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1.
2.
M. W. Wu K. S. Hwang H. S. Huang K. S. Narasimhan 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2006,37(8):2559-2568
The use of diffusion-alloyed powders for fabricating powder metal parts, despite alleviating the segregation problem of the
alloying elements while retaining good compressibility, still cannot attain homogeneous microstructure in as-sintered products.
The presence of soft Ni-rich areas and pores causes poor mechanical properties compared to those of wrought steel counterparts.
This study investigated the effects of adding 0.5 wt pct Cr, which was introduced in the 316L stainless steel powder form,
on the microstructure and mechanical properties of diffusion-alloyed Fe-4Ni-1.5Cu-0.5Mo-0.5C (Metal Powder Industries Federation
(MPIF) FD-0405) steels. The results show that weak Ni-rich areas were present in the Cr-free specimen when sintered at 1120
°C and 1250 °C. These areas were lean in carbon because of the strong repelling effect between Ni and C. With the addition
of 316L powders, the Cr was uniformly distributed and helped eliminate the soft Ni-rich areas, particularly in specimens sintered
at 1250 °C. The distribution of carbon also improved. With a more uniform distribution of Ni and C, and more homogeneous microstructure,
which consisted mainly of bainite and martensite, the mechanical properties of the Fe-4Ni-1.5Cu-0.5Mo-0.5C diffusion alloy
steels were improved significantly. 相似文献
3.
Marco Wendler Michael Hauser Eckhard Frank Sandig Olena Volkova 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B》2018,49(2):581-589
The influence of chemical composition, temperature, and pressure on the nitrogen solubility of various high alloy stainless steel grades, namely Fe-14Cr-(0.17-7.77)Mn-6Ni-0.5Si-0.03C [wt pct], Fe-15Cr-3Mn-4Ni-0.5Si-0.1C [wt pct], and Fe-19Cr-3Mn-4Ni-0.5Si-0.15C [wt pct], was studied in the melt. The temperature-dependent N-solubility was determined using an empirical approach proposed by Wada and Pehlke. The thus calculated N-concentrations overestimate the actual N-solubility of all the studied Fe-Cr-Mn-Ni-Si-C steel melts at a given temperature and pressure. Consequently, the calculation model has to be modified by Si and C because both elements are not recognized in the original equation. The addition of the 1st and 2nd order interaction parameters for Si and C to the model by Wada and Pehlke allows a precise estimation of the temperature-dependent nitrogen solubility in the liquid steel bath, and fits very well with the measured nitrogen concentrations during processing of the steels. Moreover, the N-solubility enhancing effect of Cr- and Mn-additions has been demonstrated. 相似文献
4.
Ming-Wei Wu Guo-Jiun Shu Shih-Ying Chang Bing-Hao Lin 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2014,45(9):3866-3875
The impact toughness of powder metallurgy (PM) steel is typically inferior, and it is further impaired when the microstructure is strengthened. To formulate a versatile PM steel with superior impact, fatigue, and tensile properties, the influences of various microstructures, including ferrite, pearlite, bainite, and Ni-rich areas, were identified. The correlations between impact toughness with other mechanical properties were also studied. The results demonstrated that ferrite provides more resistance to impact loading than Ni-rich martensite, followed by bainite and pearlite. However, Ni-rich martensite presents the highest transverse rupture strength (TRS), fatigue strength, tensile strength, and hardness, followed by bainite, pearlite, and ferrite. With 74 pct Ni-rich martensite and 14 pct bainite, Fe-3Cr-0.5Mo-4Ni-0.5C steel achieves the optimal combination of impact energy (39 J), TRS (2170 MPa), bending fatigue strength at 2 × 106 cycles (770 MPa), tensile strength (1323 MPa), and apparent hardness (38 HRC). The impact energy of Fe-3Cr-0.5Mo-4Ni-0.5C steel is twice as high as those of the ordinary high-strength PM steels. These findings demonstrate that a high-strength PM steel with high-toughness can be produced by optimized alloy design and microstructure. 相似文献
5.
