TDI CCD相机实验室辐射定标的研究

TDI CCD相机辐射定标的目的是建立输入辐亮度和探测器数字化输出之间的关系,为相机提供调光参数.本文推导了辐射定标的原理,并针对特定的TDI CCD相机在应用光学国家重点实验室里使用积分球对其进行了基于光谱辐照度灯的辐射定标,标定了TID CCD相机响应的线性度、TDI CCD相机响应分别与增益和级数的关系,根据实验结果我们得到了在不同的辐亮度值下的增益和级数参考值,从而确定了TDI CCD相机的调光参数,并给出了标定的误差和各项误差源的影响.     

HJ-1B卫星红外扫描图像的几何定位和精校正方法研究

根据环境与灾害监测预报小卫星1B星(HJ-1B)携带的红外扫描相机的成像几何特性,提出了一种基于成像过程模拟的几何定位和精纠正方法.该方法首先根据共线方程对HJ-1B红外相机的图像初定位,再基于一幅更高分辨率的已校正的遥感图像,按照红外相机的成像几何模拟生成若干图像块,与待纠正的红外相机图像匹配,用最小二乘修正偏移量,最后根据修正量去校正有误差的星历参数,从而获得整幅图像的精确定位信息.经过模拟数据和MODIS数据的检验,所提出的算法是可行的,定位精度有明显的提高.     

Effects of point-spread function on calibration and radiometric accuracy of CCD camera

The point-spread function (PSF) of a camera can seriously affect the accuracy of radiometric calibration and measurement. We found that the PSF can produce a 3.7% difference between the apparent measured radiance of two plaques of different sizes with the same illumination. This difference can be removed by deconvolution with the measured PSF. To determine the PSF, many images of a collimated beam from a He-Ne laser are averaged. Since our optical system is focused at infinity, it should focus this source to a single pixel. Although the measured PSF is very sharp, dropping 4 and 6 orders of magnitude and 8 and 100 pixels away from the point source, respectively, we show that the effect of the PSF as far as 100 pixels away cannot be ignored without introducing an appreciable error to the calibration. We believe that the PSF should be taken into account in all optical systems to obtain accurate radiometric measurements.     

三线阵CCD相机亚像元精度几何标定方法研究

为了解决三线阵CCD立体测绘相机内方位元素的几何标定问题,提出了一种实现相机亚像元精度内方位元素和交会角标定的方法。该方法利用光学高精度角度发生器和CCD细分测量相结合的检测方法,由最小二乘回归分析,实现相机内方位元素的标定,并通过扫描星点图像标定交会角。校飞实验的数据处理结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

Optical response of laser-doped silicon carbide for an uncooled midwave infrared detector

An uncooled mid-wave infrared (MWIR) detector is developed by doping an n-type 4H-SiC with Ga using a laser doping technique. 4H-SiC is one of the polytypes of crystalline silicon carbide and a wide bandgap semiconductor. The dopant creates an energy level of 0.30 eV, which was confirmed by optical spectroscopy of the doped sample. This energy level corresponds to the MWIR wavelength of 4.21 μm. The detection mechanism is based on the photoexcitation of electrons by the photons of this wavelength absorbed in the semiconductor. This process modifies the electron density, which changes the refractive index, and, therefore, the reflectance of the semiconductor is also changed. The change in the reflectance, which is the optical response of the detector, can be measured remotely with a laser beam, such as a He-Ne laser. This capability of measuring the detector response remotely makes it a wireless detector. The variation of refractive index was calculated as a function of absorbed irradiance based on the reflectance data for the as-received and doped samples. A distinct change was observed for the refractive index of the doped sample, indicating that the detector is suitable for applications at the 4.21 μm wavelength.     

非制冷红外FPA结构设计及物理特性有限元模拟

提出了一种薄膜式镂空双材料单层膜微悬臂梁结构的非制冷红外焦平面成像阵列(FPA,FocalPlateArray)。通过测量热膨胀系数相差较大的两种材料构成的悬臂梁受到红外辐射后的热形变分布,得到红外源的温度分布,从而实现在基于光力效应的光学读出系统中成像的目的。利用解析法建立了单层膜悬臂梁结构的热机械模型,用有限元软件对其优化参数下的热学性能和耦合特性进行了有限元的计算机模拟与分析。模拟热机械灵敏度结果为2.49×10-4deg/K,与热机械模型预测结果基本一致,为FPA的结构设计提供了有效的参数依据。     

