关于单元体隐框玻璃幕墙副框解析

本文介绍了单元体隐框玻璃幕墙无副框、室内副框和室外副框设计合理性及优缺点。     

建筑工程外窗副框安装施工技术探讨

建筑工程结构中的外窗副框安装施工技术是比较重要一个项目。外窗副框不仅关系到窗体的安全性,还决定了窗户的封闭性、灵活性等,应该规划好副框安装的过程,落实相关的施工技术,避免出现质量或性能问题,保障外窗副框安装的科学性。因此,本文重点分析建筑工程外窗副框安装的施工技术。     

专利汇编

正1.装配式建筑门窗安装结构公开(公告)号:CN106639758A本发明公开了装配式建筑门窗安装结构,包括装配式墙体,墙体上预留有门窗洞,所述门窗洞的四周固定有副框,所述副框底部设有的固定件预埋在墙体内,所述副框的外壁设有高出副框本体     

带钢副框铝合金门窗防水工艺

带钢副框的铝合金门窗安装工艺,目前在高档楼盘的系统门窗中被广泛应用,钢副框对门窗的保护非常有利.但副框安装节点较复杂,尤其是与干挂石材相配合,会涉及很多细节,如处理不当门窗周边易出现渗漏.     

门窗带副框安装渗漏防治处理

在门窗的安装过程中，带副框安装的方法被普遍采用，而副框安装的质量控制不到位很容易产生渗漏问题，本文介绍了副框处利用防水砂浆两次收口来防治渗漏问题，良好的收口质量可以在很大程度上减少门窗渗漏的可能。     

副框-铝模安装一次成形施工技术

结合工程实例，介绍了一种建筑外窗副框与铝模施工相结合，将副框准确定位固定在铝模对应位置上，在结构浇筑过程中预埋副框一次成形的施工技术。该技术无需进行抹灰收口作业，方便成品窗框与副框的安装，避免了施工过程中可能引发的窗户损坏现象，杜绝了传统窗户安装方法的渗漏隐患，实现了立面的穿插施工，提高了安装的精度，创造了经济效益。     

外门窗预埋钢副框免收口施工技术

为解决传统的门窗副框在定位安装中存在的渗漏、污染等问题,深圳观禧花园项目对主体结构采用铝模施工且外门窗四周为混凝土结构的洞口采用在铝模板上提前固定钢副框的施工方法,即将钢副框包括滴水线、找坡企口等随主体结构直接施工成型,使门窗洞口无需进行二次抹灰收口作业,解决了传统门窗收口可能导致的渗水及污染问题。通过对结构外门窗钢副框的设计加工、钢副框的预埋固定方法、外门窗洞口四周的防渗漏措施等重点进行研究和总结,分析相应措施的合理性与适用性,可为其他类似工程施工提供参考。     

带钢副框铝合金门窗防水工艺

本文以安装了钢副框的铝合金门窗为立足点,通过对其出现渗漏问题原因的分析,从而就做好带钢副框防水工作的处理措施展开研究。     

浅谈铝合金门窗钢副框施工应用技术

在房屋建筑领域中,铝合金门窗存在诸多质量通病:门窗框安装不牢固、倾斜、扭曲或不垂直,窗边渗水,门窗开启不灵活,周边缝隙过大,以及门窗与土建交叉施工,造成工期延续等问题。钢副框的安装可以避免交叉施工,门窗损坏、污染,提高防水效果,满足保温节能要求,另外还可以防止因外墙保温翻边掩盖窗口边的质量通病,保证外窗的安装质量。通过重庆龙湖某高等住宅小区钢副框安装的应用,介绍了钢副框施工工艺,并阐述了在钢副框应用技术中施工中的监理工作要点。     

外墙带副框铝合金窗防水技术

外墙带副框铝合金窗周圈渗漏水现象较常见,在窗口两侧使用1.5 mm厚SAM-920自粘卷材防水,将整个副框包贴,配以其他细部处理措施,可以取得良好的应用效果.     

Zustandsuntersuchung und Instandsetzung am Hauptdach des Hauses der Kulturen der Welt in Berlin

The main roof of the ”Haus der Kulturen der Welt“ in Berlin Which is very well‐known on account of its history and striking structural design – was to be inspected by the author to determine its condition and analysed with regard to the durability of the existing liquid synthetic sealant. The roof structure consists of a biaxial, curved area‐covering structural element with circumferential edge beams of pre‐stressed lightweight concrete. This is the result of the reconstruction between 1984 and 1987 following a partial collapse of the then Berlin Congress Hall in 1980. The very thin roof shell is also made of lightweight concrete and, like the edge beams, has a polyurethane‐based spray‐on seal that was specially developed for this purpose as protection against the ingress of moisture. The reason why this, at the time, novel type of seal was chosen was that it should take into account the fact that the roof design urgently needed some kind of protection against moisture that had to compensate the expected changes shape and crack movements of the roof with no damage. The following article reports on the nature, scope and main results of the analysis of the condition of the roof seal, edge beams and abutments. It will also describe the repair recommendations resulting from the investigations, which form the basis of the execution of work at the present point in time. Apart from presenting the technical principles and special features of the building that have to be taken into account during any repairs, the special features of the execution will also be addressed.     