Uma Maheswara Rao Seelam C. Suryanarayana Helge Heinrich Tadakatsu Ohkubo Kazuhiro Hono N. S. Cheruvu 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2012,43(8):2945-2954
An SS304?+?10?wt pct Al (with a nominal composition of Fe-18Cr-8Ni-10Al by wt pct and corresponding to Fe-17Cr-6Ni-17Al by at. pct) coating was deposited on a 304-type austenitic stainless steel (Fe-18Cr-8Ni by wt pct) substrate by the magnetron sputter-deposition technique using two targets: 304-type stainless steel (SS304) and Al. The as-deposited coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and three-dimensional (3-D) atom probe techniques. The coating consists of columnar grains with ?? ferrite with the body-centered cubic (bcc) (A2) structure and precipitates with a B2 structure. It also has a deposition-induced layered structure with two alternative layers (of 3.2 nm wavelength): one rich in Fe and Cr, and the other enriched with Al and Ni. The layer with high Ni and Al contents has a B2 structure. Direct confirmation of the presence of B2 phase in the coating was obtained by electron diffraction and 3-D atom probe techniques. 相似文献
6.
R. L. Klueh P. J. Maziasz D. J. Alexander 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》1997,28(2):335-345
Previous work on 3Cr-1.5MoV (nominally Fe-3Cr-2.5Mo-0.25V-0.1C), 2.25Cr-2W (Fe-2.25Cr-2W-0.1C), and 2.25Cr-2WV (Fe-2.25Cr-2W-0.25V-0.1C)
steels indicated that the impact toughness of these steels depended on the microstructure of the bainite formed during continuous
cooling from the austenitization temperature. Microstructures formed during continuous cooling can differ from classical upper
and lower bainite formed during isothermal transformation. Two types of nonclassical microstructures were observed depending
on the cooling rate: carbide-free acicular bainite at rapid cooling rates and granular bainite at slower cooling rates. The
Charpy impact toughness of the acicular ferrite was considerably better than for the granular bainite. It was postulated that
alloying to improve the hardenability of the steel would promote the formation of acicular bainite, just as increasing the
cooling rate does. To test this, chromium and tungsten were added to the 2.25Cr-2W and 2.25Cr-2WV steel compositions to increase
their hardenability. Charpy testing indicated that the new 3Cr-W and 3Cr-WV steels had improved impact toughness, as demonstrated
by lower ductile-brittle transition temperatures and higher upper-shelf energies. This improvement occurred with less tempering
than was necessary to achieve similar toughness for the 2.25Cr steels and for high-chromium (9 to 12 pct Cr) Cr-W and Cr-Mo
steels. 相似文献
7.
Martensitic transformations induced by plastic deformation are studied comparatively in various alloys of three types: Fe-30
pct Ni, Fe-20 pct Ni-7 pct Cr, and Fe-16 pet Cr-13 pct Ni, with carbon content up to 0.3 pct. For all these alloys the tensile
properties vary rapidly with temperature, but there are large differences in the value of the temperature rangeM
s toM
d, which strongly increases with substitution of chromium for nickel or with carbon addition. Using the node method, it is
found that the intrinsic stacking fault energy in the austenite drastically increases with temperature in all the chromium-bearing
alloys investigated. This variation is consistent with the observed influence of temperature on the appearance of twinning
or ε martensite during plastic deformation. Very different α’ martensite morphologies can result from spontaneous and plastic
deformation induced transformations, especially in Fe-20 pct Ni-7 pct Cr-type alloys where platelike and lath martensites
are respectively observed. As in the case of ε martensite, the nucleation process is analyzed as a deformation mode of the
material, using a dislocation model. It is then possible to account for the morphology of plastic deformation induced α’ martensite
in both Fe-20 pct Ni-7 pct Cr and Fe-16 pct Cr-13 pct Ni types alloys and for the largeM
s toM
d range in these alloys.
This paper is based upon a thesis submitted by F. LECROISEY in partial fulfillment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at
the University of Nancy. 相似文献
8.
