超低碳贝氏体钢(ULCB)和耐候钢 09CuPCrNi 的耐蚀性

通过周期性浸润腐蚀试验测定了ULCB钢(%:0.05C、1.61Mn、0.51Cu、0.17Cr、0.26Ni)和耐候钢09CuPCrNi(%:0.09C、0.35Mn、0.09P、0.31Cu、0.45Cr、0.31Ni)14 mm板的耐腐蚀性能,并用偏光显微镜,X-射线衍射仪和能谱仪等研究了耐蚀机理.结果表明,ULCB钢的耐腐蚀性能优于09CuPCrNi钢;发现两种钢均存在由α-FeOOH,β-FeOOH和Fe3O4组成致密的内锈层、由α-,β-FeOOH和Fe3O4组成的疏松外锈层;Cu和Cr合金元素在锈层和锈层-钢基体界面均存在富集现象.     

一种高磷耐候钢的耐腐蚀性能试验研究

利用实验室加速腐蚀试验方法,对高磷耐候钢与Q345普通低合金钢在不同腐蚀时间后的年腐蚀速率及试样锈层形貌、腐蚀产物进行了对比分析,结果表明:两种试验钢试样基体表面均由最先形成的黑色氧化物Fe_3O_4非保护性结构继续氧化成为褐色Fe_2O_3,再继续生成非稳态的γ-FeOOH,并进一步向最终的稳定锈层组成物α-FeOOH转变。高磷耐候钢中Cu、P、Cr、Ni等耐蚀性合金元素在锈层的持续富集促使锈层中α-FeOOH的形成和含量增加,其锈层中的α-FeOOH含量在不同腐蚀周期内均比Q345低合金钢中的含量高;高磷耐候钢的年腐蚀速率随腐蚀时间延长基本稳定且呈下降趋势,低于Q345普通低合金钢。     

低合金耐候钢在含氯离子环境中的腐蚀行为

利用干湿周浸加速腐蚀实验对比研究了低合金钢A588和SPA-H在含氯离子环境下腐蚀行为,并利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射和电子探针等方法分析了Ni、Mn对于低合金钢腐蚀行为的影响.结果表明:实验钢锈层中的物质主要由α-FeOOH、γ-FeOOH和Fe₃O₄组成,但其含量存在差异;Ni元素在内锈层含量高于外锈层,Mn元素在锈层的孔洞处富集;内锈层的致密程度高于外锈层;提高合金元素Mn和Ni的含量,可以提高内锈层的致密性,从而提高低合金钢的耐蚀性能.      

低碳钢在湿热工业海洋大气中的腐蚀特征

以0.1 mol·L-1NaCl+0.01 mol·L-1 NaHSO₃溶液为腐蚀介质,采用干/湿周浸加速腐蚀实验、腐蚀失重、X射线衍射、扫描电镜和能谱分析等方法,研究了湿热工业海洋大气中低碳钢的腐蚀行为.结果表明:实验钢的腐蚀过程均遵循幂函数d=Atn分布规律,钢种不同,常系数A、n的值不同;腐蚀产物主要由非晶物质和少量Fe₃O₄、α-FeOOH、β-FeOOH、γ-FeOOH晶体组成.所得锈层可分为主体锈层和界面疏松带两部分,由内至外锈层中Fe、O含量梯度变化很小.Cl-、SO₂与水分的长期协同作用会导致内锈层结构变差,而添加稳定性或耐蚀性较高的元素可以改善锈层质量,进而增强钢材的耐腐蚀性能.      

湿热海洋大气中SO2污染对Q235B钢腐蚀行为的影响

 以NaCl和NaHSO3为介质,采用干/湿周浸加速腐蚀试验、腐蚀失重分析、XRD、SEM等,研究了湿热海洋大气中SO2对Q235B钢腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明,SO2污染使Q235B钢的腐蚀明显加重。污染前后,Q235B钢的腐蚀过程均遵循幂函数[W＝Atn]的分布规律,腐蚀产物均由非晶和少量Fe3O4、α-FeOOH、β-FeOOH、γ-FeOOH晶体组成,但参数[A、][n]值和晶体数量并不相同。Cl－和SO2在腐蚀过程中具有协同作用,但作用机理不同。Cl－会阻止腐蚀产物吸附,并促使其脱落,进而阻止保护性锈层形成;而SO2在酸化过程中会与钢基体和锈层反应,进而破坏锈层结构,加剧钢的腐蚀。SO2还能抑制β-FeOOH并促进α-FeOOH的生成,进而抑制Cl－的破坏作用并改善锈层的稳定性;但随锈层增厚,SO2的抑制作用减弱,内锈层随之变疏松。     

