Determination of shear strength of unidirectional composite materials with the Iosipescu and 10° off-axis shear tests

The purpose of this research was to determine the shear strength of a unidirectional carbon-fibre/epoxy composite by means of the 10° off-axis and 0° Iosipescu specimens subjected to shear. Detailed non-linear finite-element computations of these two tests were conducted, taking into account the actual non-linear material behavior of the composite. The tests were compared in terms of stresses and strains at failure. It was found that the shear strength of the composite can be very accurately determined by using the two independent testing techniques only if fully non-linear finite element computations of the tests are performed. The stresses and strains at failure in the 10° off-axis specimen closely match the stresses and strains at the onset of intralaminar damage near the roots of the notches in Iosipescu specimens. Owing to the difficulties associated with the measurement of the shear strength of the composite using the Iosipescu test, and in particular, with the interpretation of the experimental data, this test was found to be almost impractical for the determination of shear strength. The test can only be used if fully non-linear finite element computations of uncracked and axially cracked Iosipescu specimens are conducted in conjunction with the continuous monitoring of intralaminar damage near the roots of the notches during testing. In addition, the shear strength results obtained from the Iosipescu specimen should be independently verified by using another method, such as the 10° off-axis test.     

Simultaneous determination of in-plane shear and transverse moduli of unidirectional composite laminae at different strain rates and temperatures

A semi-empirical method is proposed for the extraction, simultaneously, of the transverse tensile and in-plane shear moduli of unidirectional laminae, at various strain rates and temperatures, from tests on symmetric and balanced ±65 ° angle-ply composite laminates. The extraction method is applied to data obtained from tests on Kevlar-49/epoxy and carbon/ epoxy filament-wound tubes which were subjected to internal pressure loading at three key temperatures of −45, 20 and 70 °C at different strain rates of up to 80/s. The combined effect of strain rate and temperature on these extracted properties is studied by applying strain rate temperature equivalence principles. It is found that the variation of the mechanical properties of the two materials with strain rate and temperature can be adequately described by semi-empirical equations similar to the Arrhenius and Williams-Landel-Ferry relationships, usually used for homogeneous solids.     

Influence of grain size on wear behavior of SiC coating for carbon/carbon composites at elevated temperatures

To improve the wear performance of SiC coating for C/C composites at elevated temperatures, the grain was refined by adding small amounts of titanium, in the raw powders for preparing this coating. The related microstructure and mechanical characteristics were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy and nano-indention. The results show that the grain size of SiC coating decreased from ∼30 μm to ∼5 μm due to the addition of grain refiner. TiC formed by reacting titanium with graphite, can act as perfect heterogeneous nucleus for the nucleation and growth of β-SiC. The wear resistance and fracture toughness of SiC coating was improved by grain refinement. However, the increasing interfaces increased the friction resistance and resulted in the high friction coefficient of fine-grained coating at room temperature. As the temperature rose, oxides layer formed on the surface of fine-grained coating, which can reduce the adhesive wear and decrease the friction coefficient. The fine-grained coating exhibited relative low friction coefficient of ∼0.41 owing to a compact silica film formed on the worn surface at 600 °C, and the wear was dominated by plastic deformation and shear of silica film. The wear of coarse-grained coating was controlled by the fracture of SiC at high temperature.     

高性能二维碳/碳复合材料的制备与性能

为获得高性能热结构复合材料,以国产T300碳纤维为原料,通过碳布预浸料交替铺层热压及液相浸渍裂解工艺方法制备了一系列二维碳/碳复合材料,并对二维碳/碳复合材料的微观结构特征、力学性能及烧蚀性能进行了测试与分析。研究结果表明:碳布规格及制备工艺对二维碳/碳复合材料力学性能有较大影响,当碳布规格选用八枚缎纹、经过碳化预处理且高温处理温度达到2 300℃时,二维碳/碳复合材料表现出较好的综合性能,拉伸强度和层间剪切强度的最大值分别高达301 MPa和12.4 MPa,达到了国际先进水平;在模拟典型服役环境考核状态下,制备的不同规格二维碳/碳复合材料的烧蚀性能基本相当,均未出现由于层间强度偏低而发生的烧蚀揭层现象,表现出较好的烧蚀均匀性和结构可靠性。      

单向碳/碳复合材料拉-拉疲劳寿命及剩余强度预测模型

基于预测单向复合材料纵向拉伸强度的随机核模型,引入纤维单丝剩余强度二参数Weibull模型及纤维单丝与基体界面剩余强度模型,研究建立了单向复合材料纵向拉-拉疲劳寿命及剩余强度的预测模型。对经过一定次数拉-拉疲劳载荷循环后的纤维束抽取其纤维单丝进行剩余强度拉伸试验,建立了纤维单丝剩余强度的二参数Weibull模型,测试单向碳/碳（C/C）复合材料的纤维与基体界面强度。通过单向C/C复合材料算例分析表明,92.5%、90.6%和87.5%应力水平下对数预测寿命与对数试验寿命比值分别为0.79、1.00和1.11,表明所建立的寿命预测模型用于预测单向C/C复合材料疲劳寿命是可行的;纵向拉伸剩余强度预测值与试验值误差在10%以内,吻合较好,表明所提出的剩余强度预测模型具有较高的精度。     

