MICROWAVE BLANCHING EFFECTS ON COLOR, CHEMICAL AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF FROZEN ASPARAGUS

Asparagus was blanched for 4 min using: conventional boiling water (BW), steam (ST), microwave (MW), or microwave heated in boilable bags (MWB). Samples were ice-cooled, bagged, heat-sealed and stored at ?18C for 4 weeks. Peroxidase activity was reduced from 98–114 units in fresh, unblanched to 1–7 units in blanched asparagus. Reduced ascorbic acid (RAA) content in fresh, unblanched asparagus was ～49 mg/100 g; RAA content in fresh, BW-blanched asparagus was ～44 mg/100 g. Frozen, unblanched asparagus retained about 40% of original RAA content; BW-blanched asparagus retained 61%, and MWB-blanched asparagus retained 87%. After frozen storage all samples were darker than freshly blanched samples. Blanching increased and freezing decreased greenness of all samples. Blanching increased yellowness of fresh samples; after frozen storage, blanching treatment differences were lost. Unblanched samples had the highest appearance scores; unblanched and MW-blanched samples had the highest color scores. Overall quality of the microwave blanched asparagus was as good as or superior to conventionally blanched asparagus.     

NONENZYMATIC LIGNIFICATION OF ASPARAGUS?

The hypothesis of nonenzymatic lignification was investigated in asparagus. Samples were stored within 2 h of harvesting at 22C, 4C and - IOC and tested daily, every second day and at 30-day intervals, respectively. Some asparagus was blanched at IOOC for 3 min prior to storage. Assays for peroxiduse and polyphenoloxidase showed no enzymatic activity in the blanched samples. Toughness, as measured by Warner-Bratzler shear force, and crude fiber content (mechanically separated) significantly (P< 0.05) increased in both blanched and unblanched samples over the testing period at all storage conditions. Crude fiber content and shear measurements were significantly (P < 0.05) higher for the enzyme active controls. Microscopic examinations using light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were canied out to locate the site of lignin deposition and to quantify the extent of lignification. Sections viewed using LM techniques were stained to observe useful fluorescence (crystal violet - erythrosin B) and differentiate ligniped from nonlignified cell walls fast green safranin and crystal violet - ertythrosin 8). In samplesfrom each treatment and storage condition, three independent techniques indicated a significant (P < 0.05) increase in: (1) the width of the mechanical tissue layer; (2) the thickness of the cell walls of the cells comprising the mechanical tissue layer, and; (3) the thickness of the xylem vessel walls of the vascular bundles. Also, significant (P C 0.05) differences were detected between the extent of lignification of unblanched and blanched samples. These data suggest that a nonenzymatic "toughening" mechanism does occur in blanched asparagus tissue and that it may be related to lignin deposition.     

Influence of blanching and low temperature preservation strategies on antioxidant activity and phytochemical content of carrots, green beans and broccoli

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of blast freezing and blanching in combination followed by chilling, on the antioxidant activity (ARP), phenols, ascorbic acid and colour of broccoli, carrots and green beans. No significant changes (p > 0.05) in ARP of blanched frozen (BLFR) broccoli, carrot and green beans were observed. In contrast, UBFR (unblanched frozen) treatments caused a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in ARP and ascorbic acid content of vegetable samples. BLFR treated samples had better retention of antioxidant activity and ascorbic acid as compared to UBLR counterparts at chill storage (4 °C) for 7 days. However, no significant changes were observed in phenol content for all vegetables. Ascorbic acid decreased exponentially for both blanched and unblanched samples. The reaction rate constant (k) increased from 1.06 × 10⁻¹ day⁻¹ to 1.17 × 10⁻¹ day⁻¹ for blanched and unblanched broccoli florets and from 4.6 × 10⁻³ day⁻¹ to 1.98 × 10⁻¹ day⁻¹ for blanched and unblanched carrots during 7 days storage. Result presented here indicates greater stability of nutritional parameters for BLFR samples compared to UBFR samples during 7 days storage at 4 °C for all vegetables.     

