后缘小翼智能旋翼减振效果影响因素分析

建立了带后缘小翼智能旋翼气动弹性载荷计算模型及减振优化分析方法。模型考虑刚体后缘小翼的气动力与惯性力对弹性桨叶系统的影响,使用粘性涡粒子法结合翼型查表法计算旋翼气动载荷,采用力积分法计算桨叶与桨毂载荷,构造了包含桨叶根部扭转及桨毂振动载荷为目标函数的优化问题,基于最速下降-黄金分割组合优化算法寻找最佳小翼偏转规律。研究发现,建立的后缘小翼载荷控制方法有效,可降低振动目标函数70%。桨叶的弹性扭转使后缘小翼能有效实施减振,但弹性扭转对小翼气动力矩的放大作用使减振时通常伴随着桨叶扭转载荷增大的现象。     

A new hysteresis model for steel members

Since it is not economical to design structures to respond to earthquake loads in their elastic range, dissipation of energy by post‐elastic deformation has been recommended. This requires an understanding of the hysteretic behaviour of structural members. A mathematical model is proposed for the hysteretic response of steel members. The model is based on a pre‐defined skeleton curve, and consists of a linear and a non‐linear region. The linear region is twice the elastic length on the skeleton curve, while the non‐linear region is formed by superimposing an elliptical dissipation function on the skeleton curve. The shape of the proposed dissipation function and the hysteretic loops are compared with experimental results. Good agreement has been noted. Furthermore, it is shown that stiffness degradation can be easily incorporated in the model. While the model can currently by used in the analysis of accumulated damages for steel structures, it has the potential to be extended to reinforced concrete structures, as well. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Frictional granular mechanics: A variational approach

The mechanical properties of a cohesionless granular material are evaluated from grain‐scale simulations. Intergranular interactions, including friction and sliding, are modeled by a set of contact rules based on the theories of Hertz, Mindlin, and Deresiewicz. A computer‐generated, three‐dimensional, irregular pack of spherical grains is loaded by incremental displacement of its boundaries. Deformation is described by a sequence of static equilibrium configurations of the pack. A variational approach is employed to find the equilibrium configurations by minimizing the total work against the intergranular loads. Effective elastic moduli are evaluated from the intergranular forces and the deformation of the pack. Good agreement between the computed and measured moduli, achieved with no adjustment of material parameters, establishes the physical soundness of the proposed model. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A plane dynamic axisymmetric problem for a hollow cylinder

A dynamic problem for an elastic hollow cylinder whose surfaces are subjected to the action of arbitrary forces is solved by a new method based on the use of finite differences only with respect to time [12]. The numerical analyses of the time dependences of stress concentration are carried out for hollow cylinders of different thickness under impact loading. The proposed method is tested by solving a problem of circular hole in an infinite body subjected to the action of impact loads over the entire surface. __________ Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 7–13, January–February, 2008.     

基于多级径向节流与柱状波纹压溃的碰撞盒研究

针对汽车碰撞盒容易出现欧拉失稳导致吸能特性劣化问题,研究了一种柱状波纹压溃与胶泥流动产生压差缓冲的碰撞盒。通过实验研究了所用胶泥材料的Oswald-de Waele冥律流体本构模型,得出了胶泥的模型参数;采用落锤冲击实验方法研究了柱状波纹压溃件的冲击力传递特性;建立了胶泥在多级径向通道中流动的连续性方程和控制微分方程,推导了不同径向位置的径向速度分布表达式和压力梯度;采用平均惯性法分析了惯性效应对于压力梯度的影响,得到了胶泥在碰撞盒中非稳态流动缓冲力计算方法。为验证理论计算的合理性,设计制作了胶泥多级径向流动节流与柱状波纹压溃共同作用的碰撞盒样机,利用落锤冲击试验机和力传感器构建了冲击测试平台,并对缓冲装置进行了两种不同高度的冲击实验,比较了不同冲击能量下的胶泥缓冲器传递冲击力的测试值与理论值,分析了产生误差的原因。     

Finite element modelling of helmeted head impact under frontal loading

Finite element models of the head and helmet were used to study contact forces during frontal impact of the head with a rigid surface. The finite element model of the head consists of skin, skull, cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF), brain, tentorium and falx. The finite element model of the helmet consists of shell and foam liner. The foam is taken as elasto-plastic, the brain is assumed to be viscoelastic and all other components are taken as elastic. The contact forces and coup pressures with helmet on the head are much lower than in the absence of the helmet. A parametric study was performed to investigate the effect of liner thickness and density on the contact forces, pressures and energy absorption during impact. For 4 ms⁻¹ velocity, expanded poly styrene (EPS) foam of density 24 kgm⁻³ gave the lowest contact forces and for the velocities considered, thickness of the foam did not affect the contact forces.     