Karthikeyan Rajan Nandani Rai Subramanya Sarma Vadlamani B. S. Murty 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2014,45(4):1684-1688
Analysis of isothermal grain growth kinetics of nanocrystalline Fe-9Cr-1Mo and Fe-9Cr-1W-based ferritic oxide dispersion strengthened alloys is reported. Fe-9Cr-1Mo-0.25Ti-0.5Y2O3 alloy exhibited ~900 and ~250 pct enhancement in grain-coarsening resistance at 1073 K (800 °C) in comparison with Fe-9Cr-1Mo-0.5Y2O3 alloy and Fe-9Cr-1W-0.5Y2O3 alloy, respectively. Comparison of grain growth time exponents also revealed that addition of Ti and Y2O3 to nanocrystalline Fe-9Cr alloy has significantly enhanced the grain growth resistance. This is attributed to the possible presence of Y-Ti-O-based nanoclusters (<5 nm). 相似文献
9.
J. K. Sung J. Koch T. Angeliu G. S. Was 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》1992,23(10):2887-2904
The role of chromium, carbon, chromium carbides, and phosphorus on the intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) resistance
of Ni-Cr-Fe alloys in 50 pct NaOH at 140 °C is studied using controlled-purity alloys. The effect of carbon is studied using
heats in which the carbon level is varied between 0.002 and 0.063 wt pct while the Cr level is fixed at 16.8 wt pct. The effect
of Cr is studied using alloys with Cr concentrations between 5 and 30 wt pct. The effect of grain boundary Cr and C together
is studied by heat-treating the nominal alloy composition of Ni-16Cr-9Fe-0.035C, and the effect of P is studied using a high-purity,
P-doped alloy and a carbon-containing, P-doped alloy. Constant extension rate tensile (CERT) results show that the crack depth
increases with decreasing alloy Cr content and increasing alloy C content. Crack- ing severity also correlates inversely with
thermal treatment time at 700 °C, during which the grain boundary Cr content rises and the grain boundary C content falls.
Phosphorus is found to have a slightly beneficial effect on IG cracking susceptibility. Potentiodynamic polarization and potentiostatic
current decay experiments confirm that Cr depletion or grain boundary C enhances the dissolution at the grain boundary. Results
support a film rupture-anodic dissolution model in which Cr depletion or grain boundary C (independently or additively) enhances
dissolution of nickel from the grain boundary region and leads to increased IG cracking. 相似文献
10.
Nitrogen solubility in liquid Fe, Fe-V, Fe-Cr-V, Fe-Ni-V and Fe-18 pct Cr-8 pet Ni-V alloys has been measured using the Sieverts’ method for vanadium contents up to 15 wt pct and over the temperature range from 1775 to 2040 K. Nitrogen solution obeyed Sieverts’ law for all alloys investigated. Nitride formation was observed in Fe-13 pet V, Fe-15 pet V and Fe-18 pet Cr-8 pet Ni-10 pet V alloys at lower temperatures. The nitrogen solubility increases with increasing vanadium content and for a given composition decreases with increasing temperature. In Fe-V alloys, the nitrogen solubility at 1 atm N2 pressure is 0.72 wt pet at 1863 K and 15 pct V. The heat and entropy of solution of nitrogen in Fe-V alloys were determined as functions of vanadium content. The first and second order interaction parameters were determined as functions of temperature as: $$e_N^V = \frac{{ - 463.6}}{T} + 0.148 and e_N^{VV} = \frac{{17.72}}{T} - 0.0069$$ The effects of alloying elements on the activity coefficient of nitrogen were measured in Fe-5 pet and 10 pet Cr-V, Fe-5 pet and 10 pet Ni-V and Fe-18 pet Cr-8 pct Ni-V alloys. In Fe-18 pet Cr-8 pet Ni-10 pet V, the nitrogen solubility at 1 atm N2 pressure is 0.97 wt pet at 1873 K. The second order cross interaction parameters, e N Cr,V and e N Ni,V , were determined at 1873 K as 0.00129 and ? 0.00038 respectively. 相似文献
11.
Test steels containing 0.25 pct C, 1.0 pct Ni, 3.0 to 4.5 pct Cr, 0.8 to 2.0 pct Mo, 0.12 pct V and two levels of such impurities
as phosphorus, tin and antimony, quenched and tempered to a 825 MPa (120 ksi) minimum yield strength level, have been examined
for temper-embrittlement susceptibility. The susceptibility is influenced by a combination of chromium and molybdenum contents
rather than by contents of individual elements. The susceptibility in steels with 3 pct Cr-0.8 pct Mo and 4.5 pct Cr-0.8 to
1.6 pct Mo was significantly lower than that of a 3.5Ni-1.7Cr-0.5Mo-0.1V steel at the same impurity level. 相似文献
12.