HPLC测定番荔枝果实中酚类成分及抗氧化相关性

目的：建立高效液相色谱（high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC）法同时测定番荔枝果实3 个部位中13 种酚类成分的种类及含量,并分析含量与抗氧化活性的相关性。方法：采用福林-酚法测定总酚含量;通过HPLC法对番荔枝果实中的单酚成分进行比较;通过1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基与2,2’-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)（2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),ABTS）阳离子自由基清除能力的检测方法测定番荔枝果实的抗氧化活性。结果：番荔枝果实中总酚含量为果皮＞果肉＞种子,果皮含量最高为59.48～127.84 mg/g;番荔枝单酚含量结果表明果皮显著高于果肉和种子部位,各产地酚类种类和含量差异显著。果皮和果肉中对羟基苯甲酸、儿茶素、咖啡酸、表儿茶素含量相对较高,表儿茶素最高为2 398.17 mg/mL。抗氧化结果表明番荔枝果实清除ABTS阳离子自由基能力高于DPPH自由基,且果皮活性最好,分别在质量浓度为0.39、1.56 mg/mL时均达到最高清除率。结论：番荔枝果实中果皮、果肉、种子3 个部位中所含酚类物质种类及含量有显著性差异;果皮部位所含种类及含量均最高,且抗氧化活性最佳,可作为天然抗氧化剂。     

Effect of blanching on the antioxidant properties of some tropical green leafy vegetables

Eight popularly consumed green leafy vegetables in Nigeria namely: Structium sparejanophora, Amarantus cruentus, Telfairia occidentalis, Baselia alba, Solanum macrocarpon, Corchorus olitorus, Vernonia amygdalina, and Ocimum gratissimum were blanched in hot water for 5 mins. The antioxidant properties of the fresh and blanched green leafy vegetables were subsequently determined. The total phenol, ascorbic acid and the antioxidant potentials as typified by reducing property and free radical scavenging activity was also determined. The results of the study revealed that blanching cause a significant (P<0.05) increase in the total phenol [fresh (0.1–0.3 g/100 g), blanched (0.2–0.6 g/100 g)] content of the green leafy vegetables except in Amarantus cruentus and Vernonia amygdalina where there was no change. Conversely, there was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the vitamin C [fresh (43.5–148.0 mg/100 g), blanched (15.8–27.3 mg/100 g)], reducing property [fresh (0.5–1.5 absorbance), blanched (0.1–0.6 absorbance)] and free radical scavenging ability [fresh (20.0–51.4%), blanched (16.4–47.1%)] of the blanched green leafy vegetables except in Structium sparejanophora, where there was no change in the reducing property (0.6 absorbance) and free radical scavenging ability (59.8%) of the blanched vegetable. In view of this it could be concluded that blanching of vegetables though makes green leafy vegetables more palatable and less toxic, however it reduces their antioxidant properties drastically.     

绿芦笋木质化过程中细胞壁多糖与酚类物质变化研究

以绿芦笋栽培品种Mary Washington 500为试验材料，采用HPLC分析方法，研究了常温贮藏条件下，绿芦笋细胞壁多糖、酚类物质和木质素含量的变化。结果表明，随贮藏时间延长，绿芦笋细胞壁半纤维素的主要降解物木糖、岩藻糖残基增加了211．2％，纤维素的主要降解物葡萄糖残基增加了329．3％，木质素含量增加了280．3％。木质素合成前体物中，香豆酸含量最高，其次为咖啡酸和阿魏酸，三者的含量变化与木质素合成密切相关。     

THE INFLUENCE OF BLANCH AND FREEZING METHODS ON THE QUALITY OF SELECTED VEGETABLES1

Microwave blanced vegetables were lower in color and ascorbic acid than water or steam blanched vegetables. Shear values for microwave blanched asparagus were higher than the values for water or steam blanched. Drip loss was higher for microwave blanched green beans and peas than water or steam blanched. The reverse was true for asparagus. Sensory preference scores for color and flavor were very low for the microwave blanched vegetables. Little or no difference in quality was found between water and steam blanched vegetables. Individually quick frozen vegetables displayed less drip loss than common blast frozen vegetables and shear values were lower.     