The finite element method for the mechanically based model of non‐local continuum

In this paper the finite element method (FEM) for the mechanically based non‐local elastic continuum model is proposed. In such a model each volume element of the domain is considered mutually interacting with the others, beside classical interactions involved by the Cauchy stress field, by means of central body forces that are monotonically decreasing with their inter‐distance and proportional to the product of the interacting volume elements. The constitutive relations of the long‐range interactions involve the product of the relative displacement of the centroids of volume elements by a proper, distance‐decaying function, which accounts for the decrement of the long‐range interactions as long as distance increases. In this study, the elastic problem involving long‐range central interactions for isotropic elastic continuum will be solved with the aid of the FEM. The accuracy of the solution obtained with the proposed FEM code is compared with other solutions obtained with Galerkins' approximation as well as with finite difference method. Moreover, a parametric study regarding the effect of the material length scale in the mechanically based model and in the Kr”oner–Eringen non‐local elasticity has been investigated for a plane elasticity problem. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

弹性支撑模型对火箭发射过程结构振动响应影响研究EI北大核心CSCD

固体火箭从发射筒发射过程中,采用弹性支撑降低火箭结构与发射筒内壁接触引起的冲击,弹性支撑力学模型对火箭发射过程中结构振动响应计算存在影响。利用多体动力学建立包含火箭、发射筒、弹性支撑在内的发射动力学模型,在火箭发射物理过程分析基础上,利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件建立火箭壳体与弹性支撑局部有限元模型,获得了火箭壳体与弹性支撑接触面积变化对支撑刚度影响规律,在此基础上,提出了用于火箭发射多体动力学建模的弹性支撑改进模型,求解弹性支撑模型改进前后火箭发射过程结构振动响应与弹性支撑支反力,分析了弹性支撑模型改进对结构振动响应的影响及其原因。结果表明:提出的弹性支撑改进模型可以准确描述火箭尾部结构脱离弹性支撑过程中接触面积逐渐变化到零的物理过程;与弹性支撑模型改进前相比,改进后结构弯矩响应峰值显著减小。该成果有助于准确评估火箭发射过程结构响应水平,对于火箭结构精细化设计具有工程意义。     

基于Winkler弹性地基梁模型的半刚性轻钢柱脚底板受力分析

为建立半刚性轻钢柱脚底板压力分布计算模型, 基于Winkler弹性地基梁模型及其变形和内力初参数表达式, 给定边界条件, 利用Maple软件, 获得了两端自由弹性地基梁在任意集中力和任意梯形线荷载作用下的挠度解析公式, 将半刚性方钢管柱脚底板简化为支承在混凝土基础上的弹性地基梁, 根据力的等效原则, 建立了偏心受压时柱脚底板受力模型, 得到了柱脚底板压力分布解析解, 通过算例与数值摸拟结果对比, 结果表明二者吻合较好, 且半刚性轻钢柱脚底板压力分布与常用线性压力分布模型差别较大, 采用线性压力分布模型将过高估计柱脚刚度。研究成果为半刚性轻钢柱脚设计提供理论参考。     

Stressed state of a hollow two-layer cylinder under dynamic loads

The dynamic problem of an elastic two-layer hollow cylinder whose surfaces are loaded by arbitrary forces is solved by the method based on the use of finite differences solely with respect to time. The numerical calculations of the stress concentration on the inner and outer surfaces and the surface of conjugation as functions of times are carried out for cylinders with different thicknesses of the layers under impact loads. The dependences of stresses on the radial variable r and time parameter τ are illustrated for two-layer cylinders subjected to impacts on the inner and outer surfaces.     