硅溶胶改性碳纤维对碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料界面性能影响

以硅烷偶联剂和正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为前躯体, 以固体酸-对甲苯磺酸为催化剂制备硅溶胶, 利用硅溶胶对碳纤维进行表面改性后, 以环氧树脂为基体, 制备碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料。利用SEM、 TEM、 万能试验机、 偏光显微镜等对表面改性前后的碳纤维形态、 力学性能及碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的界面性能进行表征, 研究了硅溶胶改性碳纤维对其复合材料界面性能影响。结果表明, 硅溶胶处理碳纤维后, 在碳纤维表面原位生成具有膜-粒结构的表面层, 改性后碳纤维的强度由2.41 GPa提高到3.00 GPa, 界面性能也得到了明显改善, 界面剪切强度(IFSS)提高了51.41%。     

In-plane shear strength of a carbon/carbon composite at different loading rates and temperatures

The in-plane shear strength (IPSS) of a carbon/carbon composite (C/C) was measured at different loading rates and temperatures by compressing the double-notched specimen (DNS). The fracture surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that IPSS measured by loading in compressing DNS is very close to that determined by the Iosipescu method at room temperature. There is a linear relationship between IPSS and the loading rate on the log-log coordinate, as the loading rate increases from 0.005 to 2 mm/min. IPSS at 1873 K is about two times of that at room temperature. The results were caused by the degassing effect of the absorbed water, release of the thermal stress and enhancement of the fiber strength.     

Role of Mg and Ti on a SiCp,ZrCp/Al composite at elevated temperatures

Metal-matrix composites have been considered as new materials with many attractive properties. One of the characteristics of particulate composites is high strength at elevated temperatures. In this work, a SiC-or ZrC-particle-reinforced composite was fabricated through a casting route and the effect of Ti and Mg alloying on the wettability between ceramic particles and a liquid aluminium alloy was measured with the time required for particulate incorporation. The formation of a reaction product was observed and it was identified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray microanalysis. Observations by SEM revealed that the incorporation time was closely related to the interfacial reactions. The degradation of the composite at an elevated temperature was measured, and the roles of the interfacial reaction and the formation of the reaction product were investigated. Decomposition of the ceramic phase due to the elevated-temperature holding depended on the thermodynamical properties of the ceramic phase. The formation site of the reaction product also affected the degradation of the composite material.     

Mechanical properties of a TiAl-based alloy at room and high temperatures

Intermetallic titanium aluminides have attracted considerable industrial interest for aero and automotive applications owing to their specific strength. These alloys are candidates for high-temperature applications such as turbine blades and turbocharger turbine wheels. In this work, the mechanical behaviour of an as-cast Ti–47Al–3Cr–3Nb (at.-%) alloy was studied. Four-point bending tests were performed to determine the mechanical properties of the alloy at both room and high temperatures. Microhardness and Young’s modulus were evaluated by dynamic indentation tests at room temperature. Analyses of the as-cast alloy showed that, with the selected production process conditions, it has a duplex microstructure. Tests revealed that, while at room temperature the alloy is brittle, between 700 and 900°C it exhibits good ductility and mechanical properties.     

竹炭/酚醛树脂复合导电材料的制备与性能

以碳化温度为900 ℃的竹炭为导电骨料、 酚醛树脂为黏结剂、 炭黑为添加剂, 采用模压成型法制备竹炭/酚醛树脂复合导电材料。考察了竹炭的粒度、 酚醛树脂用量、 炭黑用量、 成型压力及固化温度等工艺因素对竹炭/酚醛树脂复合导电材料导电性和抗弯强度的影响。结果表明: 随着酚醛树脂用量的增加, 复合材料的抗弯强度增大, 电导率先增大后减小; 增加成型压力可同时提高复合材料的电导率和抗弯强度; 增大竹炭粉粒的粒径、 增加炭黑用量、 提高固化温度有利于改善复合材料的导电性, 但会不同程度地改变复合材料的力学性能。制备竹炭/酚醛树脂复合导电材料的最佳工艺条件为: 竹炭粒度≤75 μm, 树脂用量30%, 炭黑用量7.5%, 成型压力280 MPa, 固化温度180 ℃。      

