The Sensitivity of the Vortex Filament Method to Different Reconnection Models

We present a detailed analysis on the effect of using different algorithms to model the reconnection of vortices in quantum turbulence, using the thin-filament approach. We examine differences between four main algorithms for the case of turbulence driven by a counterflow. In calculating the velocity field we use both the local induction approximation (LIA) and the Biot-Savart integral. We show that results of Biot-Savart simulations are not sensitive to the particular reconnection method used, but LIA results are.     

基于Fluent的涡流管数值模拟与结构优化研究

以Fluent数值模拟为基础, 理想二氧化碳气体为工质, 采用5因素5水平的正交分析法, 模拟研究了各结构参数对涡流管制冷性能的影响。结果发现:当冷流比为0.4时, 热端管径为4.32 mm、喷嘴流道数目为2、冷孔板直径2.39 mm、涡流管长103 mm、调节阀出口面积5 mm²的涡流管, 获得最大制冷效应13.53 K。     

Characterizing Particle Flow by Acoustic Emission

A simple theoretical model which captures the statistical nature of an acoustic emission (AE) signal generated by a stream of solid particles impinging on a flat solid surface is presented. It rests on well-known results dating back to the fundamental work by Hertz, which assumes the impact to be elastic, the particle to be spherical, and the surface on which the particle bounces perfectly flat. The average power of the signal is evaluated in two limits. In the first one, the frequency content of the signal is identical to that of the forces developed during impact. In the second limit, only the low frequency part of the source function contributes to the spectrum of the recorded signal, the transfer function of the measuring system acting as a low-pass filter. In this case, it is shown that the result has an immediate physical interpretation, although its practical relevance is still limited. Additional progress is accomplished by experimentally proving that the statistical average of the particles’ momentum may be replaced with the average flow velocity, a quantity that may be directly measured in real life situations. It is suggested that this simplified version of the theoretical result may provide a useful tool to characterize particle flow in systems of industrial interest.     

声发射传感器表面波灵敏度的比较法校准

声发射传感器的校准是声发射技术的重要课题,基于表面波的比较法校准是声发射传感器校准中的常用方法,其原理简单,校准效率高,适用于声发射传感器的日常校准。本文针对比较法校准,优化了校准中使用的声发射源和声场,构建了完整的声发射传感器比较法校准系统,编写了相应的校准程序,实现了传感器表面波灵敏度的校准,并具有较好的重复性和稳定性。     

基于声发射技术的三维编织复合材料压缩破坏分析

基于声发射(AE)技术研究了不同编织角度的三维四向炭/环氧编织复合材料在压缩载荷作用下的破坏过程。分析了累积声发射能量,事件率,幅值和波形经过快速傅里叶变换后的峰值频率。同时,结合载荷-位移曲线,把破坏过程分成不同的阶段来深入理解编织复合材料的破坏机理。用光学显微镜观测试件的破坏表面。结果表明AE参数能很好地描述三维编织复合材料的破坏过程,而且破坏机理也可用AE特性来识别。     

Acoustic Emission during powder Compaction and its Frequency Spectral Analysis

Acoustic emission was detected during compaction of three different pharmaceutical materials: lactose monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose and maize starch varying compressive forces between 0 and 60 kN. Acoustic emission signals were recorded on magnetic tape with a microphone and transformed to frequency spectra by using FFT-analysis.

After rough identification of frequency components each spectrum was divided into three bands. By using integrated band powers the acoustic activity on these bands could be compared quantitatively. Many frequency peaks were observed, too, and many of them could be identified.     

Acoustic Emission during powder Compaction and its Frequency Spectral Analysis

Abstract

Acoustic emission was detected during compaction of three different pharmaceutical materials: lactose monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose and maize starch varying compressive forces between 0 and 60 kN. Acoustic emission signals were recorded on magnetic tape with a microphone and transformed to frequency spectra by using FFT-analysis.

After rough identification of frequency components each spectrum was divided into three bands. By using integrated band powers the acoustic activity on these bands could be compared quantitatively. Many frequency peaks were observed, too, and many of them could be identified.     