Contributions of phenolics and added vitamin C to the antioxidant capacity of pomegranate and grape juices: synergism and antagonism among constituents

The aim of this study was to examine the contribution of sugar, organic acid, neutral phenol, and anthocyanin fractions and added ascorbic acid to grape and pomegranate‐nectarine juice total phenol, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) values. Neutral phenol and anthocyanin fractions contributed ≥75% of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) for both juices. Intrinsic synergy and antagonism among the fractionated constituents occurred inconsistently in each assay. Sugars and organic acids antagonised pomegranate juice neutral phenols and anthocyanins in the DPPH assay by 50% and the grape juice ORAC value by 21%, but were synergistic to the grape juice FRAP value. The added ascorbic acid was dose‐dependently synergistic with pomegranate and grape juice total phenol, DPPH and FRAP assays, but less so in the ORAC assay. Thus, the interactions between grape and pomegranate juice constituents determine TAC and total phenol values, and synergy in these assays could not be attributed solely to polyphenols.     

绿原酸复配水杨酸对采后芦笋冷藏保鲜的影响

以新鲜绿芦笋为试材,研究0.3 mmol/L绿原酸(CA)和0.3 mmol/L绿原酸复配0.1 mmol/L水杨酸(CA+SA)处理,以腐烂率、呼吸强度、叶绿素、纤维素、V_C、总酚、超氧阴离子(O₂^-·)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性为指标进行测定,探究其对冷藏(4±2℃)保鲜效果的影响。结果表明:冷藏中CA和CA+SA处理能显著降低芦笋的呼吸峰(P<0.05),比对照(CK)分别降低了7.21%和6.22%,减缓叶绿素和V_C的降解速度,提升总酚、CAT、POD和T-SOD酶活性,抑制腐烂率、超氧阴离子(O₂^-·)和PPO酶活性,使过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性高峰提前4 d,CA+SA处理效果优于CA处理。CA+SA处理显著抑制了贮藏8 d后芦笋纤维素的增加(P<0.05),其CAT酶活性峰值是CK的1.92倍,而CA处理对芦笋纤维素和CAT峰值没有影响。绿原酸复配水杨酸能较...     

利用芦笋弃料制作饮料的工艺研究

以芦笋弃料为原料,经加热软化、榨汁后,用β－环状糊精(β－CD)掩盖苦味,研制成芦笋饮料。研究表明,芦笋弃料在温度为85℃,柠檬酸含量为0.2％的热烫液中软化7min,出汁率高,色泽淡。原汁中添加1.0％～1.5％的β－CD可有效地掩盖芦笋的苦味,而风味不受影响。芦笋原汁60％、β－CD1.2％、甜味剂(蔗糖：阿斯巴甜为100∶1)2.5％、柠檬酸0.15％,加水至100％,制成的饮料具有芦笋的清香味,甜酸适口。     

茉莉酸甲酯处理对鲜切菠萝品质及抗氧化活性的影响

研究茉莉酸甲酯处理对鲜切菠萝贮藏期间品质和抗氧化活性的影响。先将完整的菠萝果实在20 ℃条件 下分别用浓度为0、1、10、100 μmol/L的茉莉酸甲酯熏蒸12 h,然后进行鲜切加工并于15 ℃条件下贮藏48 h。结 果表明,茉莉酸甲酯处理可促进鲜切菠萝总酚含量和1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH）自由基清除能力上升,抑制可溶性固形物及可滴定酸含量下降,而对色泽及菌落总数无显著影响 （P＞0.05）。其中,10 μmol/L茉莉酸甲酯处理效果最好,能显著地诱导鲜切菠萝贮藏期间苯丙氨酸解氨酶和肉桂 酸-4-羟化酶活力的上升（P＜0.05）,延缓4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶活力的下降（P＜0.05）,从而促进总酚和总黄酮的 积累,提高DPPH自由基清除能力。这些结果表明,茉莉酸甲酯处理可保持鲜切菠萝的品质并提高其抗氧化活性。     

