热环境中功能梯度圆柱壳声辐射特性研究

基于经典壳体理论,推导了热环境下,流场中功能梯度圆柱壳的受迫振动方程,研究了不同温度分布方式、壳体材料参数以及周围流场参数对功能梯度圆柱壳声辐射特性的影响。研究结果表明:温度变化会引起功能梯度圆柱壳材料特性的改变,在壳体内产生热应力,影响流场中壳体的声辐射特性。温度变化对不同频段壳体辐射声功率的影响不同。重流体中,温度变化对声功率的影响随着频率的增高而增大;轻流体中,温度升高使频率较低时的声功率峰值向低频方向移动,且峰值减小,当接近环频率时,随着温度升高,辐射声功率下降。均匀升温对壳体声辐射特性的影响高于非均匀升温。非均匀升温时,重流体中体积分数指数对辐射声功率的影响比轻流体中更明显,且主要体现在对峰值位置的影响。     

Understanding Farmers' Perceptions and Risk Responses to Climate Change in China

Agriculture is likely to bear the brunt of the impacts of climate change. The extent to which these impacts are felt depends in large part on the extent of adaptation in response to climate change. The overall aim of this paper is to attempt to identify farmers' knowledge,perceptions and risk responses towards climate change(or potential change). In order to achieve this goal, several specific objectives are pursued. First, the paper investigates whether or not farmers have perceived the long-term climate change and extreme weather events. Second, the paper describes how farmers respond to climate change and tries to assess the determinants of their adaptation. Based on data collected from a survey among farm households in three provinces in rural China, the findings demonstrate that farmers are aware of climate variability and identify the rising temperature, decreasing precipitation and the increasing frequency of drought. Only about 25% of farmers are willing to adjust their farming structures as a risk reaction. Household size, wealth, farm size, and the number of plots are found to be important factors that influence farmer adaptive capacity. Implications for policymaking on agriculture and adaptation to climate change will be to focus on providing farmers with information about the climate in time and facilitating enhancement of their adaptive capacity.     

Quantum Spinodal Decay of a Metastable Liquid at Low Temperatures

No Heading The theory is given for the decay from a metastable liquid by a quantum mechanism involving the relaxation and high frequency properties of a medium. It is our purpose to estimate the effect of relaxation time on the quantum decay rate. The theory predicts a strong dependence of nucleation regime, rate and thermal-quantum crossover temperature on both the relaxation time and the ratio of the high frequency sound velocity to the low frequency one. The shorter the relaxation time, the smaller the quantum decay rate and thermal-quantum crossover temperature. The decay rate can display a minimum in the region of the thermal-quantum crossover. The recent experiments on cavitation in normal³ He and superfluid⁴ He at negative pressures are discussed. The distinction in the properties of high frequency sound mode near the spinodal and in the temperature behavior of relaxation time results in a different picture of quantum cavitation in ³He and ⁴He.PACS numbers: 67.40.Fd, 67.55.–s, 64.60.Qb, 47.55.Bx     

A quantitative comparison of bird and bat wakes

Qualitative comparison of bird and bat wakes has demonstrated significant differences in the structure of the far wake. Birds have been found to have a unified vortex wake of the two wings, while bats have a more complex wake with gradients in the circulation along the wingspan, and with each wing generating its own vortex structure. Here, we compare quantitative measures of the circulation in the far wake of three bird and one bat species. We find that bats have a significantly stronger normalized circulation of the start vortex than birds. We also find differences in how the circulation develops during the wingbeat as demonstrated by the ratio of the circulation of the dominant start vortex and the total circulation of the same sense. Birds show a more prominent change with changing flight speed and a relatively weaker start vortex at minimum power speed than bats. We also find that bats have a higher normalized wake loading based on the start vortex, indicating higher relative induced drag and therefore less efficient lift generation than birds. Our results thus indicate fundamental differences in the aerodynamics of bird and bat flight that will further our understanding of the evolution of vertebrate flight.     

A new modified differential evolution algorithm scheme-based linear frequency modulation radar signal de-noising

The main intention of this study was to investigate the development of a new optimization technique based on the differential evolution (DE) algorithm, for the purpose of linear frequency modulation radar signal de-noising. As the standard DE algorithm is a fixed length optimizer, it is not suitable for solving signal de-noising problems that call for variability. A modified crossover scheme called rand-length crossover was designed to fit the proposed variable-length DE, and the new DE algorithm is referred to as the random variable-length crossover differential evolution (rvlx-DE) algorithm. The measurement results demonstrate a highly efficient capability for target detection in terms of frequency response and peak forming that was isolated from noise distortion. The modified method showed significant improvements in performance over traditional de-noising techniques.     

