太阳能发电发展“十二五”规划

前言太阳能资源丰富,分布广泛,开发利用前景广阔。太阳能发电作为太阳能利用的重要方式,已经得到世界各国的普遍关注。近几年,太阳能发电技术进步很快,产业规模持续扩大,发电成本不断下降,在全球已实现较大规模应用。在国际市场的带动下,我国太阳能光伏产业快速发展,光伏技术和成本上均已形成一定的国际竞争力。从发展趋势看,太阳能发电即将成为技术可行、经济合理、具备规模化发展条件的可再生能源,对我国合理     

太阳能路灯让新农村“亮起来”

当夕阳西下,暮色将山村笼罩的时候,像点点繁星降临人间,沿着蜿蜒山路列队,那是新安装的太阳能路灯亮了,一抹明亮的光辉照亮了静寂的山路,给山村增添了无限生机。     

国家能源局印发太阳能发电发展“十二五”规划

<正>太阳能发电是新兴的可再生能源技术,目前已实现产业化应用的主要是太阳能光伏发电和太阳能光热发电。近年来,在国家政策的支持下,加上丰富的太阳能资源,基本形成了我国光伏电池制造产业,太阳能光热发电的重大装备设计、制造和系统集成等技术也取得重要突破。为贯彻《可再生能源法》,     

“太阳能发展路线图研究”项目开题

2013年1月29日,由中国可再生能源学会承担的中-丹可再生能源发展项目"太阳能发展路线图研究"项目开题会议在北京举行。来自国家能源局、科技部、丹麦使馆、国家可再生能源中心的领导以及行业相关科研院所、学会协会、电力机构、国际组织以及企业界代表同课题组专家共计60余人一同出席了会议。本太阳能发展路线图研究项目为期一年,将针对太阳能光伏发电、太阳能中低温热利用、太阳     

用太阳能/风能为电动汽车充电

在高油价和倡导低碳经济的双重推动下,新能源汽车尤其是电动汽车(简称EV)的使用已被各国提上重要议程。虽然EV将引领汽车业进入零排放时代,然而目前仍有不少制约EV发展的因素,其中最大的障碍是电池的续航里程有限。因此,能否及时充电成为购买EV的消费者最大的顾虑。正因为如此,EV的充电方式被列入研发的重点。经过选择比较,利用太阳能或风能为EV充电被普遍看好。     

法国积极推动太阳能发电产业

为了共同改进全球气候变暖．减轻对矿物燃料的依赖．法国政府十分重视可再生能源的未来发展。根据该国计划,2020年太阳能发电容量将提升为目前的400倍．用太阳能生产的电力将占到可更新性电力的23％,远高于目前的10．4％。     

美加州启动“屋顶太阳能工程”

美国加利福尼亚州启动了一项“屋顶太阳能工程”,此举旨在提高加州利用可再生能源的能力。 根据工程计划,南加州部分商业楼房的房顶将率先安装先进的太阳能光伏发电装置,安装面积将达到604万m^2。工程建成后,这些设施的发电功率将达到250MW,能满足南加州16．2万个家庭的生活用电。     

美加州启动“屋顶太阳能工程”

美国加利福尼亚州启动了一项“屋顶太阳能工程”,此举旨在提高加州利用可再生能源的能力。 根据工程计划,南加州部分商业楼房的房顶将率先安装先进的太阳能光伏发电装置,安装面积将达到604万m^2。工程建成后,这些设施的发电功率将达到250MW,能满足南加州16．2万个家庭的生活用电。     

太阳能汽车前途无量

毋庸置疑,电动汽车（EV）本身是“绿色”的,在行驶过程中并不会对环境产生任何危害,但EV所使用的电能大多来自于煤炭燃烧等非清洁能源。至于完全意义上的“环保汽车”,应该指车辆的动力全来自于风力或太阳能一类的清洁能源。     

北京今年起将建设百所“太阳能校园”

北京将从2008年起在全市范围内建设百所阳光校园．以加强太阳能的开发利用。北京校园的路灯照明将用太阳能．洗澡的浴室等也靠太阳能。 此外,这项工程还包括建设一批太阳能采暖示范项目、可再生能源示范教育小屋及太阳能热水系统展示项目等。北京市有关部门负责人认为,“阳光校园”的建设,不仅可以促进太阳能的开发利用,促进节能减排,改善环境。更重要的是在加强青少年可再生能源教育、培养能源意识方面具有重要的示范作用。     

