Numerical calculation on combustion process and NO transformation behavior in a coal-fired boiler blended ammonia: Effects of the injection position and blending ratio

Ammonia (NH₃), as a potential carbon-free alternative fuel, can be blended into coal-fired boiler to achieve significant pollution reduction and carbon reduction, but there are concerns about high NOx emissions due to high nitrogen content. According to the characteristics of coal/NH₃ co-combustion, a dual-fuel co-combustion model with strong adaptability and high accuracy was established in this study through Chemkin software to study the influence of different injection positions and blending ratios on combustion characteristics and NOx generation process. Then, the co-combustion model was applied to the three-dimensional CFD calculation process of a 330 MWe front-fired boiler, and the combustion characteristics, NOx distribution and reaction process were calculated when cal. 20% NH₃ was blended in the primary air. The results show that when cal. 20% NH₃ is blended, the change of NO content mainly occurs in ignition zone and flame zone, and the transformation behavior of N in NH₃ is optimized to a 15-step elementary reaction; The temperature distribution in the furnace is similar, and the average temperature at the furnace outlet decreases from 1033 °C to 988 °C, while NH₃ have a preferential combustion reaction with air than coal, resulting in a decrease in the burnout rate of coal; The NOx concentration at the furnace outlet decreases from 355 mg/Nm³ to 281 mg/Nm³, which is 20.85% lower than that under the pure coal burning condition, and the variation range of O₂ concentration and unburned NH₃ concentration is small.     

75t_h烟煤锅炉改烧无烟煤

一台燃用烟煤的７５ｔ／ｈ锅炉改为燃用无烟煤,通过重新设计布置燃烧器,并实施其它相关改造,取得了改造后锅炉燃用无烟煤６０％负荷下不投油能稳燃的良好效果。     

复合分级燃烧对四角切圆锅炉NOx排放特性的影响

采用复合分级燃烧技术对某一燃用褐煤的四角切圆600 MW锅炉进行了低氮燃烧改造。这种复合分级燃烧技术主要是将水平浓淡燃烧技术,燃尽风技术,偏置二次风技术等有机结合起来。改造后,对一次风量,辅助风的配风方式,燃尽风率,燃尽风配风方式,锅炉过量空气系数等对锅炉NOx排放特性的影响进行了研究。在改造和燃烧优化后,锅炉实现了在高效燃烧的同时NOx浓度大幅降低。     

Investigation of flame characteristics using various design parameters in a pulverized coal burner for oxy‐fuel retrofitting

In oxy‐coal combustion for carbon capture and storage, oxygen and recirculated CO₂ are used as oxidizers instead of air to produce CO₂‐rich flue gas. Owing to differences between the physical and chemical properties of CO₂ and N₂, the development of a burner and boiler system based on fundamental understanding of the flame type, heat transfer, and NOx emission is required. In this study, computational fluid dynamic analysis incorporating comprehensive coal conversion models was performed to investigate the combustion characteristics of a 30 MWth tangential vane swirl pulverized coal burner. Various burner design parameters were evaluated, including the influence of the burner geometry on the swirl strength, direct O₂ injection, and O₂ concentrations in the primary and secondary oxidizers. The flame characteristics were sensitive to the oxygen concentration in the primary oxidizer. The performance of direct O₂ injection around the primary oxidizer with low O₂ concentration was dependent on the mixing of the fuel and oxidizer. The predictions showed that swirl number adjustment and careful direct oxygen injection design are essential for retrofitting air‐firing pulverized coal burners as oxy‐firing burners.     

The black smoke control in a chain‐grate stoker‐fired boiler at the time of ignition and restart of the combustion

The black smoke is always emitted from the chimney in the chain‐grate stoker‐fired boiler at the time of ignition at ambient temperature and restart of the combustion after temporary flameout in China. The purpose of the work is to reduce the black smoke emission. A laboratory fixed‐grate model has been used to simulate the combustion of coal in chain‐grate stoker‐fired boiler. The CO and O₂ concentration in the flue gas have been measured with a flue gas analyser, and the black smoke emitted from the chimney has been screened with Charge Couple Device (CCD) video camera. Power 2^# coal, sized at 5–25 mm, has been fired in the fixed‐grate model. The secondary air has been used to enhance the turbulence in the furnace after the numerical simulation. The results of experiments show that the emission of the black smoke at the time of ignition of the coal at ambient temperature is more serious than that of restart of the combustion after the temporary flameout for the case of the temperature; the secondary air is helpful for reducing the black smoke emission for enhancing the intensity of the turbulence in the furnace; selection of coal particle size is necessary, the smaller the size of the coal is, the more serious the black smoke emission is, and the effect of reducing the black smoke emission with the secondary air is more evident with smaller‐size coal. The industrial test has been employed to study the effect of the air demand. It indicates that rational stoichiometric air/fuel ratio is helpful for reducing the black smoke emission in the restart of the combustion after the temporary flameout. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multi‐objective optimization of the coal combustion performance with artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms

The present work introduces an approach to predict the nitrogen oxides (NO_x) emissions and carbon burnout characteristics of a large capacity pulverized coal‐fired boiler with an artificial neural network (ANN). The NO_x emissions and carbon burnout characteristics are investigated by parametric field experiments. The effects of over‐fire‐air (OFA) flow rates, coal properties, boiler load, air distribution scheme and nozzle tilt are studied. An ANN is used to model the NO_x emissions characteristics and the carbon burnout characteristics. A genetic algorithm (GA) is employed to perform a multi‐objective search to determine the optimum solution of the ANN model, finding the optimal setpoints, which can suggest operators' correct actions to decrease NO_x emissions and the carbon content in the flyash simultaneously, namely, get a good boiler combustion performance with high boiler efficiency while keeping the NO_x emission concentration meet the requirement. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of ash fouling on heat transfer during combustion of cattle biomass in a small‐scale boiler burner facility under unsteady transition conditions

Combustion of cattle biomass (CB) as a supplementary fuel has been proposed for reducing emissions of NO_x, Hg, SO₂, and nonrenewable CO₂ in large coal‐fired power plants; however, its high ash content resulted in fouling and slagging problems when the CB was co‐fired with coals during small‐ and pilot‐scale tests. Ash depositions during combustion of the CB as a reburn fuel were investigated using a 30 kW_t (100 000 Btu h^?1) boiler burner facility with water‐cooled heat exchangers (HEXs) under unsteady transition conditions and short‐term operations. Two parameters were used to characterize the effects of the ash deposition: (1) Overall heat transfer coefficient (U) and (2) Burnt fraction (BF). A methodology was presented and empirically demonstrated for the effects of ash deposition on heat transfer under unsteady transition conditions. Experiments involving ash deposition during reburning the CB with coals were compared with experiments involving only ash‐less natural gas. It was found that the growth of the ash layer during reburning the CB and coals lowered the heat transfer rate to water in the HEXs. In low‐temperature regions, the thin layer of the ash deposition promoted radiation effects, while the thick layer of the ash deposition promoted the thermal resistance of the ash layer. A chemical analysis of the heavy ash indicated that the BF increased when a larger fraction of the CB was used in the reburn fuels, indicating better performance compared with coal combustion alone. However, the results of ash fusion temperature indicated the ash deposited during combustion of the CB and coals was more difficult to remove than the ash deposited during coal combustion alone. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

摆动式水平浓淡风煤粉燃烧器在670 t/h锅炉的应用研究

我厂2号锅炉(DG 670/13.7-8A)为四角切圆布置,一、二次风间隔布置,分上下两组,设计煤种为晋中贫煤.在实际运行中,煤质不稳定,锅炉着火和燃烧稳定性差.采用"摆动式水平浓淡风煤粉燃烧器"技术对燃烧器改造后,燃烧效率提高0.84%、在300 t/h时能稳定燃烧、炉膛无结渣,锅炉参数稳定.     

燃煤电站锅炉NOx排放的控制措施

基于我国燃煤电站锅炉NOx排放的实际情况,在对影响其NOx排放各因素进行分析的基础上,细化了低氧燃烧、空气分级燃烧、低NOx燃烧器和燃料分级燃烧技术在我国电站锅炉的应用,指出锅炉设计中应尽可能选用切向燃烧方式,将再燃技术应用于降低燃用低挥发分煤的固态排渣电站锅炉设计和改造中以进一步降低NOx排放并满足国家标准的要求,锅炉运行中尽量减小各喷口风粉量的偏差,合理组织沿炉膛水平方向和高度方向(倒梯形、缩腰形等)的分级燃烧实现降低NOx排放的最佳效果.     