单轴式声悬浮的实验研究及数值模拟分析

采用自行研制的单轴式声悬浮装置,实现了密度为7.9g/cm3的钢球的稳定悬浮.采用有限元方法对两种不同形状谐振腔的声场进行了数值计算和模拟,结果表明采用凹球面形反射面能有效提高悬浮性能;同时解释了实验过程中小球沿凹球面壁运动的现象,对进一步研究声悬浮装置结构对悬浮性能的影响有一定的借鉴意义.     

Analysis of Acoustic Emission Propagation in Metal-to-Metal Adhesively Bonded Joints

Acoustic emission (AE) monitoring shows promise as one of the most effective methods for condition monitoring of adhesively-bonded joints. Previous research has demonstrated its ability to detect, locate and classify adhesive joint failure, though in these studies little attention appears to have been paid to the differences in AE wave propagation through the bonded and un-bonded sections of the specimens tested, or to the effects of the wave modes excited or the propagation distances. This paper details an experimental study conducted on large aluminium sheet specimens to identify the effects of the presence of an adhesive layer on AE wave propagation. Three specimens are considered; a single aluminium sheet, two aluminium sheets placed together without adhesive, and an adhesively-bonded specimen. A pencil lead break (PLB) is used as a simulated AE source, and is applied to the three specimens at varying propagation distances and orientations. The acquired signals are processed using wavelet-transforms to explore time-frequency features, and compared with modified group-velocity curves based on the Rayleigh–Lamb equations to allow identification of wave-modes and edge-reflections. The effects of propagation distance and source orientation are investigated while comparison is made between the three specimens. It is concluded that while the wave propagation modes can be approximated as being constant throughout all three specimens, there is a significant change in the received waveforms due to the attenuation of high-frequency components exhibited by the bonded specimen. These findings may be utilised to provide a deeper understanding of acquired AE data, improving the current abilities to identify, locate and characterise damage mechanisms occurring within adhesive joints, ultimately improving safety in the use of adhesive bonding for critical applications.     

Inspection of the heat exchangers of the reactor saphir by Acoustic Emission

The acoustic emission technique is a non-destructive testing method used for inspection and surveillance of structures and pressurized components. In particular, the purpose of the measurement on the 5 MW research reactor SAPHIR was to investigate and evaluate the abnormally high noise levels during operation of the heat exchangers of the cooling system. The results showed that 5 heat exchangers out of the total of 9 (assembled in 3 groups) were responsible for the higher noise level. This is probably due to some abnormal vibration of the tube bundles therein, caused by the through-flow of the pool water. Indeed, attempts of localizing the source showed that there must be several, distributed sources.     

Damage Characterization of Thermal Barrier Coatings by Acoustic Emission and Thermography

Thermal barrier coatings allow increasing the operating temperature and efficiency of land‐, sea‐, or air‐based turbines. As failure of the coating may result in serious damage of the turbine, reliable estimation of its lifetime is essential. To assess the lifetime, cyclic tests are conceived to combine thermal loading by heating the surface of the coating with laser irradiation and nondestructive methods for damage determination. Using laser irradiation allows a high reproducibility of the thermal load. The temperature of the sample surface during thermal loading is determined by an infrared‐camera which also enables the possibility to detect damage in the coating via thermography. Additionally, four acoustic sensors, attached to the experimental setup, are used to detect damage in the sample and determine the source of acoustic events. Results of acoustic emission correlate well with thermographic images that visualize the formation and evolution of damage through delaminations in the samples.     

Monitoring of Corrosion Under Insulations by Acoustic Emission and Humidity Measurement

We simultaneously monitored humidity and AE from active corrosion under insulation (CUI). For humidity monitoring, we developed an optical fiber sensor based on the moisture dependency of absorption of laser light by connecting coating of polyvinyl alcohol and CoCl₂ coating and pullulan coating in series on the fiber as a cladding layer. The sensor could be used to measure humidity of 65–95% RH at 80°C. The temperature dependence of the sensor was as small as 2.5% RH/10°C. We monitored active CUI by the acoustic emission technique and humidity sensing under wetting and drying cycles. Most AE signals were produced during the drying process in each wetting and drying cycle, and the AE rate increased with the time of wetness (period of humidification).     