Improving the transfer of near infrared prediction models by orthogonal methods

Eight calibration transfer methods based on the removal of orthogonal signal were compared for the standardization of whole soybean protein and oil models. Dynamic orthogonal projection (DOP), transfer by orthogonal projection (TOP), error removal by orthogonal subtraction (EROS), orthogonal signal correction (OSC), and orthogonal projections to latent structures (O-PLS) as well as the modification and extension of some of these methods were compared in the transfer of models in intra and inter-brand situations using two Foss Infratecs and two Bruins OmegAnalyzerGs. For each brand, a master was designated and its models transferred onto the second unit of its network and the two units of the second brand. Calibration models were transferable from brand to brand with similar or better precision than when each instrument was calibrated on its own calibration set (for Infratec 1229, the relative predictive determinant (RPD) increased in intra and inter-brand calibration transfer situations from 10.42 to 11.45 and 10.57, with DOP and EROS respectively). Performance of each method was different across parameters, instruments, and validation sets. DOP modifications on the determination of the difference matrix showed promising results while TOP and EROS extensions to include variability specifically present in certain crop years did not bring any beneficial effects.     

Performance of a long-wave infrared hyperspectral imager using a Sagnac interferometer and an uncooled microbolometer array

Field and laboratory measurements using an interferometer spectrometer based on the Sagnac interferometer using a microbolometer array detector are presented. Remotely obtained signatures collected with this instrument and with a cryogenic IR spectrometer are compared and shown to closely correspond. Ground-to-ground and air-to-ground image products are presented that demonstrate the image quality of the sensor. Signal-to-noise measurements are presented and compared with a simple parametric performance model that predicts the sensor performance. The performance model is used to predict the performance of this technology when equipped with cooled detectors.     

非制冷红外探测器夹层厚膜工艺及介电性能研究

以钡、锶和锰醋酸盐为原料,采用新型溶胶-凝胶法制备锰掺杂4%mol、Ba/Sr分别为60/40、65/35和70/30的纳米粉体,均匀分散于组分相同的BST溶胶中,形成稳定的厚膜先体凝胶.浓度0.4mol/L钛酸钡凝胶薄膜种子层,作为不同组分厚膜之间的中间夹层.利用旋转涂覆工艺在LNO/Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si复合底电极上,制备出厚度约为6～10μm的BST介电增强型夹层厚膜.XRD测试结果表明,650℃热处理2h后的夹层厚膜为单一钙钛矿相,750℃热处理后2h的夹层厚膜在室温、环境温度25℃、频率1kHz下相对介电常数εγ和介质损耗tanδ分别约为1200和0.03,室温25℃附近较宽范围介温变化率>1.2%/℃,BST夹层厚膜无裂纹出现,表面平整,致密,是制备大阵列非制冷红外焦平面阵列(UFPA)的优选材料.     

Using a CCD camera for the determination of the target size in radiation thermometry

The objective of this paper is to present the new objective method for the determination of the target size in radiation thermometry using a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera and the custom-made software. The target size is one of the essential components needed for the proper calibration of a radiation thermometer, as well as for everyday measurements. In practice, most of the radiation thermometers have a small black ring engraved on the ocular, and the interior of the ring defines the target area. Usually, manufacturers state how much radiation is gathered from the target area. Typical values stated are from 90% to 99%. The existing method was very subjective. A person determining the target size looked through the radiation thermometer and tried to read the target size of the thermometer from the millimeter grid paper. In our case, three different people in our laboratory, using this existing method, determined different target sizes. The new method uses a predefined mask of known dimensions, printed on millimeter grid paper and positioned in front of the radiation thermometer. Instead of a person looking through the ocular, a CCD camera and the custom-made image processing software are used. This target size can be used as an indication of target size in cases when other information is unavailable or to check manufacturer's data.     

Testing the radiometric accuracy of Fourier transform infrared transmittance measurements

We have investigated the ordinate scale accuracy of ambient temperature transmittance measurements made with a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrophotometer over the wavelength range of 2-10 mum. Two approaches are used: (1) measurements of Si wafers whose index of refraction are well known from 2 to 5 mum, in which case the FT-IR result is compared with calculated values; (2) comparison of FT-IR and laser transmittance measurements at 3.39 and 10.6 mum on nominally neutral-density filters that are free of etaloning effects. Various schemes are employed to estimate and reduce systematic error sources in both the FT-IR and laser measurements, and quantitative uncertainty analyses are performed.     

