无卤阻燃聚丙烯的研究进展

介绍了无机物阻燃剂、膨胀型阻燃剂、磷系阻燃剂、硅系阻燃剂在聚丙烯(PP)无卤阻燃方面的研究现状,分析了这些无卤阻燃剂的加入对PP阻燃性能的影响。通过合理利用各种阻燃剂的协效作用,克服了单一无卤阻燃剂的不足。开发新型阻燃体系,提高阻燃剂与基材的相容性,从而改善阻燃PP的力学性能和阻燃性能仍是无卤阻燃PP的研究重点。     

膨胀型阻燃剂阻燃UHMWPE的研究

膨胀型阻燃是近年来无卤阻燃的新趋势。通过正交试验法,主要讨论由聚磷酸铵、季戊四醇、三聚氰胺所组成的膨胀型阻燃体系对UHMWPE阻燃性能的影响及添加剂的添加量对阻燃塑料力学性能的影响。     

EVA在无卤阻燃ABS树脂中的应用

将不同醋酸乙烯(VA)含量的乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)与聚磷酸铵(APP)、三聚氰胺氰尿酸盐(MCA)复配成膨胀型阻燃剂,探讨了不同VA含量、不同比例的EVA树脂对丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(ABS)的阻燃性、悬臂梁缺口冲击强度、热变形温度的影响。结果表明,在ABS树脂中添加膨胀型阻燃剂EVA/APP/MCA,可显著提高其阻燃性能;随EVA含量增加,EVA/APP/MCA无卤阻燃ABS体系的阻燃性能和悬臂梁缺口冲击强度增加,热变形温度下降;随VA含量的增加,EVA/APP/MCA无卤阻燃ABS体系的阻燃性能和热变形温度增加,悬臂梁缺口冲击强度下降。     

无卤阻燃ABS复合材料的制备与阻燃性能研究

采用酚醛树脂、磷酸酯、硼酸锌或聚硅氧烷组成复合阻燃剂,与丙烯腈–丁二烯–苯乙烯(ABS)树脂通过熔融挤出混合制备无卤阻燃ABS复合材料。分别研究磷酸酯、聚硅氧烷、硼酸锌用量对无卤阻燃ABS复合材料阻燃性能的影响,考察了阻燃ABS复合材料的热分解行为,观察了无卤阻燃ABS复合材料燃烧产物表面的炭层形貌。实验结果表明,酚醛树脂/磷酸酯复合成炭阻燃体系能有效提高ABS的阻燃性能;硼酸锌和聚硅氧烷对ABS/酚醛树脂/磷酸酯体系阻燃存在阻燃协同效应,提高成炭量;与聚硅氧烷相比,硼酸锌阻燃协同效果较好。     

热塑性聚合物/木纤维复合材料的阻燃研究进展

综述了近年来国内外热塑性聚合物/木纤维复合材料的阻燃性能的研究成果,分析了热塑性聚合物/木纤维复合材料的阻燃机理,介绍了无机阻燃体系、膨胀型阻燃体系、纳米粒子阻燃体系和复合阻燃体系等无卤阻燃剂对热塑性聚合物/木纤维复合材料的阻燃性能和力学性能的影响。最后,展望了热塑性聚合物/木纤维复合材料阻燃的发展方向。     

磷-氮复配膨胀型无卤阻燃聚甲醛体系的研究

采用磷-氮复配膨胀型阻燃剂进行无卤阻燃聚甲醛(POM)的研究,测试了阻燃POM的阻燃性能、力学性能,并通过傅立叶变换红外光谱分析阻燃POM燃烧残炭的成分,并用扫描电子显微镜观测阻燃POM燃烧残炭的形态,用热失重分析仪表征了POM及阻燃POM的热稳定性.结果表明,采用微胶囊红磷/三聚氰胺氰尿酸酯(MC)/双季戊四醇(DPET)/酚醛树脂(Novolak)复配阻燃体系的阻燃POM的垂直阻燃级别可达到UL94 V-1级,采用多聚磷酸铵(APP)/MC/DPET/Novolak复配体系可达到V-0级,其力学性能有不同程度的下降,并且根据测试结果分析了阻燃机理.     

磷–氮膨胀型阻燃剂复配协同阻燃聚甲醛的研究

采用磷–氮复配膨胀型阻燃剂(50A)与酚醛树脂(PF)进行复配,研究了不同配比对聚甲醛(POM)的阻燃性能和力学性能的影响。通过垂直燃烧试验、极限氧指数法、热重分析研究了复配阻燃剂对POM的阻燃作用,并对阻燃POM材料燃烧后的残炭进行红外分析。结果表明,采用50A/PF复配的阻燃POM材料的垂直燃烧级别达到UL94 V–1级,极限氧指数可达26.7%;热重分析显示,阻燃POM材料在800℃时的残炭率显著提高;红外光谱分析证实了50A与PF在POM中有良好的协效阻燃作用。     