G. R. Rao E. H. Lee B. A. Chin L. K. Mansur 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》1994,25(1):193-202
Eight complex austenitic stainless steel alloys based on the composition Fe-13Cr-15Ni-2Mo-2Mn-0.2Ti-0.8Si-0.06C were implanted
simultaneously with 400-keV B+ and 550-keV N+ ions and were investigated for changes in fatigue properties and surface microhardness. The nearsurface hardness of all eight
alloys improved, but the fatigue life of each decreased. These findings were contrary to those obtained in an earlier study
using four simple Fe-13Cr-15Ni alloys, where the dual implantation improved fatigue life by up to 250 pct. While unimplanted
specimens failed by slip-band crack initiation, it was hypothesized that the dual implantation suppressed slip to the extent
that fewer slip-band cracks were initiated and these were subjected to accelerated crack propagation. In addition, grain-boundary
cracking was promoted, yielding a lower fatigue life. Support for this hypothesis was obtained by a study of single crystals
of Fe-15Cr-15Ni, which were also implanted with B+ and N+. The dual implantation caused a lower fatigue life due to concentration of slip along a few slip bands to relieve applied
stress. Evidence of grain-boundary cracking was obtained using the four simple alloys, which were subjected to triple ion
implantation with B+, N+, and C+. The triple implantation decreased the fatigue life of the alloys and caused accelerated growth of fewer slip bands and grain-boundary
cracking due to suppression of surface slip bands. This study thus shows the existence of an optimum level of strengthening
when multiple ion implantation is used to improve the fatigue properties of alloys. 相似文献
13.
Swapan Kumar Karak J. Dutta Majumdar Zbigniew Witczak Witold Lojkowski Łukasz Ciupiński K. J. Kurzydłowski Indranil Manna 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2013,44(6):2884-2894
In this study, an attempt has been made to synthesize 1.0 wt pct nano-Y2O3-dispersed ferritic alloys with nominal compositions: 83.0 Fe-13.5 Cr-2.0 Al-0.5 Ti (alloy A), 79.0 Fe-17.5 Cr-2.0 Al-0.5 Ti (alloy B), 75.0 Fe-21.5 Cr-2.0 Al-0.5 Ti (alloy C), and 71.0 Fe-25.5 Cr-2.0 Al-0.5 Ti (alloy D) steels (all in wt pct) by solid-state mechanical alloying route and consolidation the milled powder by high-pressure sintering at 873 K, 1073 K, and 1273 K (600°C, 800°C, and 1000°C) using 8 GPa uniaxial pressure for 3 minutes. Subsequently, an extensive effort has been undertaken to characterize the microstructural and phase evolution by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Mechanical properties including hardness, compressive strength, Young’s modulus, and fracture toughness were determined using micro/nano-indentation unit and universal testing machine. The present ferritic alloys record extraordinary levels of compressive strength (from 1150 to 2550 MPa), Young’s modulus (from 200 to 240 GPa), indentation fracture toughness (from 3.6 to 15.4 MPa√m), and hardness (from13.5 to 18.5 GPa) and measure up to 1.5 through 2 times greater strength but with a lower density (~7.4 Mg/m3) than other oxide dispersion-strengthened ferritic steels (<1200 MPa) or tungsten-based alloys (<2200 MPa). Besides superior mechanical strength, the novelty of these alloys lies in the unique microstructure comprising uniform distribution of either nanometric (~10 nm) oxide (Y2Ti2O7/Y2TiO5 or un-reacted Y2O3) or intermetallic (Fe11TiY and Al9.22Cr2.78Y) particles' ferritic matrix useful for grain boundary pinning and creep resistance. 相似文献
14.