The crystallization and electrical properties of lead-based ferroelectric thin films for uncooled pyroelectric infrared detector

Epitaxially grown and polycrystalline PT, PLT and PZT thin films with thickness from 1 to 2 m have been prepared on Pt/Ti/SiO₂/Si substrates by means of the modified sol–gel spin-coating technique. The ferroelectric thin films have good crystallization behavior, excellent dielectric and pyroelectric properties. The pyroelectric coefficients of PT and PLT thin films are 2.9×10^–8 C/cm² k and (3.37–5.25)×10^–8 C/cm² k, respectively. The figures of merit for voltage responsivity of PT and PLT thin films (F _I ) are 0.60×10^–10 Ccm/J and (0.79–1.13)×10^–8 Ccm/J, respectively. The figures of merit for current responsivity of these films are 9.0×10^–9 Ccm/J and (10.5–16.0)×10^–9 Ccm/J, and the figures of merit for detectivity of these films are 0.74×10^–8 Ccm/J and (0.79–1.13)×10^–8 Ccm/J, respectively.     

Glory of clouds in the near infrared

Spectrally resolved visible and infrared images of marine stratus clouds were acquired from the NASA ER-2 high-altitude aircraft during the 1987 First International Cloud Climatology Program Regional Experiment. The images were obtained by cross-track scanning radiometers. Data images at nearinfrared wavelengths show frequent and readily apparent brightness features that are due to glory single scattering. The observations and subsequent analysis by radiative transfer calculations show that the glory is a significant feature of near-infrared solar reflectance from water clouds. Glory observations and calculations based on in-cloud microphysics measurements agree well. The most dramatic difference from the visible glory is that the scattering angles are significantly larger in the near infrared. The glory is also apparently more distinct in the near infrared than in the visible, as scattering size parameters are in a range that effectively produces a glory feature, and also there is less obscuration bymultipe-scattering reflectance because of absorption of radiation by droplets in the near infrared. For both the visible and the near infrared, the principal factors that wash out the glory are dispersion and, to a lesser degree, the effective radius of the cloud droplet-size distribution. The obscuration by multiple scattering in optically thick clouds is secondary. Rather than being a novelty, glory observations would be an accurate and unambiguous technique to sense the droplet size of water clouds remotely.     

宽覆盖面阵CCD测绘相机标定方法

本文首先对宽覆盖面阵测绘相机的组成和工作原理进行介绍.针对这种相机的特殊性,提出了对相机内方位元素的标定方法.通过对所研制相机参数的测量,利用偏最小二乘回归理论方法标定出了相机的内方位元素.并通过对标定结果的分析,验证了标定方法的正确性以及精度的可靠性.     

Stereo calibration of binocular ultra-wide angle long-wave infrared camera based on an equivalent small field of view camera

ABSTRACT

In this paper, a stereo calibration method for binocular ultra-wide angle long-wave infrared camera is proposed on the basis of an equivalent small field of view camera. Extrinsic parameters are calibrated through the corrected images from the left and right cameras. They can be viewed as images taken by a small field of view camera. The calibration procedure consists of three steps: monocular calibration, distortion correction and extrinsic parameters calibration. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the method, stereo vision of the camera is modelled and a 3D reconstruction approach is presented. A series of experiments, including intrinsic parameters, extrinsic parameters and 3D reconstruction, are conducted to validate the proposed method. The results show that the baseline length error decreases to 0.67%, and the relative error for the 3D reconstruction of corners is smaller than 8.11%. In contrast to the common stereo calibration method, it improves calibration accuracy.     

Tandem triple-pass Fabry-Perot interferometer for applications in the near infrared

A standard tandem triple-pass scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer of the Vernier type for applications in the near infrared is described. The Fabry-Perot etalons have been coated with a specially designed dielectric multilayer stack with low loss factors and a uniform reflectivity of (92.5 +/- 1.0)% between 730 and 860 nm. The performances of the instrument, such as resolution, total transmission, and contrast, are equivalent to conventional tandem Fabry-Perot spectrometers but over the whole near-infrared wavelength range. Applications of the system to Brillouin scattering on semiconductors in the transparent wavelength regime and high-resolution spectroscopy of vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers are given.