A Power-Supply Unit for Pulsed Lasers without a Storage Capacitor

A power-supply unit for pulsed lasers that are pumped by low- and medium-power flashlamps with long pump pulses that does not require a capacitive storage unit is described. The pump-pulse duration is limited by the radiation and thermal stability of the active elements and pump lamps. A functional diagram of the power-supply unit and a circuit diagram of its power system are presented. The basic parameters and elements of this unit, as well as the results of using a laser with the described power supply in experiments, are presented.     

A stabilized copper bromide laser with computer-controlled operating modes and a mean lasing power of 20 W

A copper bromide vapor laser with a mean lasing power of 20 W and the computer-controlled pulse-periodic, pulse train, and waiting modes is described. The laser power-supply unit has a modular structure. The effect of operating parameters on the lasing characteristics is shown. The mutual influence of the power-supply units is determined. The laser design and energy characteristics are presented.     

A modular bipolar power supply for high-power ion-plasma installations

The circuitry solutions, design, and main parameters of a modular pulse bipolar power-supply unit for high-power ion-plasma facilities are described. The modular principle of designing power supplies provided their application in various processes. The results of tests of the developed device as the power supply of a magnetron sputtering system with a power of 60 kW and a high-voltage power supply of the substrate bias voltage with a power of up to 40 kW are presented. The efficiency of applying bipolar pulses for preventing arcing at the magnetron cathode is experimentally demonstrated.     

Electrical discharge when machining medium-density fibreboard and tool wear

Electrical potentials between the workpiece and cutting tool have been shown to be generated when cutting green and dry wood. The voltages have been reported as relatively constant. A series of turning tests on medium-density fibreboard (MDF) were undertaken to characterize the electrical potentials in wood machining. The results indicated numerous discharges generally from the MDF-workpiece (cathode) to the tool (anode). However, both voltage and current reversals or discharges occurred from the tool to the MDF-workpiece. The reversals occurred simultaneously with electrostatic discharges within the MDF-workpiece. The possibility of an electric discharge machining effect on tool wear is also discussed. These electrical discharge characteristics from wood machining could provide insight for the wear mechanisms for dry wood and wood products as well as for other dielectric materials.     

步进电机驱动的高低压切换技术

分析了步进电机的矩频特性,设计了一种驱动步进电机的高、低压电源.提出了高、低压电源自动切换的硬件方法和软件方法,并对两种方法作了比较.实践表明,硬件切换和软件切换各有优缺点,两种方法均能满足步进电机的驱动要求.     

Measurement of the electromagnetic field radiating by commercial ESD generators with the Pellegrini target on insulating material

The aim of this work is the investigation of the transient electromagnetic field radiating by two different commercial generators of electrostatic discharges. Measurements of both magnetic and electric field generated by contact electrostatic discharges have been carried out a few centimeters away from the discharge point. In this paper the current transducer, which is used for the measurement of the discharge current is not mounted on a grounded metal plate, but on an insulating material. With this aberration to the Standard a closer simulation to the electromagnetic field produced by the electrostatic discharge generators on the equipment under test is obtained. This experiment is closer to real conditions of electrostatic discharges, which do not involve a metal plate. It is proved by measurements that each generator produces a different transient electromagnetic field, which has different repercussions on the equipment that is tested. Comparisons of the radiating field between the two generators and useful conclusions for the variation of the electromagnetic field are also presented.     

A power supply for simulating lightning-current pulses

The circuit diagram of a power-supply unit for simulating a positive lightning on a system of grounding current pulses is presented. The main criteria that governed the development of this facility are expounded. The design and order of operation of an experimental specimen of a power supply developed at the VNIIEF on the basis of a BMΓ-320 cascade magnetic-cumulation generator are considered. A calculation technique is described with which a device for the formation of current pulses of up to 90 kA in a standard grounding system has been developed.     

Power and energy measurements of transient electric discharge

A simple and inexpensive calculating device for electrical power and energy of transient electric discharges is described. The calculation is made by multiplication of the voltage and current of the discharge by use of wideband integrated circuits.     

