Characterization of alcohol ethoxylates as alcohol ethoxy sulfate derivatives by liquid chromatography-Mass spectrometry

The characterization of alcohol ethoxylates (AE) to determine ethylene oxide (EO) adduct distribution has been studied in our laboratory for many years by using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). This paper describes the LC-MS approach being used to analyze both nonderivatized and derivatized AE. We conclude that the best way to determine EO adduct distribution is by first converting the AE to alcohol ethoxy sulfates (AES) and then by using LC-MS with electrospray ionization in the negative ion mode. A convenient laboratory technique for converting small-scale samples of AE to AES has been discovered and is reported herein. Several examples of EO adduct distribution determined by this method are presented for both linear and isomeric AE samples.     

Use of certain alcohol ethoxylates to maintain protease stability in the presence of anionic surfactants

Anionic surfactants, including linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), are known to decrease the stability of detergent proteases, possibly by hastening autoproteolytic processes. Thus, protease shelf life in enzyme-containing, heavy-duty liquid laundry detergents (HDL) is typically maintained by adding stabilizers, by limiting the level of interfering anionics, or by utilizing more compatible anionics, such as alcohol ethoxysulfates (AES). This study examines the stability of Savinase^® detergent protease in HDL formulations based on LAS and containing different alcohol ethoxylates (AE) for protection against protease inactivation. Dose response curves demonstrated that all commonly used anionic surfactants except AES promote loss of protease activity. In HDL formulations with equal percentage compositions of LAS and AE, the structure of the selected AE was found to have a profound influence on protease stability. Inclusion of AE with chain length ≥C₁₄ and ethoxylate levels >70% resulted in greater protease stability. HDL containing LAS and these protective AE could be formulated to achieve protease stability matching those of simulated commercial products. Unlike polyhydric stabilizers, the AE by themselves confer no additional stability to the protease. It is more likely that the stabilizing effect of the “protective” AE is due to decreased availability of LAS to the protease.     

国内外AE／AES生产现状及市场分析

介绍国内外脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(AE)和脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸盐(AES)的生产现状及供需情况.2003年全球AE的总产能为391.7万t/a,总产量为155.8万t,总消费量为148.3万t;AES的总产能为377.5万t/a,产量约为300万t,消费量约为90万t.2004年我国AE的产能已超过50万t/a,但产量只有15万t,消费量为30.5万t;AES的总产能为37.95万t/a,产量为14万t,市场需求约10万t.最后补充介绍乙氧基化的技术进展.     

窄分布脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠的性能研究

分别对工业化的常规脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO_2)和窄分布AEO_2进行气相色谱分析,并对以2种AEO_2为原料生产的脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠(AES)的表面活性、泡沫性能、乳化性能、润湿性能以及倾点等进行研究。通过对2种AEO_2的气相色谱分析发现,窄分布AEO_2中游离脂肪醇含量更低,EO加合数为1~4的组分含量更高。将2种AES产品的性能进行对比后发现,窄分布AES在倾点、盐增稠能力、泡沫性能、润湿力等方面较常规AES具有一定的优势。     

Environmental life-cycle inventory of detergent-grade surfactant sourcing and production

Life-cycle inventories were compiled to characterize natural resource requirements and environmental emissions associated with the sourcing and production of selected, detergent-grade surfactants and surfactant feedstocks. Petrochemical surfactant types examined were linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, alcohol sulfate (AS), alcohol ethoxylate (AE) and alcohol ethoxylate sulfate (AES). Oleochemical surfactants derived from palm oil, palm kernel oil and inedible tallow were AS, AE, AES and (for palm oil and tallow) methyl ester sulfonate. It was determined that natural resource requirements were primarily related to the source of feedstock and secondarily to surfactant type. Likewise, the composition and mass of atmospheric, aqueous and solid emissions were principally determined by feedstock source. Energy requirements varied as a function of both feedstock and surfactant type. The inventories do not support fundamental shifts in surfactant usage or feedstock sourcing on the basis of environmental concerns, as no single surfactant or feedstock was identified as superior across all resource and emissions criteria examined. The data provide baselines for evaluating opportunities for resource optimization, pollution prevention and waste minimization within each production technology surveyed.     

Effect of temperature on the biodegradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate and alcohol ethoxylate

The effect of temperature on the biodegradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and alcohol ethoxylate (AE) was evaluated using method OECD 303 A, Confirmatory test (Husmann units). The experiments were performed using an initial surfactant concentration of 10 mg/L and working temperatures of 25, 15, and 9°C, keeping the biodegradation units inside a thermostatic chamber. In all cases, the removal of both surfactants tested, LAS and AE, was higher than 90%, regardless of the temperature used in the test. We observed that longer acclimation periods were needed by the microorganisms at lower temperatures.     