Phenols and metals in sugar-cane spirits. Quantitative analysis and effect on radical formation and radical scavenging

A fluorescence-based analytical method for quantification of phenolic compounds in sugar cane spirits (and other distilled alcoholic beverages) was developed. Sample preparation involved reverse-phase solid phase extraction and separation by gradient reversed-phase HPLC with fluorescence detection. Twenty-one Brazilian sugar cane spirits (aged and non-aged cachaça) were analyzed and phenol, guaiacol, o-cresol, p-/m-cresol, 3, 5-xylenol, 4-ethylphenol, 4-ethylguaiacol, 2-ethylphenol, eugenol, (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, and scopoletin quantified. The detection limit was between 0.01 mg l^-1 (eugenol and scopoletin) and 0.1 mg l^-1 [(+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin]. Kaempferol and quercetin were quantified in the same spirits, together with copper and iron, using HPLC (spectrophotometric detection) and atomic absorption spectroscopy, respectively. Large variations between various spirits were noted: total phenols were between 1.5 and 70 mg l^-1, flavonoids were from below detection to 3.5 mg l^-1, Cu was between 0.04 and 7.0 mg l^-1; and Fe between 0.01 and 0.78 mg l^-1. The tendency of radical formation in the spirits was determined by electron spin resonance spectroscopy using N-t-butyl-!-phenylnitrone spin trapping, and radical scavenging capacity was determined spectrophometrically using the stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical as probe. Radical formation depends mainly on the Cu content, while the radical scavenging and antioxidative capacity mainly depends on the flavonoid content. (+)-Catechin and (-)-epicatechin are most important for the antioxidative capacity as confirmed in a model experiment, where oxidation was induced by iron catalysis.     

不同护色处理和干燥方式对芦笋粉品质的影响

为改善并对比芦笋在热风、真空冷冻和微波干燥过程中出现的褐变问题,故采用不同的护色剂对芦笋进行浸泡、喷涂护色处理。结果显示,相较于不护色,经护色的芦笋粉营养及色泽品质更佳。其中护3的护色效果显著（P<0.05）优于护2和护1。干燥方式和护色剂的协同使用优于单独干燥。其中,护色剂-真空冷冻干燥（VFD）协同处理的芦笋粉的酚类物质保留程度、结构完整性、色泽及抗氧化能力最佳;护色剂-热风干燥（HAD）协同处理的芦笋粉组织结构稀疏分散,酚类含量、色泽、抗氧化能力不及VFD;而护色剂-微波干燥（MD）所得芦笋粉色泽焦黄,营养及色泽品质最差。此外,相较于浸泡,经喷涂的芦笋粉水可溶性膳食纤维（SDF）含量更高,葡萄糖、胆固醇吸附能力也更好,但前者的护色效果更佳。主成分分析结果表明,芦笋粉的总酚和芦丁含量,以及理化和功能性质指标与其营养及色泽品质具有高度相关性。综合品质排名前三的芦笋粉为护3-浸泡-VFD、护2-浸泡-VFD和护3-喷涂-VFD;后三为护1-喷涂-MD、护2-喷涂-MD、对照-MD。本研究结果为提高芦笋干燥产品品质提供理论依据。     

Total Polyphenols in Apples and Ciders; Correlation with Chlorogenic Acid

The chlorogenic and caffeic acid combined in apple juice cultivars and ciders correlated very well with total phenol content (P 0.001; r = 0.989; n = 22). The same correlation was found when analyzed strictly by cultivar (P 0.001; r = 0.986; n = 10). Analysis used automated Folin Ciocalteu (FC) colorimetry values for total phenols and reversed-phase HPLC (280 nm detection) for chlorogenic and caffeic acid before and after fermentation. Concentrations were between 8 and 1012 mg/L (as chlorogenic acid) in different cultivars. The total chlorogenic acid by HPLC represented only 6.2 to 10.7% of the total polyphenol (calculated as chlorogenic acid) by FC in the apple cultivars for all samples. Total peak areas correlated very well with total phenol content by FC (P 0.001; r = 0.994; n = 22).     