无卤阻燃剂复配阻燃HIPS的性能研究

研究了不同配比的红磷阻燃母料(RPM)与氢氧化镁(MH)协同阻燃高抗冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS)体系的阻燃性能和机械性能。并选取最佳红磷阻燃母料与氢氧化镁的配比,再分别与其他无卤阻燃剂如酚醛树脂、氧化锌、氰尿酸三聚氰胺盐、有机纳米蒙脱土复配来共同阻燃HIPS,并分别对其体系的机械性能和阻燃性能进行了研究。结果表明,在RPM/MH质量比为1,总质量分数为30%时,与7%的酚醛树脂或有机纳米蒙脱土复配,都可以使阻燃HIPS材料达到1.6 mm UL94的V-1级。     

木塑复合材料阻燃改性研究进展

木塑复合材料是由热塑性塑料与木质纤维复合制备而成的新型环保材料。文章综述了木塑复合材料的燃烧特性及阻燃机理,总结了铝-镁系阻燃剂、磷系阻燃剂、膨胀型阻燃剂及纳米阻燃体系等无卤阻燃剂对木塑复合材料阻燃性能的影响,并对木塑复合材料阻燃改性研究进行了展望。     

无卤阻燃聚乙烯-弹性体电缆料的研究

本文采用动态硫化法制成热塑性弹性体 ,并把它应用于聚乙烯树脂的改性 ,研制出了符合要求的无卤阻燃电缆料。文中采用红外光谱IR和凝胶含量等手段分析了硅烷接枝聚乙烯的影响因素 ,以及弹性体对该无卤阻燃体系机械性能、阻燃性能和电性能的影响。     

Synergistic effects of ammonium polyphosphate/melamine intumescent system with macromolecular char former in flame-retarding polyoxymethylene

The improvement of the flame retardancy of polyoxymethylene (POM) is a world-wide difficult problem due to its zippered decomposition property. This paper reported the preparation of the flame-retarding (FR) POM with the synergistic combination of ammonium polyphosphate (APP)/melamine (ME) intumescent flame retardant system and macromolecular char former (MC). The UL94 testing, mechanical properties testing, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to investigate the corresponding structure, performance and synergistic flame retardant mechanism. The experimental results showed that, in the used macromolecular char formers (novolac, PA6 and TPU), the combination of novolac with APP/ME intumescent system has the best synergism in flame-retarding POM, greatly enhancing the quality of the formed condensed charred layer and hence the corresponding flame retardancy. The obtained FR POM composite could achieve flame retardancy of UL94 3.2 mm V-0 level and remarkably decreased heat release rate relative to pure POM. The synergistic effect of novolac was shown to be the char formed cross-linking reaction of it with APP. Due to the thermodynamic compatibility of novolac and POM, the prepared FR POM composite also has fairly good mechanical performance, having tensile strength of 49.1 MPa and Izod notched impact strength of 2.60 kJ/m².     

三聚氰胺氰尿酸盐/聚氨酯复合阻燃聚甲醛的研究

采用三聚氰胺氰尿酸盐／聚氨酯复合阻燃剂阻燃聚甲醛，阻燃剂粒子超细均匀分散于分散相聚氨酯中，解决了非复合阻燃剂与聚甲醛直接共混相容性差、材料性能劣化的难题．获得了阻燃性能和力学性能优良的阻燃聚甲醛材料，并通过热失重和气质联用分析研究了其阻燃机理。     

聚磷酸铵基复合膨胀型阻燃剂的制备及其对聚甲醛的阻燃作用

针对聚甲醛(POM)阻燃的难点,在传统简单共混膨胀阻燃体系聚磷酸铵(APP)/三聚氰胺(ME)/季戊四醇(PER)的基础上,采用高温热反应处理技术将APP(酸源)、ME(气源)和PER(炭源)集成在一个大分子膨胀阻燃体系(RMAPP)中,并将所得大分子一体化产物RMAPP阻燃POM,解决了简单共混膨胀体系中各组分混合不均匀、难分散以及与基体树脂相容性差的难题。研究结果表明:高温热反应产物RMAPP比传统的未经热处理简单共混阻燃体系具有较好的阻燃效果,当阻燃剂RMAPP的添加量为45%时,在垂直燃烧测试实验中,其3.2mm厚试样可达到UL94V—1级别。     

润滑剂对PP/IFR复合材料性能的影响

以聚丙烯(PP)为基体树脂、FR–1420为无卤膨胀型阻燃剂,分别加入乙撑双硬脂酰胺(EBS)、聚乙烯(PE)蜡、硬脂酸锌(硬锌)、硅酮及聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)等五种润滑剂来制备阻燃PP复合材料(PP/IFR),考察了润滑剂及其含量对PP/IFR的阻燃性能和力学性能的影响,并对材料的热分解行为及炭层结构进行了表征和分析。结果表明,FR–1420含量为21%,五种润滑剂含量在0.5%~2%范围内变化时,对PP/IFR复合材料的力学性能影响不大,而对阻燃性能产生了明显影响;EBS与阻燃剂产生对抗作用,不论添加量多少,都显著降低PP/IFR的阻燃性,垂直燃烧等级由V–0级降低至无级;PE蜡、硬锌、硅酮及PVDF的添加量都存在一个最大值,当低于最大值时,不会影响PP/IFR的阻燃性,垂直燃烧等级均为V–0级,而高于最大值时,则会降低PP/IFR的阻燃性;PE蜡、硬锌、硅酮及PVDF均会不同程度延后PP/IFR的起始分解温度,略微降低其成炭率。     

