratio increase leads to fuel/air-mixture dilution by the surplus air in the cylinder. As the engine speed increases, the maximum torque decreases because the excess air ratio continues to increase due to the occurrence of the backfire. The exhaust gas temperature also increases, except at an engine speed of 6000 rpm. Furthermore, the increase in exhaust gas temperature affects the backfire occurrence. At 2000 rpm, under low-speed and wide-open throttle conditions, backfire first occurs in the No. 4 cylinder because the mixture is heated by the relatively high port temperature. In contrast, at 6000 rpm, under high-speed and wide-open throttle conditions, the backfire starts at the No. 2 cylinder first because of a higher exhaust gas temperature, resulting in a lower excess air ratio in cylinders 2 and 3, located at the center of the engine.     

Assessing combustion and emission performance of direct use of SVO in a diesel engine by oxygen enrichment of intake air method

This work investigated the effect of the oxygen enrichment in the intake air of diesel engines on the combustion and emissions performance using rape seed oil (RSO) as a fuel. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the potential of oxygen enrichment in the intake air method to restrain the deterioration of particulate emissions of the RSO due to its high viscosity so as to explore the possibility of direct use of SVO (straight vegetable oil) in diesel engines, which can reduce CO₂ emissions and save cost. The combustion parameters such as ignition delay, heat release rate, in-cylinder peak temperature and pressure were determined. Engine out particulate and gaseous emissions of the RSO were measured at oxygen concentrations from 21% (by volume) (no enrichment) to 24% (by volume) and compared to diesel results. The enrichment of the intake air with oxygen decreased the ignition delay and premixed combustion duration, and increased the in-cylinder peak pressure and temperature. The particulate, CO and hydrocarbon emissions were significantly reduced while the NOx emissions increased as the oxygen enrichment rate increased. 22% oxygen enrichment rate was suggested to achieve lower than diesel particulate emissions with the lowest NOx penalty. Increased NOx could be controlled by other methods. The results show that the oxygen enrichment in intake air method enabled direct combustion of SVO in diesel engines with reduced particulate, hydrocarbon and CO emissions.     

柴油机压缩空气补气系统的车载实验研究

柴油公交车在起步和急加速时,由于发动机转速上升缓慢以及增压器的响应滞后使得进气量跟不上供油量的变化,造成烟度排放增加。为了解决这一问题,本文研究了一种用于车载的压缩空气补气系统。在发动机怠速及减速过程中,辅助空气压缩机向高压储气罐充气;当发动机加速时,由电控单元控制的电磁阀将低压气罐中的压缩空气直接喷入进气管,增加气缸充量。车载实验结果表明,该系统可满足实际应用的要求,显著减少了柴油机加速时的烟度排放。     

Effect of air injection on the characteristics of transient response in a turbocharged diesel engine

An experimental study was performed to investigate the improvement of transient characteristics of a turbocharged diesel engine under the conditions of low speed and fast acceleration with the load. In this study, the experiment for improving the low speed torque and acceleration performance is performed by means of injecting air into the intake manifold during the period of low speed and application of a fast acceleration. The effects of air injection into the intake manifold on the response performance are investigated at various thermodynamic parameters such as air injection pressure, air injection period, accelerating rate, accelerating time, engine speed and load. The experimental results show that air injection into the intake manifold at compressor exit is closely related to the improvement of low speed and acceleration performance of a turbocharged diesel engine. During the rapid acceleration period, the air injection into the intake manifold of turbocharged diesel engine indicates the improvement of the combustion characteristics and gas pressure in the cylinder. At low speed range of the engine, the effect of air injection shows the improvement of the pressure distribution of turbocharger and combustion pressure during the period of gas exchange pressure.     

WD615.67型柴油机常态排气微粒成分试验测定及分析

设计制作了适合柴油机常态排温下使用的微粒采样装置,试验测定了ＷＤ６１５．６７型柴油机５种常态工况下排气微粒中不可溶组分（ＩＯＦ）和可溶组分（ＳＯＦ）的百分 含量,并利用色谱－质谱联用装置对ＳＯＦ进行了化学组成成分分析,试验结果表明：微粒ＳＯＦ中的烃类大部分为直链烷烃,此外还有少量支链烷烃;相同转速下,随负荷的增加,排气微粒中ＳＯＦ百分含量减少,ＩＯＦ百分含量增加;相同负荷下,随转速的增加,微粒中Ｓ     

PFI汽油机快速拖动起动控制策略与碳氢排放

搭建了汽油机起动过程模拟试验平台,对比分析了采用普通起动马达和ISG(起动/发电一体化)电机高转速拖动起动时,汽油机的瞬时转速、气缸压力、燃油补偿系数、进气压力、点火时刻、HC转化效率、排气温度及瞬态HC排放浓度的变化规律。试验结果表明:随着拖动转速升高,进气压力降低,进气量减少,燃油蒸发时间缩短,雾化不充分,缸内发生失火的可能性增加,瞬态排放急剧升高,并与冷却液温度有着对应关系。通过瞬态燃油补偿可以改善汽油机起动后若干工作循环混合气偏稀的情况,降低HC排放。推迟点火,可提高排气温度,但冷机和热机状况下三效催化器转化效率存在较大差异。暖机后,当点火提前角为-10°CA时,三效催化器能在40s内起燃,HC转化率在60s内达到90%左右。     

Experimental study of stratified lean burn characteristics on a dual injection gasoline engine

Due to increasingly stringent fuel consumption and emission regulation, improving thermal efficiency and reducing particulate matter emissions are two main issues for next generation gasoline engine. Lean burn mode could greatly reduce pumping loss and decrease the fuel consumption of gasoline engines, although the burning rate is decreased by higher diluted intake air. In this study, dual injection stratified combustion mode is used to accelerate the burning rate of lean burn by increasing the fuel concentration near the spark plug. The effects of engine control parameters such as the excess air coefficient (Lambda), direct injection (DI) ratio, spark interval with DI, and DI timing on combustion, fuel consumption, gaseous emissions, and particulate emissions of a dual injection gasoline engine are studied. It is shown that the lean burn limit can be extended to Lambda= 1.8 with a low compression ratio of 10, while the fuel consumption can be obviously improved at Lambda= 1.4. There exists a spark window for dual injection stratified lean burn mode, in which the spark timing has a weak effect on combustion. With optimization of the control parameters, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) decreases 9.05% more than that of original stoichiometric combustion with DI as 2 bar brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) at a 2000 r/min engine speed. The NO_x emissions before three-way catalyst (TWC) are 71.31% lower than that of the original engine while the particle number (PN) is 81.45% lower than the original engine. The dual injection stratified lean burn has a wide range of applications which can effectively reduce fuel consumption and particulate emissions. The BSFC reduction rate is higher than 5% and the PN reduction rate is more than 50% with the speed lower than 2400 r/min and the load lower than 5 bar.