Magnetoelastische Spannkraftmessung in Bauwerken

Magnetoelastic Measurement of Prestressing Force in Civil Structures The knowledge of the tensile force of prestressing steel elements and its reliable and non‐destructive determination are of essential importance for the assessment of the structural health condition of prestressed concrete structures and tie‐back systems in terms of structural safety, serviceability and durability. For the evaluation of the prestressing force in steel tension members, the measurement technique presented in this contribution is using the magneto‐elastic effect (ME‐effect) of ferromagnetic materials. This effect describes the reverse‐proportional correlation between the mechanical stress and the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials. The cylindrical coiled sensors pushed over the tendon and the measuring device developed and practically optimized at the iBMB/MPA of the TU Braunschweig enable a fast and reliable measurement of the prestressing steel force after an initial calibration. In this contribution first the state of the art of prestress measurement techniques for steel tension members is presented. Afterwards, the ME‐measuring method with the basics and merits of magneto‐elastic prestressing force identification is shown. Further recent research results as well as several building applications will be discussed.     

Reliability of composite steel bridge beams designed following AASHTO''s LFD and LRFD specifications

Composite steel beam bridges designed following AASHTO's Load Factor Design (LFD) method and the newly developed Load and Resistance Factor Design method (LRFD) are proportioned for different loading conditions. They need to satisfy these conditions at maximum design load, an overloading condition, and fatigue load. The ultimate strength of compact composite steel beams is based on the fully plastic stress distribution. The capacity of non-compact beams is based on the yield or partially-plastic moment, depending on whether the beam violates all or few of the compactness or ductility requirements. In this paper, the reliability for the ultimate flexural capacity limit state of composite steel beams is investigated. The structural reliability is measured in terms of the reliability index. The statistical data on strength are generated starting from statistics on material properties and using the Monte Carlo simulation method. Statistical data on load components are compiled from the available literature. The scope of the study covers a wide range of rolled beams, span lengths, beam spacings, and two yield strengths. The deterministic study showed that the design of composite steel beams is usually not governed by the maximum design load combination, but rather by the overloading condition. The results of the reliability study indicate non-uniformity in the safety of steel bridges that are designed by the AASHTO LFD code. This is also true for AASHTO's LRFD code since it is not calibrated for the overloading condition. The value of the reliability index is a function of the compactness classification, method of design, beam spacing, span length, and section size.     

土体干缩裂隙的形成发育过程及机理

土体干缩开裂(龟裂)是一种常见的自然现象,龟裂的产生会破坏土体的完整性,极大地弱化土体的工程性质。基于室内试验结果,发现龟裂发育过程可分为3个典型阶段,具有很强的时序特征,且新生裂隙一般垂直已有裂隙生长。根据水土相互作用原理和基本土力学理论,建立了土体龟裂概念模型,对实验室和自然界中观测到的相关龟裂现象及其机理进行了分析,得到如下主要结论:(1)土体中存在收缩变形空间是龟裂发育的前提,主要与土质条件有关;(2)龟裂是土体发生张拉破坏的表现形式,孔隙水的表面张力及干燥过程中引起的基质吸力(毛细水作用力)会在土体中形成张拉应力场,这是导致龟裂的主要力学诱因;(3)当张拉应力场的大小超过土体的抗拉强度或土颗粒间的联接强度时,裂隙便会产生,导致局部区域积聚的应变能释放,应力场重新调整。从宏观上看,基质吸力和抗拉强度是控制龟裂发育的两个关键力学指标,但从微观上看,土体材料尤其是结构的非均质性对裂隙发育过程和裂隙网络的几何形态特征均有重要影响。通常情况下,大部分裂隙都是在饱和阶段产生,且裂隙产生时对应的临界含水率有可能高于液限;土体表面上的"杂点"易导致应力集中,裂隙往往率先在"杂点"处产生;(4)受表面和裂隙面张拉应力场的共同作用,表层土体边缘会发生向上卷曲变形,产生"煎饼效应"。此外,土体在收缩过程中还存在收缩核现象。     

Alternative Methods of Procurement for Works of Water and Environmental Management

The paper considers methods of procurement for the construction of water- and sewage-treatment works other than the traditional use of the ICE 5th Edition Conditions of Contract and Bills of Quantities. This is as a consequence of the speed at which schemes are currently required within the water industry.
The paper particularly focuses on the use of target contracts, using the Institution of Chemical Engineers'Green Book form, and considers various types of target. It also discusses the form which tender documents may take, and how targets may be calculated.
Tendering procedures, including the use of two-stage tenders and negotiated targets, are considered, as are the procedures for cost monitoring and the financial management of the contract. Finally, the role of the engineer and quantity surveyor is considered.     