09CuPTi系耐候钢组织性能及耐腐蚀行为

 在热连轧生产线上采用两阶段轧制生产了09CuPTi系耐候钢,研究了轧制工艺参数对耐候钢板微观组织和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,3种工艺试验钢的显微组织均为针状铁素体和贝氏体。当终冷温度为530℃冷却速度为25℃/s时,组织以更细小均匀的板条贝氏体为主,屈服强度及抗拉强度分别为617MPa和702MPa,韧脆性转变温度较低,具有良好的强韧性。对轧后钢板进行了耐腐蚀试验,研究了09CuPTi-Nb钢工艺B成品和参考钢在模拟工业大气环境下的腐蚀演化行为。结果表明,在腐蚀初期腐蚀速度随干湿循环次数的增加而增大,在后期腐蚀速度逐渐降低,09CuPTi-Nb钢的腐蚀速率与SPA-H钢相当,但低于Q345钢。09CuPTi-Nb钢锈层分为内外两层,内锈层致密主要由α-FeOOH和少量γ-Fe2O3组成,Q345钢锈层主要由α-FeOOH、γ-Fe2O3和Fe3O4组成。电化学试验表明,腐蚀产物促进阴极过程,抑制阳极过程。     

显微组织对微纳结构贝氏体钢海洋腐蚀行为的影响

以一步、两步贝氏体转变及不同热处理工艺获得的微纳结构贝氏体钢为对象，利用组织表征、电化学测试及中性盐雾试验，研究显微组织对其海洋腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明：试验钢的显微组织主要由贝氏体铁素体板条(BF)、马氏体-奥氏体复合组织(block M-A)和薄膜状残余奥氏体(film RA)组成。随着腐蚀周期的增加，试验钢的腐蚀速率均呈下降趋势，腐蚀产物主要由γ-FeOOH、α-FeOOH、α-Fe₂O₃和Fe₃O₄组成。腐蚀后期，γ-FeOOH转化为稳定的α-FeOOH,提高了锈层的保护性。相对一步贝氏体钢，二步贝氏体钢中残余奥氏体含量较低，主要形态为薄膜状，强度与韧性明显提升；二步贝氏体钢的腐蚀产物中α-FeOOH的比率更高，锈层更加致密，腐蚀速率较低，耐腐蚀性能更为优异。     

铝对4Cr1.5Ni耐候钢组织和耐候性的影响

耐候钢具有良好的耐大气腐蚀性能,但传统耐候钢尚无法应用于高湿热海洋大气环境,相关报道指出其在万宁暴晒8年后出现腐蚀加速现象。为了满足海洋工程发展的需要,优化传统耐候钢或开发新型耐候钢尤为重要。以传统低碳钢成分为基础,同时考虑红土镍矿资源,设计4Cr1.5Ni和4Cr1.5Ni0.8Al两种新型耐候钢,采用室内干湿循环腐蚀加速试验模拟高湿热海洋大气环境,结合光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和电化学方法等表征手段研究新型耐候钢的组织和耐候性,着重分析了添加铝元素对试验钢微观组织、腐蚀初期锈层形貌、物相组成和保护能力的影响,相关结果可以为开发适用于高湿热海洋大气环境的新型耐候钢提供参考。结果表明,4Cr1.5Ni钢组织为铁素体和马氏体,4Cr1.5Ni0.8Al钢组织为铁素体和少量珠光体,添加铝元素会促进铁素体的形成。添加铝元素减小了4Cr1.5Ni钢的腐蚀速率、锈层厚度和腐蚀电流密度,增大了腐蚀电位和锈层电阻。4Cr1.5Ni0.8Al钢的α/γ(α-FeOOH/γ-FeOOH)值是4Cr1.5Ni钢的2.5倍...     