Evidence for trends in UK flooding

Recent major flooding in the UK has raised concern that climate change is causing increases in flood frequency and flood magnitude. This paper considers whether UK flood data provide evidence of increasing trends in fluvial floods. The analysis examines both local and national flood series and investigates the effect of climate variability on trend detection. The results suggest that there have been trends towards more protracted high flows over the last 30-50 years, but that this could be accounted for as part of climatic variation rather than climate change. There is no statistical evidence of a long-term trend in flooding over the last 80-120 years. Thus, although climate change could be influencing floods, direct analysis of flood records does not yet provide proof.     

飞行状态下短翼菊头蝠与鲁氏菊头蝠回声定位声波小波包识别方法

为了对蝙蝠回声定位声波进行种类识别,论文基于离散小波包分解的特征提取方法,对飞行状态下短翼菊头蝠与鲁氏菊头蝠的回声定位声波进行三层小波包分解,提取两种菊头蝠在不同频率带内声波信号的能量作为特征参数,并根据U检验结果选取参数作为识别特征向量,进行BP神经网络识别。其中短翼菊头蝠和鲁氏菊头蝠回声定位声波训练样本分别为95个和102个,测试样本分别为44个和68个。对现有测试样本识别率达到100％。结果表明．基于小波包分析和神经网络的分类方法对蝙蝠回声定位声波进行识别是可行的。     

计及纤维交叉起伏影响的缠绕复合材料刚度分析

针对缠绕复合材料交叉起伏区域的细观结构,建立了一种细观分析模型。首先,将纤维交叉起伏区域划分为环向交叉起伏区和螺旋交叉起伏区2种类型;然后,以缠绕面为基准,用平行横截面将起伏区域空间结构模型离散化为多个子模型,运用纤维束起伏角、富树脂区域尺寸、纤维束的体积分数、纤维束的横截面形状及尺寸等细观参数来描述缠绕复合材料交叉起伏区域的细观结构。基于所建立的细观模型及层合板理论,提出了缠绕复合材料交叉起伏区域的等效刚度计算方法。通过算例研究了纤维束截面、纤维束起伏角以及富树脂区体积分数等细观参数对局部区域等效刚度的影响。结果表明:环向交叉起伏区的弹性模量比螺旋交叉起伏区下降得更为明显;在富树脂区域,弹性模量和剪切模量降低较为明显,而泊松比则有所增大。纤维束厚度增加及纤维束截面变化对交叉起伏区域等效刚度会产生明显影响。      

遗传算法在两分频扬声器系统设计中的应用

文章论述了运用遗传算法优化设计两分频扬声器分频网络的方法。使用实测的扬声器阻抗、频响数据,模拟扬声器接入分频网络后扬声器系统的响应,并运用遗传算法对系统响应进行优化设计。文中给出的实例表明,设计结果和实测的曲线是一致的。     

哑铃形热声谐振器的谐振频率

热声自激振荡模态取决于声学谐振器结构形式和特征尺度。级联型热声热机依靠哑铃形谐振器来调制所需要的局部高阻抗行波声场,谐振管通常由几段不同横截面的管段组成。哑铃形热声谐振器的谐振频率由共鸣腔容积、谐振管截面和长度共同决定。根据哑铃形谐振器不同截面管段内的声传播规律、共鸣腔声学边界条件以及管段间的声压和体积流率连续条件,利用行波叠加的方法,建立均匀管模型、变截面模型和热声网络模型,得到了系统谐振频率随共鸣腔容积变化和谐振管特征尺寸变化的规律。系统谐振频率的变化将引起最佳听音点的位置的移动,进一步起到调节回热器声阻抗的作用。实际热声热机实验研究中,通过改变谐振器特征尺度或结构形式调节系统的谐振频率,也是热声热机调试过程中实现自激振荡的主要手段。     

Simple and highly enantioselective electrochemical aptamer-based binding assay for trace detection of chiral compounds

A new electrochemical methodology is reported for monitoring in homogeneous solution the enantiospecific binding of a small chiral analyte to an aptamer. The principle relies on the difference of diffusion rates between the targeted molecule and the aptamer/target complex, and thus on the ability to more easily electrochemically detect the former over the latter in a homogeneous solution. This electrochemical detection strategy is significant because, in contrast to the common laborious and time-consuming heterogeneous binding approaches, it is based on a simple and fast homogeneous binding assay which does not call for an aptamer conformational change upon ligand binding. The methodology is here exemplified with the specific chiral recognition of trace amounts of l- or d-tyrosinamide by a 49-mer d- or l-deoxyribooligonucleotide receptor. Detection as low as 0.1% of the minor enantiomer in a nonracemic mixture can be achieved in a very short analysis time (<1 min). The assay finally combines numerous attractive features including simplicity, rapidity, low cost, flexibility, low volume samples (few microliters), and homogeneous format.     