聚乙烯醇/脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚/水双水相体系:双节点曲线图研究

水溶性聚合物与非离子表面活性剂组成的双水相体系因其可生物降解性和无毒性而受到人们的广泛关注.研究了由聚乙烯醇(BP-05、BP-17和BP-24)、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(AE7)和水组成的双水相体系在25、35和45℃下的液-液平衡数据和双节点曲线图.结果表明:由聚乙烯醇(BP-05、BP-17或BP-24)、AE7和水组...     

Recent findings and experiences with alpha olefin sulfonates

In the sulfonation and sulfation of alpha olefin (AO), linear alkylbenzene (LAB), and alcohol ethoxylate (AE), improved reaction yields and products’ color were obtained by using the TO-Reactor recently developed in Lion Fat & Oil Co., Ltd., compared with those obtained in a conventional falling-film type reactor. These improvements especially were remarkable in the case of AO, so that light-colored alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS), having improved performance properties, was obtained without bleaching. For the performance tests, AOS was evaluated in several systems, together with some other surfactants, alcohol sulfate (AS), alcohol ethoxy sulfate (AES), linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), and alpha-sulfo fatty acid methyl ester (a-SEMe). AOS was one of the most useful surfactants for heavy duty powder detergents of low phosphate formulation because of its good detergency and foaming power, rinsing property, and free flowing property. Thus, bright white heavy duty powder detergents, containing 8% of P₂O₅, were developed with AOS (nonbleached), AES, LAS, sodium pyrophosphate (TSPP), and some other ingredients, which have been marketed in the household cleaning products field in Japan since 1976.     

脂肪醇醚硫酸盐直接转化合成醇醚磺酸盐

采用单因素法和正交分析法研究了脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(3)硫酸钠(AES-3)直接转化合成脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚磺酸钠(AESO)工艺。结果表明,优化反应条件为:w(AES-3)=14%,n(SO32-)∶n(AES-3)=4∶1,x(Na2SO3)=92%,190℃压热条件下反应4 h,磺化率为75.4%,水解率为4.6%。在上述工艺条件下磺化脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(2)硫酸钠、十二烷基硫酸钠和壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(4)硫酸钠的磺化率分别为72.3%,73.5%和67.4%。     

脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸盐生物降解和环境安全性评价

表面活性剂对环境的影响主要表现在生物降解性。简要概述了目前大量使用的表面活性剂脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸盐（AES）的厌氧、好氧生物降解以及降解途径。阐述了AES在生物机体中的积累对环境、人体和动物的影响,表明AES在给人类生活和工业发展带来帮助的同时,不会对环境和人体健康造成危害。     

The effect of vinyl alcohol content on adhesion performance in poly(vinyl butyral)/glass systems

The effect of the concentration of vinyl alcohol (VOH) groups in commercial poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) on the adhesion of the polymer to glass beads in particle-filled composites is investigated. Both the optical single particle composite (SPC) and acoustic emission (AE) techniques were used to determine the applied uniaxial tensile stress at which a single imbedded particle was detached from the matrix. The results for the failure stress from the two techniques are consistent with one another and show that the adhesion strength is improved substantially as the vinyl alcohol content increases. The improved adhesion performance is attributed to an increase in condensation of hydroxyls within the polymer matrix and acid–base interactions between the hydroxyl groups on the bead's surface and those in the polymer. The AE results also provide details of the mechanism of the debonding event in cases of both weak and strong adhesion.     

脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠的制备及分析

介绍了脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠(简称AES)的制备工艺及分析方法。重点阐述了硫酸化反应条件对产物的影响以及二噁烷的生成机理。     

Quantitation of alcohol ethoxylate surfactants in environmental samples by electrospray mass spectrometry

This report describes a method for obtaining the concentrations of the total and individual alcohol ethoxylate (AE) species in sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents by using electrospray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). This is a more advantageous method for quantitative analysis of AE in environmental matrices as compared with a previous thermospray LC/MS method. This new method is more sensitive, uses less solvents, utilizes a deuterated internal standard blend [C₁₃D₂₇O(CH₂CH₂O) _n H, where n varies from 0 to 21 with an average of n=9], which corresponds more closely to the AE, and it is a more robust instrumental technique. In this report, we document the results for validation of the electrospray LC/MS method by spike recovery of AE from STP effluent and influent samples.     

催化氧化制备醇醚羧酸盐及其复配性能研究

以脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO9)、氧气和氢氧化钠为原料,在自制的Pd/C催化剂作用下催化氧化制备醇醚羧酸盐(AE9C)阴离子表面活性剂.考察了反应条件对产品收率的影响,并研究了AE9C与双癸基二甲基氯化铵(DDMAC10)复配体系的润湿、乳化和泡沫性能.结果表明较佳的反应条件为:温度70℃、压力0.08 Mpa、反应时间4 h,产品的收率可达85%.AE9C与DDMAC10复配具有较好的协同效应.     