太阳能在汽车上应用的前景与挑战

众所周知,汽车工业的发展给环境带来了巨大污染。有关资料表明,(美国)汽车排放占城市总污染份额的60%;我国也已占到了25%～40%。大城市的温室效应约40%来自汽车尾气排放。汽车主要使用     

Transmission network-based energy and environmental assessment of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

The introduction of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) is expected to have a significant impact on regional power systems and pollutant emissions. This paper analyzes the effects of various penetrations of PHEVs on the marginal fuel dispatch of coal, natural gas and oil, and on pollutant emissions of CO₂, NO_x, SO₂ in the New York Metropolitan Area for two battery charging scenarios in a typical summer and winter day. A model of the AC transmission network of the Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC) region with 693 generators is used to realistically incorporate network constraints into an economic dispatch model. A data-based transportation model of approximately 1 million commuters in NYMA is used to determine battery charging pattern. Results show that for all penetrations of PHEVs network-constrained economic dispatch of generation is significantly more realistic than unconstrained cases. Coal, natural gas and oil units are on the margin in the winter, and only natural gas and oil units are on the margin in the summer. Hourly changes in emissions from transportation and power production are dominated by vehicular activity with significant overall emissions reductions for CO₂ and NO_x, and a slight increase for SO₂. Nighttime regulated charging produces less overall emissions than unregulated charging from when vehicles arrive home for the summer and vice versa for the winter. As PHEVs are poised to link the power and transportation sectors, data-based models combining network constraints and economic dispatch have been shown to improve understanding and facilitate control of this link.     

Potential impacts assessment of plug-in electric vehicles on the Portuguese energy market

Electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), which obtain their fuel from the grid by charging a battery, are set to be introduced into the mass market and expected to contribute to oil consumption reduction. In this research, scenarios for 2020 EVs penetration and charging profiles are studied integrated with different hypotheses for electricity production mix. The impacts in load profiles, spot electricity prices and emissions are obtained for the Portuguese case study. Simulations for year 2020, in a scenario of low hydro production and high prices, resulted in energy costs for EVs recharge of 20 cents/kWh, with 2 million EVs charging mainly at evening peak hours. On the other hand, in an off-peak recharge, a high hydro production and low wholesale prices' scenario, recharge costs could be reduced to 5.6 cents/kWh. In these extreme cases, EV's energy prices were between 0.9€ to 3.2€ per 100 km. Reductions in primary energy consumption, fossil fuels use and CO₂ emissions of up to 3%, 14% and 10%, respectively, were verified (for a 2 million EVs' penetration and a dry year's off-peak recharge scenario) from the transportation and electricity sectors together when compared with a BAU scenario without EVs.     

Grid integration of intermittent renewable energy sources using price-responsive plug-in electric vehicles

Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are expected to balance the fluctuation of renewable energy sources (RES). To investigate the contribution of PEVs, the availability of mobile battery storage and the control mechanism for load management are crucial. This study therefore combined the following: a stochastic model to determine mobility behavior, an optimization model to minimize vehicle charging costs and an agent-based electricity market equilibrium model to estimate variable electricity prices. The variable electricity prices are calculated based on marginal generation costs. Hence, because of the merit order effect, the electricity prices provide incentives to consume electricity when the supply of renewable generation is high. Depending on the price signals and mobility behavior, PEVs calculate a cost minimizing charging schedule and therefore balance the fluctuation of RES. The analysis shows that it is possible to limit the peak load using the applied control mechanism. The contribution of PEVs to improving the integration of intermittent renewable power generation into the grid depends on the characteristic of the RES generation profile. For the German 2030 scenario used here, the negative residual load was reduced by 15–22% and the additional consumption of negative residual load was between 34 and 52%.     