抗磁悬浮静电电机悬浮与驱动特性研究

微型电机随着特征尺度的降低,其表面效应凸显,摩擦问题急剧突出。抗磁悬浮技术具有无摩擦、被动自稳定、尺度效应下浮重比显著提升等特点,是解决微型电机机械摩擦问题的一种有效途径。提出了一种基于抗磁悬浮静电驱动的微型电机方案,研制了转子直径为10 mm的定子下置式微型抗磁悬浮静电电机;基于永磁体电流等效模型,推导了抗磁悬浮静电电机磁通密度表达形式,建立了抗磁悬浮力的数学模型,获得了悬浮力与悬浮高度的关系并进行了实验验证;基于电容静电能原理,建立了抗磁悬浮静电电机的驱动力矩数学模型,获得了静电驱动力与定子输入电压、悬浮高度的关系并进行了实验验证;开展了旋转实验研究,分析了输入电压、环境湿度对转速的影响规律,获得了抗磁悬浮静电电机的驱动特性。本研究将会为高性能微型抗磁悬浮静电电机的研究提供支撑。     

单晶硅微构件力学特性片上测试系统

设计一种集成静电梳状驱动器和测试结构，专用于单晶硅微构件断裂、疲劳性能测试的片上测试系统。详细介绍测试系统的结构和工作原理。对静电梳状驱动器的驱动电压一驱动力关系、结构刚度以及谐振频率进行计算。利用MEMS（micro-electro-mechanical system）体硅工艺制造该测试系统，加工得到的测试系统在显微镜工作台上进行静态和动态弯曲实验，并将实验结果与ANSYS分析结果进行对比。结果表明，该测试系统性能稳定，能够实现对单晶硅微构件的弯曲断裂和疲劳测试。     

A Compact High-Voltage Power Supply for an Accelerating Installation

A compact high-voltage power supply for an accelerating installation that uses high-frequency (25 kHz) voltage conversion is described. The power supply provides a variable voltage of 5 to 100 kV at a load current of up to 250 A and three independently variable voltages of 0–100 V (100 mA), 0–2000 V (5 mA), and 1–15 kV (50 A), which are required for operating the cold-cathode ion source used in the installation. The output-voltage ripple is <0.05%. The power-supply efficiency is no less than 70%.     

Automatic object release in magnetic and electrostatic levitation systems

A method is described for automatic release of a levitated object without external control commands in levitation systems (such as magnetic and electrostatic levitation). The key aspect is an integral action in the controller. Examples of a zero-power controller for magnetic levitation and a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller for electrostatic levitation are presented. Automatic release of the levitated object is a consequence of the controller behavior when the levitated object has a temporary forced position error. In a pick and place task that uses non-contact levitation techniques, a position error is induced at placing. Automatic release simplifies the task of placing, as no external command is required. The principle of this release method is explained and analyzed using a zero-power controller in a magnetic levitation system. For electrostatic levitation, which is analogous to magnetic levitation, experimental results of an automatic release based on PID-control are presented. A general guideline is derived to tune the controller settings so as to achieve automatic release, and this is supported by experiments.     

Two novel additive processes to manufacture circuit boards: Direct laser writing and direct electrostatic transfer and deposition

Two new technologies are described to manufacture bare circuit boards. Both methods are dry processes and are additive by nature. The above technologies have advantages over the current methods used to produce circuit boards and will alleviate the total dependency on wet chemical processing by the industry. The first technology is a process whereby circuit runs are written directly on to the substrate from a CAD/CAM database. There is no need for artwork to be generated so that flexibility is increased at the design stage. A circuit board is manufactured by coating it with a film of heat actuable adhesive to a substrate and depositing on the film a layer of conductive powder. The powder and film are then fused by the heat provided by laser radiation to define the circuitry. The excess unfused powder is then removed and the substrate fired to achieve final curing and bonding of the conductive runs to the substrate. The second technology is directed towards higher volume production and requires the use of a master pattern. The fundamental principles involved are well understood in the photocopying field. The technology has exciting potential for circuit board production due to the high reproduction rates which are possible. The master pattern consists of a conductive base upon which there is a pattern layer. A coating can be applied to the conductive particles to enable them to accept an electrostatic charge. The master pattern is also easily created by direct laser writing as described previously. The pattern layer receives an electrostatic charge. The master pattern is contacted by a developer containing a conductive material in the form of a powder or ink and which transfers the conductive material to the pattern by electrostatic force. A substrate is then brought to a position closely adjacent to the master pattern and electrostatic force is used to deposit the particles from the pattern on to the substrate to accurately define the circuitry. The particles are then fixed by heating which also dissipates the electrostatic charges. Multiple layer circuit boards can be built up by depositing complete layers of non-conductive material.     