飞机撞击荷载计算模型中压溃力选取分析

Riera提出的飞机撞击荷载计算模型是一种比较实用的简化模型,大多数研究在进行飞机撞击试验和数值模拟时通常会把试验结果和数值模拟结果与该模型的计算结果进行对比分析。通过介绍分析Riera模型,该模型中撞击荷载包括压溃力和惯性力两部分,因此模型的使用需要确定压溃力大小。为了合理使用Riera模型,梳理了现有压溃力计算公式,各公式给出的压溃力计算结果差别较大,并通过公式推导预测弹体的变形长度和撞击作用时间与试验数据进行对比分析,评价了现有压溃力计算公式,对更适宜于飞机撞击条件下的压溃力计算公式给出了说明,最后讨论了压溃力对撞击荷载曲线的影响,得出压溃力相对于惯性力不能被忽略,对撞击荷载影响较大的结论。     

Adhesive forces significantly affect elastic modulus determination of soft polymeric materials in nanoindentation

The present study investigated the effects of adhesion on the elastic modulus determined from nanoindentation curves for soft polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomers with five different crosslink concentrations. Indentation load-displacement curves were obtained for samples of all concentrations at four different peak loads. All load-displacement curves were nearly linear, resulting in load independent contact stiffnesses (p < 0.003) for the range of loads tested. As a result, elastic modulus calculated from nanoindentation curves with the Hertz contact model exhibited significant differences (p < 0.004) both at different peak loads for a single PDMS concentration and between different PDMS concentrations at a single peak load (p < 0.001). The differences for different peak loads were attributed to the presence of substantial adhesive forces at the tip-sample interface. By taking these adhesive interactions into account with the Johnson, Kendall, Roberts (JKR) contact model, the differences in elastic modulus at different peak loads could be reconciled. Significant differences (p < 0.001) in moduli between different PDMS concentrations were still present. The results highlight the importance of considering adhesive forces in nanoindentation analyses of low modulus polymeric materials.     

Simulation and experimental verification of a drop test and compression test of a gable top package

A finite element framework has been proposed that can be used to simulate both empty paperboard packages and package filled with plastic granulates. A gable top package was made of a commercial paperboard, and material properties needed in the material model were determined. Two simulations were performed, a drop test and a compression test. By comparison between experimental and numerical results, the deformation mechanisms at impact could be identified and correlated to material properties. When the package was filled with granulates, different mechanisms was activated compared with an empty package. The granulates contribute to bulging of the panels, such that the edges became more load bearing compared with the panels. When the edges carried the loads, the importance of the out‐of‐plane properties also increased, and local failure initiation related to delamination was observed. Comparison between experimental and numerical impact forces shows that there are still important things to consider in the model generation, eg, variation of properties within the package, which originate both from material property variations, and the loading history, eg, during manufacturing and handling.     

Prediction and evaluation of fatigue life for mechanical components considering anelasticity‐based load spectrum

To accurately predict the degraded fatigue life of components under random loads, anelasticity effect of metal on life estimation needs to be explored. Weighting coefficient and dynamic elastic modulus are introduced to modify the calculation process of the model. By establishing an equal‐amplitude fatigue median surface and applying Miner linear fatigue cumulative damage theory, a fatigue life prediction model of the component under random loads is proposed. The model can be used to calculate the degraded fatigue life of components, which provides a theoretical basis for life estimation under random load spectrum. The two‐dimensional load spectrum is compared with the unprocessed two‐dimensional load spectrum and the one‐dimensional program spectrum in life prediction results. With the comparison of the target life and simulation life and the data calculated by the model of the automobile front stabilizer bar, it is concluded that the data obtained by the modified model are more reasonable and accurate.     

Generalized stress intensity factors due to steady and transient thermal loads with applications to welded joints

This paper deals with the elastic and plastic stress fields induced by thermal loads in the vicinity of sharp V‐notch tips in plates. Under the hypothesis of steady‐state heat transfer and plane‐strain conditions, the thermal and mechanical problem requires the numerical solution of an ordinary differential equation (ODE) system, obtained by extending the ‘stress function approach’. The intensity of the stress distributions ahead of V‐notch tips can be expressed in terms of thermal notch stress intensity factors (thermal NSIFs), as for external loads. The problem becomes much more demanding in the presence of transient thermal loads. The residual asymptotic stress distribution arising from the solidification of a fusion zone during an arc welding process is obtained by considering different boundary conditions. An aluminium butt‐welded joint is analysed after having modelled the weld toe region as a sharp V‐notch. A finite element (FE) simulation of the welding process is carried out by means of SYSWELD code (version 2004.1) modelling the arc welding torch by means of Goldak's source. Near the weld toe, the intensity of the residual stress field is given in terms of elastic or elastic—plastic generalized NSIFs.     