并联式混合动力汽车模糊能量管理策略优化

文章分析了并联式混合动力汽车电机和发动机功率的实时分配问题,为提高发动机和电机的工作效率,设计了一种基于蚁群优化的模糊控制策略。通过发动机台架性能测试的实验数据,拟合得到发动机工作效率函数,并绘制发动机工作效率图。根据发动机工作效率图制定模糊控制规则,并以发动机工作效率为优化目标,利用蚁群算法对模糊隶属度函数参数进行优化。ADVISOR的仿真结果表明,与未优化的模糊控制策略相比,优化后的模糊控制策略能更有效地改善混合动力汽车的整车燃油经济性,并能更好地解决电池过度放电的问题,提高电池的工作寿命。     

Control of a hybrid solar/electric thermal energy storage system

A controller for operating a hybrid thermal energy storage system (HTESS) is presented. The storage system accumulates solar energy during sunny days and releases it later at night or during cloudy days and, simultaneously, it stores electric energy during off-peak periods and releases it later during on-peak periods. The control of the system rests on an anticipatory strategy and on a regulation strategy. The anticipatory strategy is based on a fuzzy logic and feedforward controller (FLFFC) that can handle simultaneously the storage and retrieval of both electricity and solar energy. It takes into account the weather forecasts for solar radiation and outside air temperature, and optimizes the off and the on-peak periods for electrical heating. The regulation strategy depends on a PID controller which regulates the air flow from an electric fan in order to maintain the room temperature at the set point. Numerical simulations were conducted over one to three-month winter periods to test the response of the controller. Results indicate that the proposed control system is far superior to traditional control systems. It remains robust and reliable even for cases in which the weather forecasts are of poor reliability and accuracy (5-day horizon weather forecasts with reliability of 50%, ?10 K temperature accurate and ?50% solar radiation accurate). The performance of the HTESS as well as the thermal comfort of the room is maintained in all situations and at all times. Moreover, the electricity consumption for space heating is minimized and 95% of this electricity is consumed during off-peak hours.     

甲醇─氢燃料电池电动车

据中国环境报1998年2月17日头版报道:我国第一台甲醇汽车经过一年试运行,行程11106公里,其动力性、加速性良好,排污少,对保护环境有积极意义.     

Battery chargers for electric vehicles

This article presents a comparative study of the performance of two types of battery chargers being developed for electric vehicles. The first charger is a microprocessor-based ferroresonant battery charger, referred to as the ferroresonant charger. The power delivery section of this charger is a ferroresonant transformer, which exploits the saturation of magnetic materials through its capacitor winding to produce a well-regulated output that resembles a square wave. The control section periodically places a resistive load across the battery under charge that allows this change in resistance to be detected. A microprocessor controls the timing and executes the gating of the needed switches in the circuit and then gathers and analyzes data from the battery charge monitor circuit. The monitor circuit measures the voltage drop across the battery, which is proportional to the battery internal resistance when the load is introduced. The second charger is a multiphase AC-to-DC converter that employs two three-phase transformers to create twelve phases and is called the twelve-phase charger. One transformer primary is in the delta configuration, and the other transformer primary is in the wye configuration. The center-tapped secondaries create the twelve phases. Thyristors are used to control the output voltage of the charger through digital control of the firing angle. A microprocessor controls the charging profile of the battery. A motor-generator set is used to simulate the load to the charger for test conditions     

Analytical method to evaluate fuel consumption of hybrid electric vehicles at balanced energy content of the electric storage devices

Innovative analytically based method to calculate corrected fuel consumption of parallel and series hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) at balanced energy content of the electric storage devices is proposed and validated in the paper. The proposed analytical method is generally applicable and features highly accurate corrected fuel consumption results. It enables calculation of the corrected fuel consumption out of a single fuel consumption test run in a single analytic post-processing step. An additional fuel consumption test run might be needed to obtain highly accurate results if ratio of the energy content deviation of the electric storage devices to the energy used for vehicle propulsion over the test cycle is high. Proposed method enables consideration of non-linear energy flow changes and non-linear HEV component efficiency changes caused by the energy management strategy or by the component characteristics. The method therefore features highly accurate results out of the minimum number of fuel consumption test runs and thus optimizes workload for development or optimization of HEVs. The input data of the method are characteristic energy flows and efficiencies that are derived from the energy flows on selected energy paths of HEVs.