Characterizing voltage contrast in photoelectron emission microscopy

A non‐destructive technique for obtaining voltage contrast information with photoelectron emission microscopy is described. Samples consisting of electrically isolated metal lines were used to quantify voltage contrast in photoelectron emission microscopy. The voltage contrast behaviour is characterized by comparing measured voltage contrast with calculated voltage contrast from two electrostatic models. Measured voltage contrast was found to agree closely with the calculated voltage contrast, demonstrating that voltage contrast in photoelectron emission microscopy can be used to probe local voltage information in microelectronic devices in a non‐intrusive fashion.     

A High-Power Semiconductor Generator for an Atomic Injector

An atomic injector with a beam power of 1 MW for heating plasma in the TCV tokamak (Lausanne, Switzerland) by a beam of neutral atoms was developed and put into operation in 2015–2016 at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS (Novosibirsk). Plasma in the injector is formed in a plasma emitter by a high-frequency magnetic field, which is created by a high-power semiconductor generator with an output power of 40 kW at a frequency of 4 MHz. The facility operates in the pulse mode with a pulse duration of 2 s and a pause of 5 min. The generator is manufactured in the form of a modular system consisting of 16 identical generator modules, whose high-frequency power is summed, control modules, and a power-supply source. The generator allows modulation of the output power in the range of 30–100% by changing the power-supply voltage. The general structure of the generator and its elements and the results of its commissioning are presented.     

Benchmarking the Reliability of the Consignments of Semiconductor Articles Using Electrostatic Discharges

Five methods that have been developed by the authors since 2006 for benchmarking the reliability of semiconductor articles using electrostatic discharges are described.     

静电球轴承的力模型及起支仿真研究

针对工作于双边支承模式下的有源静电球轴承系统,导出了描述静电力非线性与耦合特性的幂次模型与近 似模型,并根据静电力的数值解对两种模型的误差特性进行了比较与分析。分析表明,幂次模型与近似模型分别 适于描述静电悬浮系统在支承与起支状态下的静电力特性。对实现静电轴承任意姿态起支的条件进行了分析,并 根据导出的静电力近似模型,给出了不同姿态下的起支仿真结果。     

纸基蜂窝零件固持系统中填料及填充区域优化方法

介绍了基于磁场与摩擦学原理的纸基蜂窝零件固持方法。论述了数控填料装置的组成及工作原理。在给定振动料斗出料口处孔径大小和振动加速度的情况下,通过试验方法研究了铁粉流出体积与时间以及流量与振动频率之间的关系。研究了填料区域规划、加工区域判别以及安全填料高度的计算方法。在保证固持稳定性的前提下,从减少铁粉填充量的角度出发,提出一种基于正四边形区域划分的填充区域位置优化方法。     

Invited article: an improved double-toroidal spectrometer for gas phase (e,2e) studies

A new spectrometer is described for measuring the momentum distributions of scattered electrons arising from electron-atom and electron-molecule ionization experiments. It incorporates and builds on elements from a number of previous designs, namely, a source of polarized electrons and two high-efficiency electrostatic electron energy analyzers. The analyzers each comprise a seven-element retarding-electrostatic lens system, four toroidal-sector electrodes, and a fast position-and-time-sensitive two-dimensional delay-line detector. Results are presented for the electron-impact-induced ionization of helium and the elastic scattering of electrons from argon and helium which demonstrate that high levels of momentum resolution and data-collection efficiency are achieved. Problematic aspects regarding variations in collection efficiency over the accepted momentum phase space are addressed and a methodology for their correction presented. Principles behind the present design and previous designs for electrostatic analyzers based around electrodes of toroidal-sector geometry are discussed and a framework is provided for optimizing future devices.     

基于网络线的远程供电能量分配管理模块设计

介绍了基于网络线的远程供电技术及该技术在现代网络通讯设备应用中的现状和前景,提出了一种兼容性高、模块化的监控模块的设计方案.详细阐述了基于网络线的远程供电系统中功率分配管理器的硬件设计方案与软件控制策略.实验结果证明,该设计提高了对受控设备的监控效率,并准确、量化地实现了对联网设备电能的智能配给.