F. G. Wilson B. R. Knott C. D. Desforges 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》1978,9(2):275-282
Several alloys based on Fe-25Cr-6Al and Fe-25Cr-11Al (wt pct) with additions of yttrium, Al2O3, and Y2O3 have been prepared by mechanical alloying of elemental, master alloy and oxide powders. The powders were consolidated by
extrusion at 1000°C with a reduction ratio of 36:1. The resulting oxide contents were all approximately either 3 vol pct or
8 vol pct of mixed Al2O3-Y2O3 oxides or of Al2O3. The alloys exhibited substantial ductility at 600°C: an alloy containing 3 vol pct oxide could be readily warm worked to
sheet without intermediate annealing; an 8 vol pct alloy required intermediate annealing at 1100°C. The 3 vol pct alloys could
be recrystallized to produce large elongated grains by isothermal annealing of as-extruded material at 1450°C, but the high
temperature strength properties were not improved. However, these alloys, together with some of the 8 vol pct materials, could
be more readily recrystallized after rod (or sheet) rolling; sub-stantially improved tensile and stress rupture properties
were obtained following 9 pct rod rolling at 620°C and isothermal annealing for 2 h at 1350°C. In this condition, the rup-ture
strengths of selected alloys at 1000 and 1100°C were superior to those of competitive nickel-and cobalt-base superalloys.
The oxidation resistance of all the alloys was ex-cellent.
F. G. WILSON and C. D. DESFORGES, formerly with Fulmer Re-search Institute 相似文献
15.
Metallographic studies have been conducted on a 0.024 pct C-16 pct Cr-1.5 pct Mo-5 pct Ni stainless steel to study the phase reactions associated with heat treatments and investigate the strengthening mechanisms of the steel. In the normalized condition, air cooled from 1010 °C, the microstructure consists of 20 pct ferrite and 80 pct martensite. Tempering in a temperature range between 500 and 600 °C results in a gradual transformation of martensite to a fine mixture of ferrite and austenite. At higher tempering temperatures, between 600 and 800 °C, progressively larger quantities of austenite form and are converted during cooling to proportionally increasing amounts of fresh martensite. The amount of retained austenite in the microstructure is reduced to zero at 800 °C, and the microstructure contains 65 pct re-formed martensite and 35 pct total ferrite. Chromium rich M23C6 carbides precipitate in the single tempered microstructures. The principal strengthening is produced by the presence of martensite in the microstructure. Additional strengthening is provided by a second tempering treatment at 400 °C due to the precipitation of ultrafine (Cr, Mo) (C,N) particles in the ferrite. 相似文献
16.
The oxidation properties of Fe-20Cr,Fe-20Cr-0.2Dy and Fe-20Cr-1Dy alloys were studied using gravimetric and electrochemical techniques.The high-temperature oxide films of Dy-doped Fe-20Cr alloys were prepared in air at 900 oC for 24,48 and 100 h,respectively.The electrochemical experiment was performed by a three-electrode electrochemical cell and in 0.1 mol/L Na2SO4 aqueous solution.Proper models were built for describing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of the different oxide layers and the spectra were interpreted in terms of a two-layer model of the films.The results revealed that the oxide films of Dy-doped Fe-20Cr alloys became compacter than that of undoped alloys and retained their good protective ability for a relatively long time.With increasing content of Dy,the protection of the oxide films slightly decreased.Mott-Schottky curves indicated that all the oxides were n-type semi-conductors,and the Nd value of oxide film on Fe-20Cr was much larger than that of Dy-doped Fe-20Cr alloys.The results of kinetic curves and SEM were in agreement with electro-chemical impedance spectroscopy and Mott-Schottky data. 相似文献
17.
M. Campos J. Sicre-Artalejo J.J. Mu?oz J.M. Torralba 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2010,41(7):1847-1854
Because of the combination of strength and toughness, much interest has been focused on austempered sintered low-alloyed steels.
Implementation of this treatment for powder metal components has been limited by interaction between the open porosity of
the material and the cooling fluid. This work discusses the influence of different austempering environments and parameters
on the microstructure and, as a consequence, on the final properties. The sintered steels selected are based on two different
prealloyed powders, Fe-1.5Cr-0.2Mo and Fe-1.5Mo, with the addition of 0.6 wt pct graphite. Green samples with medium density
(7.3 g/cm3) were sintered at 1393 and 1523 K (1120 and 1250 °C) to ensure a decrease in open porosity. The austempering treatment process
requires austenitizing at 1133 K (860 °C) for 2 hours followed by quenching in different baths at 563 K (290 °C). The final
strength and ductility are dependent upon the relative amounts of ferrite, pearlite, and bainite phases present in the austempered
steel. Discussion of the experimental results compares the as-sintered and the austempered observations as well as the relationship
between mechanical properties and the phases present in the final microstructures. 相似文献
18.