基于声发射信号参数分析的耐火材料损伤聚类研究

耐火材料声发射信号可分为单一突发型和叠加突发型两种,通过分析其波形特征,将上升时间、持续时间、幅度、能量、计数和质心频率作为区分这两种信号的特征参数,利用K均值聚类方法,实现耐火材料不同损伤类型的声发射信号分类。利用该方法对MgO-C耐火材料受压损伤信号进行分析,研究结果表明:单一突发型信号主要频率成分单一集中,信号主要呈现50～60kHz和150～160kHz两种频率段,叠加突发型信号主要频率成分为上两种频率成分的叠加;将信号分为3类,第1类和第2类信号反映了具有计数少、持续时间短和能量小特点的单一突发型信号,第2类信号的损伤强度大于第1类,第3类信号反映了具有计数多、持续时间长和能量大特点的叠加突发型信号。     

Damage Monitoring of an Historical Masonry Building by the Acoustic Emission Technique

Acoustic Emission (AE) of the materials that are subject to stress and strain states is a methodology for non-destructive investigation, originally applied to industrial steel structures. Here it is proposed by the authors for identifying the damage in masonry buildings. This experimental method was used to monitor the masonry structure of an historical building, “Casa Capello”, located in the centre of the Rivoli Municipality (near Turin, Italy). This house, built on pre-existing 14th century foundations, was thoroughly restructured at the end of the 18th century and has recently undergone restoration and enlargement works. Non-destructive AE tests were carried out on a few masonry portions of the building in order to evaluate and define the development of the cracking phenomena which had been observed in a number of structural parts after the collapse of a breast wall on the down hill side of the building. With the measurement system adopted, entailing no loading or invasive procedures, it proved possible to predict the arrest of crack growth and the concomitant onset of a new stability condition.     

涂层接触疲劳损伤过程中的声发射小波分析

采集铁基合金涂层在不同接触疲劳损伤阶段的声发射信号,并采用dB10基本小波对其进行5层小波分解和重构,分析了疲劳损伤声发射信号的波形和频率特征。结果表明:裂纹萌生阶段的原始声发射信号以连续型为主,裂纹的稳定扩展阶段以混合型为主,裂纹的失稳扩展阶段以突发型为主;通过小波变换实现了将疲劳损伤声发射信号与干扰波分离,获得了高信噪比的疲劳损伤特征信息;在不同的疲劳损伤阶段,声发射信号的频率分布各不相同。随着疲劳损伤的加剧,各层的波形幅值呈增大的趋势,并且疲劳损伤频率分布范围也更加的广泛。     

陶瓷材料破坏的声发射特性

采用先进的多通道声发射系统监测了AD95氧化铝陶瓷在三点弯曲加载下的破坏过程.对有缺口和无缺口两种试件的声发射能量数,事件数,振铃数随时间变化特征的对比分析,讨论了预制缺口对材料损伤破坏过程和断裂的影响.声发射幅值随时间的变化曲线直接反映了材料内微裂纹成核前期,成核,扩展至宏观裂纹形成和断裂过程.实验结果表明,声发射参数可以表征材料的内部损伤演化过程.     

互易法校准压电型声发射传感器的研究与实现

声发射传感器的校准是实现声发射定量技术的前提,依据电声换能器互易原理,在计算互易常数的基础 上,建立了适用于压电型声发射传感器表面波和纵波互易的校准系统。通过设置特定的激励信号波形,依据接收 电压信号与激励电流信号之间的时间延迟,准确获取电流信号与电压信号对应的特征值,实现了声发射传感器的表面波和纵波互易校准。由于传感器的尺寸效应,传感器在高频时的表面波速度灵敏度低于纵波灵敏度,不确定度评定结果表明,声发射传感器速度灵敏度的互易法校准不确定度为1. 2 dB。     

Automatic Classification of Acoustic Emission Patterns

Abstract: The problem of automatic classification of acoustic emission signals using techniques derived from pattern recognition is addressed in this paper. The data were taken from laboratory experimental work on a box girder of a bridge in which the acoustic emission (AE) generation mechanism and location were monitored. Two statistical methods and a neural network procedure have been used to classify the data into groups representing different AE generation mechanisms. The classifiers are constructed using the traditional AE features – four parameters from each burst. Principal component analysis is used to reduce the dimension of the AE data feature vectors to two dimensions, resulting in simple visualisations of the data.     

声发射测试系统的发展

综述了声发射测试系统的发展历程及现状。展望了其发展前景，给出了两种分类依据，重点介绍了几种目前先进的声发射仪．