乙氧基化烷基硫酸钠稳定性的探讨

考察了乙氧基化烷基硫酸钠（简称AES）在不同因素下（包括储存温度、是否添加缓冲剂、起始pH值）产品的pH值随时间变化的情况,由pH值的变化表征AES的稳定性。结果表明,储存温度极大影响AES稳定性,AES适宜的储存温度应小于40℃;提高AES的起始pH值能有效延长AES储存时间;添加缓冲剂可延长的AES储存时间。     

合成醇醚羧酸的Pt/C催化剂催化活性研究及表征

通过浸渍法结合液相还原法将金属Pt,Ni和Sn负载在活性炭上制备了多组分Pt/C催化剂,并应用于催化氧化直接制备醇醚羧酸的反应中,考察了催化剂组分不同对脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO9)氧化法制备醇醚羧酸(AE9C)过程中催化性能的影响;采用TEM,XRD和XPS对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,在Pt/C催化剂中加入Ni和Sn后,Pt的颗粒粒径变小,分散性更好,Pt0的含量增加,从而提高了催化剂的活性。多组分Pt/C催化剂与单一组分Pt/C催化剂相比,AE9C产率提高了27.54百分点。     

适用于高矿化度油藏的醇（酚）聚氧烯基醚磺酸盐合成进展

醇（酚）聚氧烯基醚磺酸盐具有优良的耐盐、耐高温水解、HLB值可调及配伍性能,在高矿化度油藏开采领域具有广泛的应用潜力。本文介绍了几种常见醇（酚）聚氧烯基醚磺酸盐表面活性剂的结构,分析了其在高矿化度、高二价离子油藏中的作用特征,综述了亚硫酸盐磺化工艺、磺烷基化工艺和硫酸酯基团转化等磺化工艺,并从原料性能、收率、反应路线及工艺流程等角度对各工艺进行了分析比较,总结了各工艺路线的优、缺点,指出如能对基团转化过程中的水解程度加以控制,以脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠为原料的硫酸酯基团转化工艺具有较好的工业应用前景。     

Fabrication and characterization of a wound dressing composed of polyvinyl alcohol/nanochitosan/Artemisia ciniformis extract: An RSM study

This study reported the fabrication and characterization of an electrospun wound dressing composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), nanochitosan (NC), and Artemisia ciniformis extract (AE). NC and AE wt% were defined as process parameters, and their effects on the diameter, mechanical properties, and cell attachment of the fibers were investigated using the Design Expert 7.0 software. The software provided quadratic equations, which were investigated statistically and graphically, confirmed that with the increase in the NC portion in the samples, the mechanical strength and fiber diameter increased. The increase is probably due to the proper dispersion of nanoparticle into a PVA matrix and the increased viscosity of the solution; however, cell viability showed an increasing/decreasing trend. The presence of AE lowered the mechanical properties of the samples while positively affecting cell viability. Furthermore, the samples had significant antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli as Gram-negative bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus as Gram-positive one, a notable property for wound dressings. Overall, our findings showed that PVA/NC/AE has an excellent potential for use in biomedical fields, particularly as a wound dressing.     

表面活性剂吸附对促进甲烷水合物生成效果的影响

基于表面活性剂固-液界面吸附理论,在无搅拌条件下研究了十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS（、脂肪醇聚乙烯醚硫酸钠（AES（、脂肪醇聚乙烯醚（AEO（3种表面活性剂在不锈钢反应釜中对甲烷水合物生成的促进效果。结果表明：水合物的生成形态与表面活性剂吸附金属表面形态有良好的对应关系;SDS与AES在金属表面的吸附作用可使水合物成核速率提高,成核位置增多。由于AEO不能在金属壁面发生吸附,导致对水合物生成促进效果降低,在浓度为300 mg·L^-1的SDS、AES和AEO溶液中,水合物储气密度及平均储气速率分别为131.4、128.3、12.3（体积比（和5.8、7.6、0.07 mmol·min^-1;逐步提高SDS溶液浓度（80~1200 mg·L^-1（和AES溶液浓度（60~1350 mg·L^-1（,水合物储气密度首先增大然后减小,储气速率线性增大。因此,合理选择表面活性剂种类及浓度,可显著促进水合物生成。     

脂肪醇醚硫酸盐（AES）的生产与市场分析

分析了国内外脂肪醇醚硫酸盐 (AES)的生产及供需情况。 2 0 0 2年世界AES生产能力和需求分别为380万t/a和 90万t;2 0 0 3年我国AES主要生产企业有 16家 ,总生产能力为 34 5万t/a ,需求量达 10万t。同时还分析了AES的生产技术现状 ,介绍了AES的 4种合成方法以及磺化反应的工艺进展。