A fibre‐mat catalytic burner for the heating system of PVC tiles

This study aims to develop the low‐temperature catalytic burner using Al₂O₃ fibre and Pt catalyst as a substrate and an active material, respectively, and then to apply it to the heating system of PVC tiles. Three types of fibre‐mat catalytic burners—natural diffusion catalytic burner, forced diffusion catalytic burner and premixed catalytic burner—were tested. For the natural diffusion catalytic burner, the combustion efficiency was significantly affected by the installation method. Its combustion efficiency was above 99.5% when it was placed vertically and upward, whereas the combustion efficiency rapidly deteriorated to less than 80% when it was installed in downward position. When the forced diffusion combustion mode was employed, the combustion efficiency of the fibre‐mat catalytic burner was successively improved over 99.5%. The optimal operation condition of the premixed fibre‐mat catalytic burner was obtained when the excess air ratio is 4.3 and the heat load is 3.0 kcal h^?1 cm^?2. The heat load of the premixed catalytic burner was found to be twice as much as those of the natural and forced diffusion catalytic burner, meaning that the size of the catalytic burner can be reduced to its half if the premixed catalytic burner is used. We also performed the field test of the fibre‐mat catalytic burner in the heating system of the PVC tiles. The combustion efficiency of the catalytic burners appeared to be satisfactory, above 99.5%, and the energy saving by replacing the existing electrical heaters with the fibre‐mat catalytic burners were shown to be 27.7%. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Co‐gasification performance of coal and petroleum coke blends in a pilot‐scale pressurized entrained‐flow gasifier

Co‐gasification performance of coal and petroleum coke (petcoke) blends in a pilot‐scale pressurized entrained‐flow gasifier was studied experimentally. Two different coals, including a subbituminous coal (Coal A) and a bituminous coal (Coal B), individually blended with a petcoke in the gasifier were considered. The experimental results suggested that, when the petcoke was mixed with Coal A over 70%, the slagging problem, which could shorten the operational period due to high ash content in the coal, was improved. It was found that increasing O₂/C tended to decrease the syngas concentration and better operational conditions of O₂/C were between 0.6 and 0.65 Nm³ kg^?1. For the blends of Coal B and the petcoke, the slagging problem was encountered no more, as a result of low ash content in both Coal B and the petcoke. The better co‐gasification performance could be achieved if the blending ratio of the two fuels was 50%, perhaps resulting from the synergistic effect of the blends. With the aforementioned blending ratio, the optimal condition of O₂/C was located at around 0.65 Nm³ kg^?1. The co‐gasification was also simulated using Aspen Plus. It revealed that the simulation could provide a useful insight into the practical operation of co‐gasification. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Utilization of combustible waste gas as a supplementary fuel in coal‐fired boilers

A system is proposed to use the combustible waste gas as a supplementary fuel in coal‐fired boilers. The combustion air can be partially or fully substituted by ventilation air methane or diluted combustible waste gases. The recommended volume fraction of combustible waste gas in combustion air is no more than 1.0%. The effect of waste gas introduction on thermodynamic parameters of boiler is evaluated through thermal calculation based on material balance, heat balance, and heat transfer principles. A case study is conducted by referring to a 600 MW supercritical pressure boiler. The results show that no retrofit of boiler is required. The operation of boiler is scarcely influenced, and the original forced and induced draft fans can meet the requirement. With increasing volume fraction of combustible waste gas, the flue gas temperature at the furnace exit decreases monotonically, resulting in an increment of heat absorption in furnace and a decrement of heat transferred in convective heating surfaces. When 1.0% volume fraction of hydrocarbon gas is introduced, the thermal efficiency of boiler is increased by 0.5%, and the coal consumption rate is reduced by 25.4%. The cost analysis of the proposed system is conducted, and break‐even curves are given as references for the utilization of waste gas as a supplementary fuel. The economic velocity of the combustion air is suggested to be 18.2 m s^?1.     

可调煤粉浓度燃烧技术在670t/h贫煤锅炉上的应用

河南省鹤壁万和发电有限责任公司２号炉是配２００ＭＷ机组的６７０ｔ／ｈ燃煤四角切圆燃烧锅炉,１９９８年３月应用浙江大学热能工程研究所开发的双稳可调浓淡煤粉燃烧器对原第二、第三层直流燃烧器进行改造。改造后连续运行至的实践表明,在４５－５０％负荷下调峰,可不投助燃烧油稳定燃烧。在同样工况下,改后的飞灰可燃物含量高负荷（２００ＭＷ）和低负荷（１００ＭＷ）时分别从１．８３％和１．３２％下降到１．１２％和１．     

负荷变化对900 MW超临界锅炉炉内燃烧影响的数值模拟

利用Fluent软件对1台900 MW四角切圆燃烧锅炉在不同负荷下炉内燃烧过程进行了数值模拟,分析了负荷变化对炉内流动和传热的影响规律.结果表明:在高负荷工况下运行时,炉内燃烧充分且稳定,但是炉内火焰更容易冲刷水冷壁,可能发生局部结渣现象;在低负荷工况下运行时,炉内火焰充满度较差,切圆燃烧的稳定性显著下降,炉膛水冷壁灰污表面温度也相应降低,水冷壁表面结渣的倾向弱化,沿高度方向水冷壁吸热不均匀性增大.由于该锅炉的低NOx燃烧器采用了分离燃尽风,使得高温区扩展,火焰中心高度比采用有关标准推荐的方法计算所得结果高4~5 m.     