In Situ Qualitative Inspection of Hole Exit Delamination at Bottom‐Ply during Drilling of Woven CFRP Epoxy Composite Laminates

Exploiting very high speed digital videography, an in situ examination of the hole exit delamination at the bottom‐most ply during drilling holes in the selected woven CFRP epoxy laminates is presented. At the beginning, a rotating elastic bulge of the carbon fibers at the bottom‐ply, which is just the impression of the protruding drill chisel edge, was always observed. Following the elastic bulging, a few, initial cracks along the weak fiber/matrix interfaces appeared. Thereafter, tensile failures in the carbon fibers were seen. The exact location of the initiation of these fiber failures specifically depends on the actual drill‐hole position with respect to the woven configuration of the bottom‐ply. A visual model for the weak interstitial or undulated regions at the bottom‐ply is also proposed in this paper, showing the undulating fibers, which are susceptible to mostly tensile failures under the drilling loads. During a sub‐completion drilling‐phase at the bottom‐ply, various cracks were seen to be propagating mostly via linear paths. Also, the exit delamination at the bottom‐ply during a sub‐completion drilling‐phase was always observed as to be divided into various small, independent localized contours—each of which propagated almost independently through within several individual warps/wefts during drill‐feed. Also, the shape of each such tiny contour within a single warp/weft was identified as elliptic, which is observed around an entire drill‐hole in unidirectional (UD) composites as reported in literature. It was also observed that the overhanging cantilever‐like fibers at the bottom‐ply are really difficult to cut, once their base‐location or their exit delamination contour reaches outside the hole nominal diameter. Moreover, by referring to some very basic cutting angle configurations for the orthogonal trimming of UD‐composites as found rarely in archival literature, an illustrative model diagram is also proposed for the drilling of the selected laminate material. This idea is also approximately validated via a few visual observations. The proposed visual model is generally an attempt in correlating the observed peripheral hole quality (delamination) with various instantaneous tool/fiber engagement configurations occurring across the entire drill‐hole periphery at the bottom‐ply, during the very last drilling‐phase.     

Elastic stability of skew laminated composite plates subjected to biaxial follower forces

The present study investigates the elastic stability of skew laminated composite plates subjected to biaxial inplane follower forces by the finite element method. The plate is assumed to follow first-order shear deformation plate theory (FSDPT). The kinetic and strain energies of skew laminated composite plate and the work done by the biaxial inplane follower forces are derived by using tensor theory. Then, by Hamilton's principle, the dynamic mathematical model to describe the free vibration of this problem is formed. The finite element method and the isoparametric element are utilized to discretize the continuous system and to obtain the characteristic equations of the present problem. Finally, natural vibration frequencies, buckling loads (also the instability types) and their corresponding mode shapes are found by solving the characteristic equations. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the effects of those parameters, such as various inplane force combinations, skew angle and lamination scheme, on the elastic stability of skew laminated composite plates subjected to biaxial inplane follower forces.     

Probabilistic analysis of truss structures with uncertain parameters (virtual distortion method approach)

A new approach for probabilistic characterization of linear elastic redundant trusses with uncertainty on the various members subjected to deterministic loads acting on the nodes of the structure is presented. The method is based on the simple observation that variations of structural parameters are equivalent to superimposed strains on a reference structure depending on the axial forces on the elastic modulus of the original structure as well as on the uncertainty (virtual distortion method approach). Superposition principle may be applied to separate contribution to mechanical response due to external loads and parameter variations. Statically determinate trusses dealt with the proposed method yields explicit analytic solution in terms of displacements while redundant trusses have been studied by means of an asymptotic expansion exhibiting explicit dependence on parameter fluctuations. Probabilistic characterization of the response may then be obtained both for statically determinate and statically indeterminate stochastic trusses.     

Prediction of fracture loads in PMMA U‐notched specimens using the equivalent material concept and the theory of critical distances combined criterion

This paper provides a methodology for the prediction of fracture loads in notched materials that combines the equivalent material concept with the theory of critical distances. The latter has a linear‐elastic nature and requires material calibration in those cases where the non‐linear material behaviour is significant. The calibration may be performed by fracture testing on notched specimens or a combination of fracture testing and simulation. The proposed methodology sets out to define an equivalent linear‐elastic material on which the theory of critical distances may be applied through its basic formulation and without any previous fracture testing and/or simulation. It has been applied to PMMA single edge notch bending specimens containing U‐notches, providing accurate predictions of fracture loads.