Abstract The dimensions quality of the injection‐molded parts is the result of a complex combination of material, part, and mold designs and process conditions. In this article, warpage prediction relies on the calculation of residual stresses developed during the molding process. The solidification of a molten thermoplastic between cooled parallel plates is used to model the mechanics of part warp in the injection‐molding process. Flow effects are neglected, and a thermorheologically simple thermoviscoelastic material model is assumed. The warp and residual stresses numerical simulation with finite element method (FEM) is time dependent. At each time step, the material properties can be temperature and pressure dependent. Mold temperature or mold‐cooling rate effects on part warp have been numerically predicted and compared with experimental results. By showing the mold‐cooling effects, it was concluded that mold cooling has a significant effect on part warpage, and mold‐cooling parameters, such as mold temperature, resin temperature, cooling channels, etc., should be set carefully. 相似文献
A numerical simulation model for predicting residual stresses and residual deformations which arise during the injection molding of thermoplastic polymers in the post-packing stage has been developed. A thermoviscoelastic model with volume relaxation is used for the calculation of residual stresses. The finite element method employed is based on the theory of shells as an assembly of flat elements. This theory is well suited for thin injection molded products of complex shape. The approach allows the prediction of residual deformations and residual stresses layer by layer like a truly three-dimensional calculation, while reducing the computational cost significantly. The hole drilling technique is used to measure the residual stresses across the thickness of the product. A three-dimensional laser digitizing system, an image processing technique and a dual displacement transducer system are used to measure the warpage. Experiments are carried out on polycarbonate and high density polyethylene parts. Numerical results are in qualitative agreement with experimental observations, i.e., the skin of the box is surrounded by a compressive region while the core region is in traction. The trend of both the experimental and the predicted residual stress profiles is close. Different examples are presented to illustrate the influence of the geometrical complexity of the shape on the final deformations and residual stresses. The influence of the mold temperature on residual stresses and warpage is also analyzed. 相似文献
The present study attempted to numerically predict both the flow‐induced and thermally‐induced residual stresses and birefringence in injection or injection/compression molded center‐gated disks. A numerical analysis system has been developed to simulate the entire process based on a physical modeling including a nonlinear viscoelastic fluid model, stress‐optical law, a linear viscoelastic solid model, free volume theory for density relaxation phenomena and a photoviscoelasticity and so on. Part I presents physical modeling and typical numerical analysis results of residual stresses and birefringence in the injection molded center‐gated disk. Typical distribution of thermal residual stresses indicates a tensile stress in the core and a compressive stress near the surface. However, depending on the processing condition and material properties, the residual stress sometimes becomes tensile on the surface, especially when fast cooling takes place near the mold surface, preventing the shrinkage from occurring. The birefringence distribution shows a double‐hump profile across the thickness with nonzero value at the center: the nonzero birefringence is found to be thermally induced, the outer peak due to the shear flow and subsequent stress relaxation during the filling stage and the inner peak due to the additional shear flow and stress relaxation during the packing stage. The combination of the flow‐induced and thermally‐induced birefringence makes the shape of predicted birefringence distribution quite similar to the experimental one. 相似文献
Non-isothermal cooling during processing causes the development of residual stresses, which are analyzed for compression molded UHMWPE, and affects the dimensional stability. The development of thermal residual stresses was predicted using an incremental stress analysis that included temperature-dependent material properties. Strain gauges were used to measure the residual stresses as layers were removed from a molded disk using a Process Simulated Laminate (PSL) approach. The PSL technique has not previously been applied to a compression molded neat polymer. For initial surface cooling rates of ~ 11°C/min, the model predicted a compressive stress at the bottom surface of 14 MPa and a tensile stress near the center of 2.5 MPa and matched the experimental distribution well. Because the compressive residual stress was 70% of the yield strength (~20 MPa), a lower cooling rate was also tested (2.6°C/min). The maximum tensile and compressive stresses for this cooling rate were, 0.91 MPa and 2.5 MPa, respectively. The model demonstrated its use for predicting thermal residual stresses in compression molded parts, instead of trial-and-error experimentation. UHMWPE is shown to develop residual stresses continually from ~ 120°C to 23°C. 相似文献
Injection molding analysis programs were developed for CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) in injection molding of thermoplastics. The programs consist of mold cooling, polymer filling-packing-cooling, fiber orientation, material properties and stress analyses. These programs are integrated to predict warpage of molded parts by using a common geometric model of three dimensional thinwalled molded parts. The warpage is predicted from temperature difference between upper and lower surfaces, temperature distribution, flow induced shear stress, shrinkage, and anisotropic mechanical properties caused by fiber orientation in the integrated simulation. The integrated simulation was applied to predicting warpage of a 4-ribbed square plate of glass fiber reinforced polypropylene for examination of its validity. Predicted saddle-like warpage was in good agreement with experimental one. 相似文献
Thermally induced stress and the relevant warpage caused by inappropriate mold design and processing conditions are problems that confound the overall success of injection molding. A visco-elastic phase transformation model, using a standard linear solid for the solidified polymer and a viscous fluid model for the polymer melt, of 2-D finite element scheme with 8 noded overlay isoparametric elements was used to simulate and predict the residual stress and warpage within injection molded articles as induced during the cooling stage of the injection molding cycle. Computed results are in good agreement with published experimental data. The approach proposed here is to examine and simulate the injection molding solidification process with the intent of understanding and resolving more inclusive and realistic problems. 相似文献
Film‐insert‐molded (FIM) tensile specimens were prepared under various molding conditions to investigate the effects of wall temperature and packing pressure on the residual stress distribution and thermoviscoelastic deformation. The warpage of the specimen increased with increasing mold‐wall temperature difference and decreased with increasing packing pressure. The FIM specimens produced with unannealed films showed the warpage reversal phenomenon (WRP) during annealing and the degree of WRP was affected significantly by the molding conditions and thermal shrinkage of the film. The warpage of the specimen was predicted by three‐dimensional flow and stress analyses and the prediction was in good agreement with the experimental results.
Internal stresses in injection molded components, a principal cause of shrinkage and warpage, are predicted using a three‐dimensional numerical simulation of the residual stress development in moldings of polystyrene and high‐density polyethylene. These residual stresses are mainly frozen‐in thermal stresses due to inhomogeneous cooling, when surface layers stiffen sooner than the core region as in free quenching. Additional factors in injection molding are the effects of melt pressure history and mechanical restraints of the mold. Transient temperature and pressure fields from simulation of the injection molding cycle are used for calculating the developing normal stress distributions. Theoretical predictions are compared with measurements performed on injection molded flat plates using the layer removal method on rectangular specimens. The thermal stress development in the thinwalled moldings is analyzed using models that assume linear thermo‐elastic and linear thermo‐viscoelastic compressible behavior of the polymeric materials. Polymer crystallization effects on stresses are examined. Stresses are obtained implicitly using displacement formulations, and the governing equations are solved numerically using a finite element method. Results show that residual stress behavior can be represented reasonably well for both the amorphous and the semicrystalline polymer. Similarities in behavior between theory and experiment indicate that both material models provide satisfactory results, but the best predictions of large stresses developed at the wall surface are obtained with the thermo‐viscoelastic analysis. 相似文献