SO_2对海洋大气环境中含铬耐候钢腐蚀行为的影响

为了研究工业大气污染对含铬耐候钢腐蚀行为的影响,经真空感应熔炼、轧制含铬和无铬两组耐候钢,以NaCl、NaHSO_3为腐蚀介质,通过干湿循环加速腐蚀试验、腐蚀失重分析并结合XRD、SEM等方法,分析对比了含铬耐候钢在含SO_2以及不含SO_2海洋大气环境中的腐蚀行为。结果表明,在Cl-、Cl-+SO_2环境下,铬均降低了钢的腐蚀深度,SO_2加重了钢的腐蚀。试验钢锈层均主要由α-FeOOH,β-FeOOH,γ-FeOOH和Fe_3O_4构成,质量分数有所区别;在Cl-+SO_2环境下,合金铬对α-FeOOH的形成有促进作用;SO_2明显抑制了含铬钢中β-FeOOH的形成,降低了γ-FeOOH和Fe3O4的质量分数,并促进了含铬钢中α-FeOOH的形成。单一Cl-环境中,含铬钢锈层有明显分层现象,外锈层疏松,内层致密;在Cl-+SO_2环境下,含铬钢锈层无明显分层现象。在Cl-+SO_2环境下,无铬钢中硫、氯元素富集于内锈层;含铬钢中铬在试验钢内锈层出现一定的富集,氯元素均匀分布于锈层中,硫元素在外锈层处富集。     

耐候冷镦钢在模拟海洋大气环境中的腐蚀行为

采用腐蚀失重法、宏观形貌观察、SEM、XRD、电化学测试对耐候冷镦钢在模拟海洋大气环境中的腐蚀行为进行了研究。结果表明，在模拟海洋大气腐蚀环境下，耐候钢表面锈层随腐蚀时间由浅黄色依次向棕黄色、红棕色转变；锈层截面形貌由薄而疏松且不连续演变为厚而致密且均匀分布；锈层微观形貌显示，表面锈层存在相对平滑、不规则圆形花状结构、闭环的环形巢结构、毛绒状结构等4个演变状态，但致密的毛绒状结构锈层对基体的保护能力明显提高；腐蚀产物主要由Fe₃O₄、γ-FeOOH、α-FeOOH组成，腐蚀初期主要是致密的Fe₃O₄,腐蚀中期开始形成γ-FeOOH,腐蚀后期γ-FeOOH逐渐溶解并还原形成稳定的α-FeOOH,可对基体提供良好的保护作用；电化学分析显示：腐蚀24～72 h,耐候钢的阴极电流密度呈线性增大，且趋于稳定。耐候钢的腐蚀深度损失与腐蚀时间呈幂函数关系；受腐蚀过程不同腐蚀产物的影响，腐蚀速率呈现先增长后下降的变化规律。     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of rates of infection of two methods of emergency ventricular drainage

The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies.     

浅析《野草》的版画特征

鲁迅先生一生热爱美术作品,对版画中木刻兴趣尤甚.<野草>作为其"写心之作",亦呈现出一些与木刻版画一致的审美特征:一是具有木刻版画的色彩特征,多对比、多冷色,有阴郁的美感;二是具有木刻版画的力度特征,环境描写、人物刻画处处刀锋毕现,遒劲有力,有一种"力之美".     

四辊破碎机车刀架的改造

针对四辊破碎机车刀架车削中存在的几个问题,详细介绍了电动车刀架的结构和工作原理,建立主要设计参数的数学表达式,并进行适当的分析。改造后,这种电动车刀架运行平稳、可靠、方便、省力,取得了预期的效果。     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

Comparison of the results of surgical and conservative treatment of fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia

In this paper is treated the fundamental problematic of the fracture of the diaphysis of the tibia and the therapeutic results after the conservative and operative treatment are confronted. Among 518 patients with 433 open fractures and 35 with closed fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia, successful treatment of more 2/3 was obtained in the period from 1968 to 1972. Following our casuistics and literature, whose results are similar, we find out that the average total treatment of the osteosynthesis of the fracture of the diaphysis was shortened for 2,5 months depending upon the type and the localisation of the fracture. Apolied methods of the operative and conservative and conservative treatment in relation to the velocity of the medical cure as well as to the extreme anatomical-functional results are analised. We noticed that osteosynthesis, made by the intermedullary nail and the extension of the canals or by a small AO table, by the achieved stability makes conditions of immediate motions and an early rehabilitation. Because of that it gives the best functional results.