微胶囊化膨胀阻燃剂及膨胀阻燃聚丙烯性能的研究

通过微胶囊化技术合成了新型磷氮体系无卤膨胀型阻燃剂(IFR),采用IFR提高聚丙烯(PP)的阻燃性能。运用扫描电子显微镜、氧指数仪和垂直燃烧仪等对IFR阻燃PP体系的表面形态和性能进行分析。结果表明,聚磷酸铵经包覆后粒度增大;当IFR的质量分数达到30%左右时,PP/IFR体系可以获得良好的阻燃效果,其氧指数达到32%,燃烧等级为FV-0级,抑烟效果较明显;力学性能下降不大;断裂面形态良好。     

膨胀阻燃剂在尼龙66中的应用

在PA66／膨胀型阻燃剂（IFR）复合体系的阻燃机基础上,研究了PAD66／IFR体系的阻燃性,耐漏电性能。结果发现,IFR各组分间如果搭配得合理将具有明显的协同阻燃作用,但PA66／IFR材料的阻燃性和耐漏电性之间具有一定的矛盾性。     

A commercial phosphorous–nitrogen containing intumescent flame retardant for thermoplastic polyurethane

The aim of this work is to develop a halogen‐free thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composite with significantly improved fire performance by using a highly commercial phosphorous–nitrogen containing intumescent flame retardant (P–N IFR). Based on the characterizations of thermogravimetric analysis and in situ Fourier transform infrared spectra, P–N IFR powder was proved a desired flame retardant for TPU in theory and the thermal degradation property of PU/PNIFR composites at elevated temperatures was investigated as well. Fire performance was evaluated by limiting oxygen index, underwriters laboratories 94 testing and char residue morphologies. Results showed that the addition of P–N IFR promotes the formation of char residues which were covered on the surface of polymer composites resulting in the improvement of thermal stability and flame retardancy. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 39772.     

Flammability characteristics and performance of halogen‐free flame‐retarded polyoxymethylene based on phosphorus–nitrogen synergistic effects

The flammability characteristics and thermal stability of a novel halogen‐free flame‐retardant compounding system based on polyoxymethylene (POM) were studied, and a very effective flame retarding formulation for POM was developed from a combination of ammonium polyphosphate (APP), melamine cyanurate (MC), novolak, and dipentaerythritol. The decomposition behavior of POM compounds was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis. The compound shows optimal flame retardancy with a limiting oxygen index of 52.8 and flammability rating of UL94 V‐0, when 27 wt % APP, 9 wt % MC, 4 wt % novolak, and 4 wt % dipentaerythritol are simultaneously incorporated into POM. The presence of novolak and dipentaerythritol as char‐forming agents results in a dense and compact multicellular char residue for the test bar after combustion, while Fourier transform infrared spectra confirm a characteristic phosphorous‐ and carbon‐rich char resulting from the APP/MC formulation. The pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis indicates that highly flammable formaldehyde gas, the main pyrolysis product of POM, is annihilated by amide derivatives produced by the pyrolysis of MC, imparting better flame retardancy. The comprehensive flame‐retardant mechanisms based on phosphorus–nitrogen synergism promote the high flame retardancy of POM to reach the nonflammability of V‐0 rating. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

防潮型膨胀阻燃剂的合成

采用正交试验确定了最佳防潮阻燃剂的配方,并利用傅里叶变换红外光谱分析了结构产物,成功地制备出具有较好阻燃效果和力学性能的防潮型膨胀阻燃聚丙烯。     

Thermal degradation and combustion behavior of intumescent flame‐retardant polypropylene with novel phosphorus‐based flame retardants

The objective of this study was to develop an environmentally friendly fire‐retardant polypropylene (PP) with significantly improved fire‐retardancy performance with a novel flame‐retardant (FR) system. The system was composed of ammonium polyphosphate (APP), melamine (MEL), and novel phosphorus‐based FRs. Because of the synergistic FR effects among the three FRs, the FR PP composites achieved a V‐0 classification, and the limiting oxygen index reached as high as 36.5%. In the cone calorimeter test, both the peak heat‐release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) of the FR PP composites were remarkably reduced by the incorporation of the novel FR system. The FR mechanism of the MEL–APP–FR–PP composites was investigated through thermogravimetric analysis and char residue characterization, and the results reveal that the addition of MEL–APP–FRs promoted the formation of stable intumescent char layers. This led to the reduction of pHRR and THR and resulted in the improvement of the fire retardancy. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 45962.