Issues in the interpretation of climate model ensembles to inform decisions

There is a scientific consensus regarding the reality of anthropogenic climate change. This has led to substantial efforts to reduce atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions and thereby mitigate the impacts of climate change on a global scale. Despite these efforts, we are committed to substantial further changes over at least the next few decades. Societies will therefore have to adapt to changes in climate. Both adaptation and mitigation require action on scales ranging from local to global, but adaptation could directly benefit from climate predictions on regional scales while mitigation could be driven solely by awareness of the global problem; regional projections being principally of motivational value. We discuss how recent developments of large ensembles of climate model simulations can be interpreted to provide information on these scales and to inform societal decisions. Adaptation is most relevant as an influence on decisions which exist irrespective of climate change, but which have consequences on decadal time-scales. Even in such situations, climate change is often only a minor influence; perhaps helping to restrict the choice of 'no regrets' strategies. Nevertheless, if climate models are to provide inputs to societal decisions, it is important to interpret them appropriately. We take climate ensembles exploring model uncertainty as potentially providing a lower bound on the maximum range of uncertainty and thus a non-discountable climate change envelope. An analysis pathway is presented, describing how this information may provide an input to decisions, sometimes via a number of other analysis procedures and thus a cascade of uncertainty. An initial screening is seen as a valuable component of this process, potentially avoiding unnecessary effort while guiding decision makers through issues of confidence and robustness in climate modelling information. Our focus is the usage of decadal to centennial time-scale climate change simulations as inputs to decision making, but we acknowledge that robust adaptation to the variability of present day climate encourages the development of less vulnerable systems as well as building critical experience in how to respond to climatic uncertainty.     

Role of body temperature variations in bat immune response to viral infections

The ability of bats to coexist with viruses without being harmed is an interesting issue that is still under investigation. Here we use a mathematical model to show that the pattern of body temperature variations observed in bats between day and night is responsible for their ability to keep viruses in check. From the dynamical systems point of view, our model displays an intriguing quasi-periodic behaviour that might be relevant in making the system robust by avoiding viral escape due to perturbations in the body temperature cycle.     

考虑热应力、热变形正交各向异性板的动特性及响应规律

该文开展了热环境下正交各向异性板固有特性和激励响应的研究,通过实验测试与数值计算,分析了其固有频率随温度的变化规律、模态交换或突跳现象、以及激励作用下响应受温度的影响。结果表明:温度引起的热应力与热变形会改变板的动态特性,但两者在热屈曲前后对板刚度的影响机制不同,导致固有频率随温度先降低后上升,且它们的微小变化会导致正交各向异性板的模态交换或突跳现象;激励作用下整体响应曲线随温度升高向低频漂移。     

两边支撑声学超材料板的低频宽带隔声性能研究

以电力变压器低频隔声为应用背景,提出了一种结构简单轻质的局域共振声学超材料板,它由在两边支撑框架上紧密粘贴高分子聚合物薄板制成,相比四边支撑超材料板,其具有更加优越的低频隔声能力。在声波垂直入射条件下,采用有限元仿真对其隔声特性进行研究,结果表明在248 Hz处出现了一个明显的隔声峰,隔声量达到了31 dB。为拓宽低频隔声频带,在超材料板上布置质量块,仿真结果表明在152~560 Hz范围内出现了三个密集的隔声峰,最高隔声量达26 dB,从而一定程度上实现宽频隔声效果;同时在120 Hz处出现了一个隔声量为18 dB的隔声峰。最后搭建了基于小型箱体的隔声实验平台,可以发现实验测试结果与仿真结果具有较好的一致性,从而验证了轻质声学超材料板良好的低频宽带隔声性能,说明了两边支撑声学超材料板具有广阔的工程化应用前景。     

Superconductor Stability Against Quench and Its Correlation with Current Propagation and Limiting

This paper presents a numerical (finite element) analysis of superconductor stability and current propagation under random variations of critical superconductor parameters. Instead of using singular (homogeneous) values, random variations potentially are appropriate to take into account any conductor inhomogeneity that can be considered as an obstacle to current propagation. Traditional assumptions like homogeneous current distribution, critical temperature, critical current density and critical magnetic fields are not justified in general; a local disturbance (for example, release of mechanical stress energy), if not immediately distributed by solid conduction, would generate a transient increase of local conductor temperature. Local critical current density and magnetic field then will be reduced, and current distribution will change. Disturbances may arise also from transport currents that locally exceed the critical current of the superconductor. Disturbances of all kinds may increase the conductor temperature above its critical value. A local analysis of all superconductor states thus is mandatory to safely avoid a quench. As an extension of standard stability models, also flux flow resistive states are taken into account. We will try to find a possibly existing correlation between current propagation and superconductor stability. Fault current limiting is discussed as a special case of current propagation. The analysis is applied to a bundle of high-temperature superconductor (HTSC) filaments. As will be shown, temperature profiles in a superconductor do not allow a clear distinction between Ohmic resistive or flux flow resistive fault current limiting. Though frequently made in the literature, this separation is highly questionable, because Ohmic resistive and flux flow resistive states may locally coexist, side by side, but are not very stable in the superconductor volume.     