Die Rolle des Prüfingenieurs im System der vorbeugenden Gefahrenabwehr

The task of the check engineer in the preventative risk management system. The historical development of building regulations is characterised by the principle of preventative risk management. The current building regulation demands, that public safety and order, especially life, health and natural conditions are not endangered by buildings. The building control is the task of the state and shall be administered by the building authorities. Usually the building control of structural stability and fire protection is delegated by the authorities to state approved check engineers. It is of main importance, that check engineers are not dependent on the investor's economic interests. Up to now this independence has been ensured, because the check engineers are appointed directly by the building authorities. Due to deregulations in recent years some federal states changed their building regulations in such a form, that the risk management was not guaranteed completely. The independence of check engineers and thus the quality of risk management was severely weakened by allowing private commissions. In additon several structures were released from the obligation of checking. These changes disagree with the safety concept of DIN 1055‐100, which is adjusted wih the European Codes. The required safety level presupposes the independent checking of the structural design. Further risks of independence and quality of building checks by the check engineers can occur due to an uncritical use of the European Services Directive. In accordance with the experiences of the check engineers current risk analyses show, that it is essential for a modern preventative risk management system to align extent and intensity of authorized controlling to the hazard potential of the particular building project. Corresponding to the proposal of the German Association of Check Engineers on the IABSE‐Symposium 2007 the controlling measures should be graduated on the basis of Eurocode EN 1990 according to three hazard classes.     

Beanspruchung der Tunnelabdichtung durch den Herstellvorgang einer Tunnelinnenschale

Loading of the tunnel sealing system due to fresh concrete pressure This report deals with the loading of the geomembrane during the construction phase of the inner shell of a tunnel. In a systematic parameter analysis at the institute for underground construction at FH Münster the geomembrane and the geotextile were tested under different realistic conditions. Laboratory testing showed a dependence on the seal support surface of the shotcrete and on the characteristics of the geotextile. The deformations of the membranes due to fresh concrete pressure are significantly smaller than the permitted values in the technical regulations. The main results of the investigations are described below.     

Spannglieder mit Kunststoffhüllrohren zur Herstellung von Brücken ohne Betonstahlbewehrung

Tendons with Plastic Ducts for Bridges without Mild Steel Reinforcement Frequently the conventional sealing of concrete bridges does not show a satisfactory serviceability in practice. Imperfect sealing leads to chloride entry into the structure because of bending cracks in the upper side of bridges in the range of negative moments. If a road passes under a bridge, there is the risk of chloride entry caused by salt fog spread on the surface of the bridge. In addition to the restoration liability of the sealing the pavement requires regular repair work. This periodic repair work causes high costs and affects the traffic flow. The method presented in this paper is characterized by omitting corrosion‐sensitive reinforcement and by integrating the pavement in the structure. The aim is to create concrete bridges with improved durability which can be manufactured with comparable costs to conventional concrete bridges. The results of experimental tests on the structural behavior of such structures will be presented.     

Application of sonic and radar tests on the piers and walls of the Cathedral of Noto

The authors applied systematically sonic tests, radar tests and other diagnostic techniques on the remaining walls and piers of the Cathedral of Noto. The experimental survey was carried out by the Laboratory of the DIS, Politecnico of Milan (Person in Charge: Prof. Binda, Prof. Baronio) in collaboration with the designers (Ing. R. De Benedictis, Arch. S. Tringali) and the experts working on the reconstruction. The Prefettura of Siracusa founded the research. The right aisle and most of the dome of the Cathedral collapsed in 1996. The aim of the research was to verify the state of damage and the possibility of conservation of the walls and piers in view of the reconstruction of the damaged part of the Cathedral. Furthermore, the sonic tests were used to control the effect of grout injection used as a possible technique for repair of the damaged masonry (Proceedings of the Conference on Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and Materials, Boulder, Colorado; (1992) 329; Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Structural Faults and Repair, 3 (1995) 195). In the following the results will be reported and the reliability of the tests will be discussed as it was confirmed by the use of other complementary diagnosis techniques (Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Historical Buildings, STREMAH 99, Dresden, Germany, (1999) 323).     

CONTROL OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES: III. FUZZY-BASED CONTROLLER

In this paper, a real-time fuzzy-based controller of construction activities is proposed. Because of the numerous uncertainties associated with construction activities, their control requires a different approach than the traditional feedback methods. These methods are essentially based on the knowledge of a transfer function that models the input/output relationships for the controlled system. For a highly complex and uncertain system such as a construction activity, a fuzzy-based control strategy was found to be a suitable and effective approach. The proposed control system is built in two main levels, the process and the activity levels. Each level comprises two main units, namely, the fuzzy controller and the self learning algorithm. The implementation of the control actions can be performed by either manipulating the states of the variables for the purpose of improving the process output, or changing the process behavior function for the same purpose. Practical examples are presented wherever possible to illustrate the proposed control strategy.