水平浓淡煤粉燃烧器的研究

文中对四角布置的水平浓淡煤粉燃烧器进行了试验研究和理论分析,并与ＷＲ燃烧器进行了对比性研究。结果表明：水平浓淡燃烧器比ＷＲ燃烧器的着火提前、着火稳定性的调节范围更宽广。同时,深入分析了浓淡煤粉燃烧器稳定着火的机理,对最佳煤粉浓度进行了定量分析、计算结果与本试验数据的偏差为１７．４％。     

A numerical study of pulverized coal ignition by means of plasma torches in air–coal dust mixture ducts of utility boiler furnaces

Paper presents selected results of numerical simulation of processes in air–coal dust mixture duct of pulverized coal utility boiler furnace with plasma-system for pulverized coal ignition and combustion stabilization. Application of the system in utility boiler furnaces promises to achieve important savings compared with the use of heavy oil burners. Plasma torches are built in air–coal dust mixture ducts between coal mills and burners. Calculations have been performed for one of rectangular air–coal dust mixture ducts with two opposite plasma torches, used in 210 MW_e utility boiler firing pulverized Serbian lignite. The simulations are based on a three-dimensional mathematical model of mass, momentum and heat transfer in reacting turbulent gas-particle flow, specially developed for the purpose. Characteristics of processes in the duct are analyzed in the paper, with respect to the numerical results. The plasma-system thermal effect is discussed as well, regarding corresponding savings of liquid fuel. It has been emphasized that numerical simulation of the processes can be applied in optimization of pulverized coal ignition and combustion stabilization and enables efficient and cost-effective scaling-up procedure from laboratory to industrial scale.     

采用旋流煤粉燃烧方式的1 025 t/h锅炉结渣原因的工业试验

针对采用旋流煤粉燃烧方式燃用贫煤的1025 t/h锅炉结渣问题,进行了冷、热态工业试验．结果表明,采用双调风旋流燃烧器的锅炉中、下层燃烧器区域结渣；高负荷结渣严重,低负荷结渣情况有所减缓,但掉渣更加频繁；锅炉前墙燃烧器区温度高于后墙．双调风旋流燃烧器和中心给粉燃烧器都具有大且稳定的回流区,并有较大的扩展角；下层燃烧器采用中心给粉旋流煤粉燃烧器可有效避免结渣．     

某电厂220t/h锅炉煤粉燃烧器改造设计方案

为提高某电厂220t/h煤粉锅炉燃烧器低负荷稳燃能力，拟采用浓淡燃烧技术对该炉燃烧器进行改造；下层燃烧器采用水平浓淡燃烧器，上层燃烧器采用上下浓淡燃烧器；为保证低负荷时的主蒸汽温度，上层燃烧器为摆动式燃烧器。     

惯性浓淡旋流燃烧器的原理及其在50t_h锅炉上的应用

在径向浓淡旋流煤粉燃烧器的基础上,本文提出了一种新型燃烧器－惯性浓淡旋流煤粉燃烧器,即在燃烧器一次风通道中加入煤粉浓缩器,并将其置于燃烧器喷口较近的位置,一次风粉经过煤粉浓缩器后,形成了由燃烧器中心向外煤粉浓度由高向低的分布趋势,依靠煤粉颗粒的惯性,将这种分布趋势一直保持到燃烧器出口。针对一台燃用烟煤的５０ｔ／ｈ煤粉炉的特点,给出了该燃烧器的布置,介绍了改造前后的运行情况。     

800MWe超临界循环流化床锅炉概念设计

常压循环流化床 (ACFB)燃烧技术是已经为国际上公认的商业化程度最好的洁净煤技术 ,但在达到较高的供电效率方面并未具有明显的优越性。超临界CFB作为下一代CFB技术 ,综合了超临界蒸汽循环高效率和循环流化床低成本 2方面的优势 ,而循环流化床条件下的热负荷分布规律使得超临界压力下水冷壁的安全性更为可靠 ,脱硫、脱硝投资及运行成本比烟气脱硫和催化还原NOx 低 ,受到人们的高度关注。总结了国内外超临界CFB锅炉研究工作的一些进展 ,详细介绍了 80 0MWe超临界CFB锅炉的概念设计。