混浊海水声吸收与温度、盐度、压强关系

混浊海水的声吸收和声散射特性对水声探测设备工作性能的影响较大。通过经验公式仿真分析了温度、盐度和压强对低频段、低悬浮泥沙颗粒浓度混浊海水声吸收的影响。结果表明:温度和盐度对混浊海水声吸收的影响较大,而压强对混浊海水声吸收的影响可以忽略。构建并研制了一套混浊海水声吸收特性测量系统,实验研究了温度对混浊海水声吸收的影响,声吸收系数随温度的变化规律与仿真结果吻合较好。此研究成果可对混浊海水中的声传播建模、声纳探测系统设计及声纳性能的评估等提供一定参考。     

Development and validation of spectroscopic methods for monitoring density changes in pressurized gaseous and supercritical fluid systems

The further development of new processes utilizing liquid or supercritical CO2 as a solvent will benefit from the rational design of new CO2-philes. Understanding solvation structures and mechanisms of these molecules is an important part of this process. In such studies, determining the change in density as a function of the measured thermodynamic conditions (pressure and temperature) provides an excellent means of directly monitoring the solution conditions in the detection volume for a given technique. By integrating spectroscopic peaks, changes in area can be used to determine changes in analyte concentration in the detection volume, and thus, it should be possible to monitor the system density in situ. In the present study, we examine the utility of Raman and NMR spectroscopy as a means of following changes in solution density conditions and validate this approach in pure fluids and gases (N2 and CO2) and supercritical fluid mixtures (acetaldehyde vapor in N2). In addition, we present the design of a simple, inexpensive cell for conducting Raman and NMR measurements under moderate pressure conditions.     

高寒区高速列车阻尼铝型材低温环境下隔声特性研究

随着环境温度的降低,含阻尼层铝型材的隔声性能逐渐降低.通过理论分析阐明传播媒质特性阻抗对隔声的影响.通过隔声试验,分析从20°C变化到-40°C含阻尼层铝型材在400 Hz～2500 Hz 1/3倍频程的隔声规律.建立含阻尼层铝型材的有限元模型,进行温度场仿真计算、隔声仿真技术和阻尼优化设计.理论分析表明:温度降低使空...     

An overview of geoengineering of climate using stratospheric sulphate aerosols

We provide an overview of geoengineering by stratospheric sulphate aerosols. The state of understanding about this topic as of early 2008 is reviewed, summarizing the past 30 years of work in the area, highlighting some very recent studies using climate models, and discussing methods used to deliver sulphur species to the stratosphere. The studies reviewed here suggest that sulphate aerosols can counteract the globally averaged temperature increase associated with increasing greenhouse gases, and reduce changes to some other components of the Earth system. There are likely to be remaining regional climate changes after geoengineering, with some regions experiencing significant changes in temperature or precipitation. The aerosols also serve as surfaces for heterogeneous chemistry resulting in increased ozone depletion. The delivery of sulphur species to the stratosphere in a way that will produce particles of the right size is shown to be a complex and potentially very difficult task. Two simple delivery scenarios are explored, but similar exercises will be needed for other suggested delivery mechanisms. While the introduction of the geoengineering source of sulphate aerosol will perturb the sulphur cycle of the stratosphere signicantly, it is a small perturbation to the total (stratosphere and troposphere) sulphur cycle. The geoengineering source would thus be a small contributor to the total global source of 'acid rain' that could be compensated for through improved pollution control of anthropogenic tropospheric sources. Some areas of research remain unexplored. Although ozone may be depleted, with a consequent increase to solar ultraviolet-B (UVB) energy reaching the surface and a potential impact on health and biological populations, the aerosols will also scatter and attenuate this part of the energy spectrum, and this may compensate the UVB enhancement associated with ozone depletion. The aerosol will also change the ratio of diffuse to direct energy reaching the surface, and this may influence ecosystems. The impact of geoengineering on these components of the Earth system has not yet been studied. Representations for the formation, evolution and removal of aerosol and distribution of particle size are still very crude, and more work will be needed to gain confidence in our understanding of the deliberate production of this class of aerosols and their role in the climate system.