高温环境下碳纤维增强树脂复合材料的层间力学性能老化行为与失效预测

为了研究碳纤维增强树脂(CFRP)复合材料层间力学性能在高温环境中的老化失效行为,设计了CFRP复合材料层间拉伸和层间剪切实验,在高温(80℃)环境中进行0(未老化)、 120 h、 240 h、 360 h、 480 h、 600 h和720 h的老化测试,分析CFRP层间失效强度和失效形式随老化时间的变化规律,得到随高温老化的二次应力准则响应面。建立CFRP复合材料层间力学性能预测模型,得到不同老化衰减系数下的退化模型,并通过CFRP复合材料层间仿真模型进行了验证。结果表明:随着高温老化时间的增加,层间拉伸和层间剪切强度总体上都发生了一定程度的退化,层间拉伸时更容易发生碳纤维丝剥离,层间剪切发生局部的树脂剥离,纤维之间的分层更加明显,高温老化使树脂与纤维丝的界面结合力显著下降。通过CFRP复合材料层间力学性能随高温老化的二次应力准则,计算不同老化时间后的内聚力模型参数,预测CFRP复合材料在高温老化条件下的层间强度,发现仿真与实验误差小于10%,说明了CFRP复合材料层间失效预测模型的准确性。     

Preparation and characterisation of PE films of carbon nanotube/polyaniline (PAN) composite mixture

ABSTRACT

Polyaniline (PAN) composites filled with nanotube were prepared by twin-screw extruder in order to study the influence of PE reinforcing effect on the mechanical behaviour of the nanotube/polyaniline (PAN) composites. The mechanical property tests of the composites with and without PE were performed. The tensile and flexural strength of nanotube/polyaniline (PAN) composites with polyethylene (PE) was improved. In conclusion, the addition of PE favoured the improvement of the higher interface strength and so had good effect on improving the tensile and flexural properties of the composites. The dielectric strength was slightly increased with the PE content increasing and then decreased gradually. The hybrid film with 2 wt.% of PE shows the dielectric strength of 199 MV/m, which is about 6% higher than that of nanotube/polyaniline (PAN) film (188 MV/m).     

炭纤维增强羟基磷灰石/聚乳酸复合生物材料的力学性能和体外降解性能

采用溶液共混法制备了炭纤维(CF)增强羟基磷灰石(HA)/聚乳酸(PLA)三元复合生物材料。研究了该复合材料的力学性能和体外降解性能。CF/HA/PLA复合材料具有优异的力学性能, 弯曲强度和弯曲模量均随着HA含量的增加先升高后降低, 存在一个峰值, 可分别达到430MPa和26GPa。在PBS模拟体液中降解3个月, 弯曲强度和弯曲模量分别下降到初始值的30%和36%。SEM照片显示, 降解是从复合材料的界面开始的, 降解3个月后, 界面结合处出现缝隙, 吸水率增加到5%, 质量损失只有1.6%。PBS模拟体液的pH值下降在0.1之内, 有利于骨折部位的愈合。实验结果表明, 该复合材料的机械性能满足骨折内固定材料技术指标的要求。      

Direct measurements of interfacial shear strength of multi-walled carbon nanotube/PEEK composite using a nano-pullout method

This paper presents a proposal of a simple and easy method to evaluate the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) of CNT-dispersed polymer composites. An individual multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWNT) was pulled out from a MWNT-dispersed/PEEK composite using a nano-pullout testing system installed in an SEM. The tensile load was measured using the elastic deformation of an AFM cantilever. The pull-out length was controlled by making a through-thickness hole near the specimen edge using a focused ion beam (FIB) system. The IFSS of a MWNT/PEEK composite was measured as 3.5-14 MPa, which agrees with the IFSS estimated from the macroscopic stress-strain behavior of the MWNT/PEEK composites.     

Mechanical properties of cross-ply and quasi-isotropic composite laminates processed using aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube/epoxy prepreg

This study examined the processing and mechanical properties of cross-ply and quasi-isotropic composite laminates processed using aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube/epoxy prepreg sheets. Three kinds of CNT/epoxy laminates, ([0°/90°]s, [60°/0°/?60°]s, [0°/45°/90°/?45°]s) were successfully fabricated using aligned CNT/epoxy prepreg sheets. The CNT volume fraction was approximately 10%. No visible void or delamination was observed in composite laminates, and the thickness of each layer was almost equal to that of the prepreg. To evaluate the elastic moduli, E₁₁, E₂₂, and G₁₂, of each ply in the laminates, on-axis and off-axis tensile tests (0°, 45°, 90°) were conducted of aligned CNT/epoxy lamina specimens. The Young’s modulus of CNT/epoxy cross-ply and quasi-isotropic laminates agreed with the theoretical values, which were calculated using classical laminate theory and elastic moduli of CNT/epoxy lamina. The respective failure strains of [0°/90°]s, [60°/0°/?60°]s, and [0°/45°/90°/?45°]s laminates are 0.65, 0.92, 0.63%, which are higher than that of 0° composite lamina (0.5%). Results suggest that the failure strain of 0° layer in composite laminates is improved because of the other layers.     