Antioxidant Activity of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Seed Coat Acetone Extract

The contents of phenolic compounds in seed coat of pea and their antioxidative properties were examined. The pea seed coat was extracted with acetone-water (7:3 v/v) mixture and the extract was separated into five (?V) fractions using a Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Antioxidative activity of extract and fractions was measured by the oxidation of phosphatidylcholine to hydroxyperoxidephosphatidylcholine in liposome model and by scavenging effects of superoxide radical anion in xanthine-xanthine oxidase system. Phenolic compounds of extract and fractions were determined by spectrophotometric methods and characterized by HPLC analysis. Strong antioxidative properties were noted for extract and its five fractions measured by liposome method. The extract and fractions I, IV and V also showed scavenging effects of superoxide radical anion. A statistically significant correlation (P≤0.05) was found between the inhibition of PC oxidation in the system tested and contents of either total phenols or tannins. However no statistically significant correlation was found between O^•−₂ scavenging effect and contents of either total phenols or tannins. The HPLC analysis of phenolic compounds of extract and active fractions showed the presence of some phenolic acids (benzoic and cinnamic acids, and cinnamic acid derivatives), flavone and flavonol glycoside.     

不同品种猕猴桃果实的品质及抗氧化活性

测定10 种猕猴桃VC、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、总酚、蛋白质和氨基酸含量,并据此进行聚类分析,通过比较其清除DPPH自由基的能力,探究抗氧化活性与VC、总酚含量的相关性。结果表明：猕猴桃成熟果实含可溶性固形物含量12.27%～20.37%、可滴定酸含量0.85%～1.77%、VC含量54.86～159.08 mg/100 g、蛋白质含量0.86%～1.85%、总氨基酸含量10.74～17.94 mg/g、总酚含量63.71～152.46 mg/100 g、对DPPH自由基的清除率为13.75%～68.34%。6 种营养成分在不同猕猴桃品种之间具有一定差异性,其中翠香、红阳、金桃和华优的可溶性固形物、VC和总酚含量均较高,而黄金果和海沃德的VC、总酚含量较低,其他品种的营养成分指标基本处于中等水平,华优的VC含量（159.08 mg/100 g）、总酚含量（152.46 mg/100 g）及DPPH自由基清除率（68.34%）最高,是营养价值最高的品种之一。猕猴桃的抗氧化能力与其中的VC和总酚含量之间呈现较高相关性,表明猕猴桃的抗氧化作用与其中所含的VC和酚类物质关系密切。     

干酪乳杆菌发酵8种食用豆提取物抗氧化活性研究

该试验分析了干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus casei）发酵8种食用豆总酚、总黄酮含量以及抗氧化活性的变化。结果表明,发酵前豇豆总酚含量最高,为（5.53±0.18） mg 没食子酸当量（GAE）/g干质量;红豆总黄酮含量最高,为（11.55±0.16） mg 芦丁当量（RE）/g干质量。发酵后绿豆总酚、总黄酮含量增加最高,分别为182.35%、27.84%;豇豆总酚含量、菜豆总黄酮含量下降最多,分别为43.40%、82.13%。发酵后豌豆提取物1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）自由基清除活性上升最显著,菜豆提取物下降最显著;绿豆提取物2,2'-联氮-双（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）二铵盐（ABTS）自由基清除活性上升最显著,菜豆提取物下降最显著;豌豆提取物铁离子还原能力上升最显著,菜豆提取物下降最显著。相关性分析结果显示,总酚、总黄酮含量与抗氧化活性均极显著相关（P＜0.01）。发酵对食用豆酚类物质含量和抗氧化活性影响显著,为开发不同食用豆功能食品提供理论基础。     

Influence of Dekkera bruxellensis on the contents of anthocyanins,organic acids and volatile phenols of Dão red wine