Z. A. Foroulis 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》1982,13(1):153-159
This report deals with the kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of iron-chromium and iron-chromium-molybdenum alloys (containing
1.25 pct Cr-0.5 pct Mo, 5 pct Cr-0.5 pct Mo, and 12 pct Cr) with low partial pressure chlorine gas in the temperature range
270 to 550 °C. The rate of reaction generally decreases with exposure time and, in the case of alloys containing five pct
Cr and higher chromium content, the kinetics follows a parabolic rate law. The reaction kinetics is influenced by surface
films containing FeCl2 and CrCl3 which have very low vapor pressure in the temperature range studied. The effect of molybdenum on the reaction is negligible.
In the case of alloys containing five pct Cr-0.5 pct Mo and 12 pct Cr, the reaction product film consists essentially of CrCl3 (outer layer) and much smaller concentration of FeCl2 (inner layer). For these alloys, the observed parabolic kinetics is attributed to kinetic control of the overall reaction
by solid-state diffusion through the reaction product surface film. In the case of the 1.25 pct Cr-0.5 pct Mo alloy, the film
consists essentially of a mixture of FeCl2 and CrCl3. In this case, an outer CrCl3 film layer is not formed and the overall kinetics is influenced by the rate of formation of volatile FeCl3 speciesvia the reaction 2 FeCl2 + Cl2 (FeCl3)2. 相似文献
19.
Microstructure and high-temperature dry sliding wear at 600 ℃ in ambient air of austenitic heat-resistant steel ZG40Cr25Ni20 with different contents (mass percent) of Al (0 to 710%) have been investigated. The results show that microstructures of 468% and 710% Al addition content consist of the matrix and reinforcement of intermetallic compound γ′ and carbide, while microstructures of ZG40Cr25Ni20 without Al and with Al of 168% are absent of γ′. Higher wear resistance than the original ZG40Cr25Ni20 alloy is achieved in alloys with higher content of Al under the same high-temperature wear test condition. The wear rates of Fe-25Cr-20Ni-710Al and Fe-25Cr-20Ni-468Al are only 2083% and 4583% of that of Fe-25Cr-20Ni, respectively. Heat-resistant steels with higher contents of Al (472% and 710%) have higher hardness than those with lower contents of Al (168% and 0). Wear mechanisms of ZG40Cr25Ni20 are considered as severe plough plastic deformation and slight adhesive. However, wear mechanisms of Fe-25Cr-20Ni-468Al are light micro-cutting and oxidation-wear, while that of Fe-25Cr-20Ni-710Al are severe adhesive transfer and oxidation-wear. 相似文献
20.
Gas carburizing of high-alloyed stainless steels increases surface hardness, as well as the overall mechanical characteristics
of the surface. The growth of chromium-rich carbides during carbon transfer into the steel causes precipitation hardening
in the surface, but decreases the chromium content in solid solution. In order to maintain a good corrosion resistance in
the carburized layer, the stainless steel composition and the carburizing process need to be optimized. To limit the experimental
work, a methodology using software for modeling the thermodynamic and kinetic properties in order to simulate carbon diffusion
and phase transformations during gas carburizing is presented. Thermodynamic calculations are initially used to find the optimum
parameters (T, carbon wt pct, etc.) in order to maintain the highest Cr and Mo contents in the austenitic solid solution. In a second step, kinetic calculations
using the diffusion-controlled transformations (DICTRA) software are used to predict how the amount of the different phases
varies and how the carbon profile in the steel changes as a function of time during the process. Experimental carbon profiles
were determined using a wavelength-dispersive spectrometer for electron-probe microanalysis (WDS-EPMA), while carbide compositions
were measured by energy-dispersive spectroscopy_X (EDS_X) analyses. A good agreement between calculated and experimental values
was observed for the Fe-13Cr-5Co-3Ni-2Mo-0.07C and the Fe-12Cr-2Ni-2Mo-0.12C (wt pct) martensitic stainless steels at 955
°C and 980 °C. 相似文献