基于人造海绵的碳/环氧树脂网络互穿复合材料的制备及磨损性能研究

采用人造海绵为模板,通过浸渍酚醛树脂和环氧树脂,制备了具有海绵构造的碳/环氧树脂网络互穿复合材料。并研究了该复合材料的微观形貌及摩擦磨损性能。结果发现人造海绵的网络状构造很好地复制到了复合材料中。与环氧树脂相比,复合材料的磨损率和摩擦系数都降低了。复合材料中的网状碳限制了环氧树脂基体的应变和回弹能力,使其摩擦系数变动范围变小。显示出此类复合材料具有更加稳定的摩擦磨损性能。     

石墨/酚醛树脂复合材料双极板的制备与性能

双极板是质子交换膜燃料电池的重要组成部分,石墨与聚合物的复合材料双极板是目前研究的重要方向。采用模压热固化二步法,以酚醛树脂为粘结剂、天然鳞片石墨为导电骨料、炭黑为添加剂制备了质子交换膜燃料电池用复合材料双极板。系统研究了不同种类石墨对石墨/酚醛树脂复合材料电性能和抗弯强度的影响。结果表明:以天然鳞片石墨为导电原料时,所制备的石墨/酚醛树脂双极板的性能最好;添加导电炭黑能有效提高石墨/酚醛树脂复合材料的电导率;在复合材料制备中加入4wt%的碳纤维,碳纤维-石墨/酚醛树脂复合材料的抗弯强度提高了29%;碳纤维表面液相氧化处理能有效提高纤维与基体间的结合强度,随着处理时间的延长与处理温度的升高,碳纤维-石墨/酚醛树脂复合材料的电导率和抗弯强度都有很大程度的提高;最终固化温度主要影响酚醛树脂的交联程度,随着最终固化温度的升高,酚醛树脂的交联程度增加,电导率增大,但抗弯强度有一定程度减小。     

水性上浆剂对碳纤维表面及碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料界面性能的影响

以4,4'-亚甲基双(异氰酸苯酯)(MDI)为扩链剂, 将Triton X-100(TX-100)引入到双酚A二缩水甘油醚(DGEBA) 中, 设计合成水性碳纤维上浆剂(DGEBA-MDI-TX-100), 并利用合成的水性上浆剂对碳纤维表面进行改性。在此基础上, 以环氧树脂为基体, 制备碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料, 研究了水性上浆剂改性碳纤维对碳纤维表面性能及其复合材料界面性能的影响。结果表明:与未经处理的碳纤维相比, 经过上浆剂改性后的碳纤维润湿性能得到了较大的提高, 与环氧树脂的接触角下降了 9.1%;与环氧树脂复合后制备的复合材料的界面剪切强度提高了64.7%。      

Real-time damage evaluation of a SiC coated carbon/carbon composite under cyclic fatigue at high temperature in an oxidizing atmosphere

A SiC coated C/C composite was fatigued at 1300 °C in an oxidizing atmosphere. Damage evolution of the composite was discussed on the basis of modulus reduction and ratchetting strain developments. Real-time electrical resistance and acoustic emission responses were monitored throughout fatigue and the data showed fairly good agreement with composite micro-damage. It is feasible to employ resistance and acoustic emission measurements as real-time damage evolution indicators for fatigue of C/C composites at high temperature in corrosive environments.     

Effects of heat treatment processes on microstructure and creep properties of a high nitrogen 15Cr-15Ni austenitic heat resistant stainless steel

Conventional thermo-mechanical treatment (CTMT) and modified thermo-mechanical treatment (MTMT) process were applied for manufacturing a high nitrogen niobium-stabilized 15Cr-15Ni austenitic alloy. CTMT process consists of 5 h of solution treatment at 1270 °C followed by water quenching and subsequent aging at 820 °C for 50 h. MTMT process differs from CTMT process in hot plastic deformation performed immediately after the solution treatment at 1270 °C and longer aging time. Microstructure and creep properties of the steel obtained by both processing routes were investigated. Creep rupture tests at 750 °C showed double increase in rupture time brought about by MTMT process. Examination of crept microstructure by transmission electron microscopy revealed that the improved creep properties in MTMT process were mainly due to improved distribution uniformity of fine nano-sized carbonitride precipitates in the austenitic matrix and that MTMT process has no effects on the number density and distribution of copper precipitates present in the steel. However, the creep ductility in MTMT process drastically reduced comparing to CTMT process. The higher density of grain boundaries due to finer grain recrystallized microstructures and the formation of higher volume fraction of coarser M₂₃C₆ precipitates at the boundaries are believed to be the main reason for the lower creep ductility in MTMT process.