The anthocyanin, organic acid and volatile phenol compositions of red wine obtained from Touriga Nacional grapes growing in the Dão region (Portugal) were determined by HPLC/DAD, HPLC/UV and GC/FID, respectively. By these means, nine anthocyanic compounds (malvidin-3,5-O-diglucoside, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, peonidin-3-O-glucoside, malvidin-3-O-glucoside, delphinidin, cyanidin, pelargonidin and malvidin), six organic acids (ketoglutaric, tartaric, malic, quinic, lactic and shikimic acids) and two volatile phenols (4-ethylguaiacol and 4-ethylphenol) were identified and quantified. Malvidin-3-O-glucoside, the pair lactic plus shikimic acids and 4-ethylguaiacol were the main anthocyanin, organic acids and volatile phenol, respectively. The effects of nine different Dekkera bruxellensis strains on these chemical parameters were also evaluated. The results obtained indicate that some strains of D. bruxellensis yeast are able to cause deterioration of red wine from the Dão region during its maturation by the production of volatile phenols, namely 4-ethylphenol.     

Antioxidant Activity in Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) Grains Roasted in a Microwave Oven under Conditions Optimized Using Response Surface Methodology

ABSTRACT:  Microwave processing and cooking of foods is a recent development that is gaining momentum in household as well as large-scale food applications. Barley contains phenol compounds which possess antioxidant activity. In this study the microwave oven roasting condition was optimized to obtain grains with high antioxidant activity measured as the ability to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. Antioxidant activity of grains roasted under optimum conditions was assessed based on DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power and inhibition of oxidation in linoleic acid system. The optimum condition for obtaining roasted barley with high antioxidant activity (90.5% DPPH inhibition) was found to be at 600 W microwave power, 8.5 min roasting time, and 61.5 g or 2 layers of grains. The roasting condition influenced antioxidant activity both individually and interactively. Statistical analysis showed that the model was significant ( P  < 0.0001). The acetone extract had significantly high inhibition of lipid peroxidation and DPPH radical scavenging activity compared to the aqueous extract and α-tocopherol. The reducing power of acetone extracts was not significantly different from α-tocopherol. The acetone extract had twice the amount of phenol content compared to the aqueous extract indicating its high extraction efficiency. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of phenol acids, amino phenols, and quinones. The aqueous extract did not contain 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-hydroxycinnamic acid which are phenol compounds reported to contribute to antioxidant activity in barley grain.     

Phytonutrients affecting hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant activities in fruits,vegetables and legumes

The antioxidant activities of fruits (n = 21), vegetables (n = 67) and legumes (n = 7) commonly consumed in Korea were determined by both the lipophilic antioxidant performance assay (LAP) and the hydrophilic oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay (ORAC). The LAP assay used the lipophilic radical initiator MeO‐AMVN [2,2′‐azobis(4‐methoxy‐2,4‐dimethylvaleronitrile)] and the lipophilic probe BODIPY 581/591 [4,4‐difluoro‐5‐(4‐phenyl‐1,3‐butadienyl)‐4‐bora‐3a, 4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene‐3‐undecanoic acid]. The ORAC assay used the hydrophilic radical initiator AAPH [2,2′‐azobis(2‐amidinopropane) dihydrochloride] and the hydrophilic probe fluorescein. In addition, the lipid‐soluble phytonutrients, carotenoids and tocopherols were determined by a reverse‐phase HPLC system using a C30 column with a UV detector. The water‐soluble phytonutrient, ascorbic acid, was analyzed using an HPLC system with an electrochemical detector. Total phenols were determined by UV spectrophotometry. Tocopherols (r = 0.774, p < 0.0001) and carotenoids (r = 0.569, p < 0.0001) were significantly correlated with LAP in total samples (n = 95). ORAC was significantly correlated with total phenols (r = 0.893, p < 0.0001), but not with ascorbic acid (r = 0.009, p = 0.929) in total samples (n = 95). These data indicate that carotenoids and tocopherols and total phenols are the major contributors to the lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant capacities, respectively. Therefore, the contribution of both the hydrophilic and lipophilic components of fruits and vegetables should be considered when determining the actual ‘total’ antioxidant activity of fruits and vegetables. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry