Mechanical properties of alloy KhN40MDTYu at low temperatures

Conclusion The optimal strength, ductility, and toughness of alloy KhN40MDTYu at cryogenic temperatures result from quenching + aging or from deformation with no heat treatment: _b = 180kg/mm², _0.2 = 100–120 kg/mm², =20%, =15%,a _n=5–7 kg-m/cm² at –253°C.Central Scientific-Research Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy. Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 7, pp. 64–65, July, 1972.     

Effects of the composition and low-temperature thermomechanical treatment on the mechanical properties of structural steels

Conclusions The investigation of the effect of thermomechanical treatment on the mechanical properties of steels with different compositions makes it possible to put in evidence the effect of alloyed elements. The addition of up to 1.2–1.5% Si (particularly with vanadium) makes it possible to increase the tempering temperature to 350°C without significantly decreasing the strengthening effect of low-temperature thermomechanical treatment. An increase of the concentration of chromium from 1.5 to 3–5% also increases the resistance of the steel. In steel containing 3–5% Cr and also molybdenum, vanadium, and tungsten, the effect of low-temperature thermomechanical treatment is retained after tempering at temperatures up to 500°C, the plasticity remaining rather high. Low-temperature thermomechnical treatment of batches 8 and 10 followed by tempering at 500°C resulted in the following mechanical characteristics: _b=240–255 kg/mm² when =10–13% and =30–35%; after tempering at 350°C _b=255–265 kg/mm², ₅=8–12%, and =28–36%.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 4, pp. 36–40, April, 1963     

New technology for heat treating leaf-spring sheets for trucks

Conclusion New technology and automatic equipment for heat treating leaf-spring sheets based on using induction heating, rapid cooling by a stream of water, and a specially developed steel with controllable hardenability have been developed.The new technology makes it possible for one production example to obtain a highstrength hardened layer (_f2500 N/mm²), a strengthened core (_f1200 N/mm²), and compressive residual stresses in surface layers which in combination provide high service properties for leaf springs and the possibility of reducing their weight by 15–25%.The new technology also makes it basically possible to automate the heat treatment process for leaf-spring sheets, to improve working conditions, and as a result of this, to exclude the use of quenching oil to improve the ecological atmosphere of the heat treatment workshop and also to exclude the work hardening operation with shot.Scientific Production Association "Tekhmash." Sinel'nikov Leaf Spring Factory. Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 2, pp. 11–14, February, 1992.     

Strengthening heat treatment of alloy VT16 in vacuum

Conclusions Alloy VT16 can be strengthened by heat treatment in vacuum under the following conditions: heating at 775–800° for 2 h, cooling in the container in water, and aging at 500° for 8 h.The alloy subjected to this treatment has the following properties; _b = 103–107 kgf/mm², =59–63%, ₅ = 15.1–16.1%.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 5, pp. 65–67, May, 1978.     

Influence of original structure and heating rate on the properties of steel after hardening from the intercritical range

Conclusions The original condition and heating rate determine the mechanical properties of the steel after hardening from the intercritical range. The best properties, particularly ductility, _t=1600 MPa, _0.2=1250 MPa, =14%, anda _n=0.9 MJ/m², are obtained after preliminary hardening from 930°C, tempering at 200°C, a second hardening from 800°C (5% ferrite), and tempering at 200°C. Full hardening from 930°C with subsequent tempering at 200°C (without preliminary hardening) makes it possible to obtain _t=1550 MPa, _0.2=1200 MPa, =9%, anda _n=0.9 MJ/m².Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 5, pp. 52–56, May, 1981.     

Two-phase ferritic-martensitic steels

Conclusions The results of laboratory and production experiments showed that the main condition for providing the necessary combination of properties of two-phase ferritic-martensitic steels (high tensile strength, low yield strength, high plasticity and work hardenability) is obtaining the specified quantity of the hardening phase (martensite) in the structure (20–28% M to obtain _t 550 MPa or 10–18% M for _t 450 MPa). The specified ratio of the structural constituents under conditions of mass production of two-phase ferritic-martensitic steels may be guaranteed only with the use of steels containing carbon and alloy elements within the necessary limits and also with strict observance of the heat-treatment cycle. Without the use of metallographic measurements as the criteria for obtaining the optimum structural condition in addition to the required values of strength and plasticity it is necessary to use the _0.2/_t ratio, which must not be greater than 0.5–0.6 with the absence of yield points on the tensile curve (without special temper rolling).As the result of the combination of work done in the Central Scientific-Research Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy together with plants of the Ministries of Ferrous Metallurgy and of the Automobile Industry at present the production is being introduced and experimental production lots of heat-treated two-phase steels of the following types with guaranteed mechanical properties are being supplied:At the Novolipetsk Metallurgical Combine cold-rolled 0.7–2.0-mm sheet of 06KhG(S)Yu and 06G2SYu steels with _0.2 = 260–320 MPa, _t 550 MPa, ₄ 30%, and _0.2/_t 0.5–0.6.At the Cherepovets Metallurgical Combine hot-rolled 2–6-mm sheet of 09G2(S) steel with _0.2 = 260–320 MPa, _t 550 MPa, ₄ 25%, and _0.2/_t 0.5–0.6.At the Beloretsk Metallurgical Combine (billets melted and rolled at the Cherepovets Metallurgical Combine) heat-treated cold-drawn wire up to 10.5 mm in diameter of 06KhGR steel with _0.2 250 MPa, _t 530 MPa, and ₁₀ 30%.For successful development of the production and use of two-phase ferritic-martensitic steels the combined work of the designers of machine building plants on determination of the most effective types of parts, of engineers on correction of the method taking into consideration the specifics of the properties of two-phase ferritic-martensitic steels, and of users on determining the service properties of parts of these steels is necessary. The fulfillment of such a combination of work will make possible th timely formulation of the further work of the metallurgical industry and determination of the required volume and product range of rolled products of two-phase ferritic-martensitic steels.I. P. Bardin Central Scientific-Research Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy. Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 11, pp. 25–29, November, 1984.     

Austenitic stainless steels strengthened by phase strain hardening and aging

Conclusions Nonmagnetic stainless steels of the Kh12N12T3 and Kh12N14T3 type have good mechanical properties after phase strain hardening and aging (_0.2 = 685 - 785 MPa, _b = 1275 MPa, 20%) as compared with the properties of Fe-Ni-Ti austenitic steels with 26–30% Ni. After phase strain hardening and aging the stability of these steels is high with respect to the transformation during cold treatment.IFM UNTs AN SSSR. Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 6, pp. 57–60, June, 1981.     

Effect of composition and heat treatment on the structure and properties of Fe−Ni−Be invar alloys

Conclusions Addition of Be (0.5–1%) to Fe–Ni invar alloys provides dispersion hardening after quenching and aging, with retention of a low (close to invar) value of LCTE. Increase of the Be concentration in alloy 36N is accompanied by an increase in LCTE in the quenched as well as the aged condition, and increase of the Ni concentration to 38–41% at a fixed concentration of Be leads to a decreased value of LCTE in the aged alloys, approaching that of the alloy 36N. The optimum composition range for Fe–Ni–Be alloys in which the best combination of properties can be obtained — low value of LCTE (3.10^–6, K^–1) and higher strength (_0.2910 N/mm², _u1100 N/mm²) — was determined to be (39–40% Ni, 0.7–0.8% Be). The alloy 40NL (40% Ni, 0.8% Be) is proposed as a high strength invar alloy.I. P. Bardin Central Scientific-Research Institute for Ferrous Metallurgy (TsNIIChERMET). Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 2, pp. 33–36, February, 1992.     

Deformable alloys based on the Al - Mg - Se system

Aluminum alloys with magnesium that are deformable and not strengthened by heat treatment are widely used as a structural meterial due to their good weldability, high corrosion resistance, and high ductility. However, even the strongest alloys of this system, containing 5–6% Mg, have low strength characteristics. For example, annealed sheets of alloy AMg6 have _b = 340 N/mm² and _0.2 = 180 N/mm². The present work concerns the possibility of strengthening AI - Mg alloys by an additional alloying with scandium.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 6, pp. 33 – 36, June, 1996.     

Maraging steels with high strength and plasticity

Conclusions Steel 1, with _b = 260–280 kg/mm², retains high local plasticity even in notched samples, but has a high crack sensitivity.Steel 2, with _b = 235–245 kg/mm², has a relatively low crack sensitivity under static load. Additional studies of the structural strength are needed to determine the practical applications of steels 2 and 3.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 8, pp. 70–74, August, 1970.     

Resistance of 1201 aluminum alloy to plastic deformation at various strain rates

Conclusion With an increase in the rate of plastic strain there is a change in the resistance of 1201 alloy to plastic deformation, which is revealed in a nontraditional decrease in _0.2 and increase in , and A_p. The characteristics _k and _t increase nonlinearally.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 8, pp. 56–61, August, 1989.     

Mechanical properties of alloy KhN35VTYu at low temperatures

Conclusion Alloy KhN35VTYu has high values of _u, _0.2, and a_0.25 at normal and cryogenic temperatures after hardening at 1050°C for 3 h in air and aging at 700°C for 3–8 h. The alloy is not sensitive to stress concentration. Increasing the hardening temperature to 1200°C leads to a significant decrease in the values of _0.2 and a_0.25.VNIIÉM, IMASh. Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 5, pp. 28–29, May, 1991.     

Structure and Mechanical Properties of Maraging and Low-Carbon Martensitic Steels

The structure, mechanical properties, and crack resistance after tempering of maraging steel 03Kh11N10M2T (EP-678) and low-carbon martensitic steel 12Kh2G2NMFT are studied. The range of tempering temperatures ensuring the combination of properties required for massive parts (_r #x2265; 1300 MPa, _0.2 1100 MPa, KCT 0.2 MJ/m²) is determined. It is shown that steel 12Kh2G2NMFT is better adaptable to manufacture because it is hardened by air-cooling.__________Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 1, pp. 32 – 35, January, 2005.     

Formation of a Rhenium-Base Coating on a Nb-Base Alloy

To protect Nb–5Mo–15W alloy against high-temperature oxidation a novel coating was developed involving electroplating of a Re–Ni film, followed by pack cementation with Cr and Al. The coating consisted of a duplex-layer structure, an inner (Re–Cr) or Re(Cr) layer and an outer Cr(Al) or NiAl layer. The Re–Ni film containing more than 70at.%Re, developed in the present investigation, is more useful than the conventional low Re–Ni film. The inner (Re–Cr) and Re(Cr) layer acts as a diffusion barrier between the Nb–5Mo–15W alloy substrate and the outer -Cr(Al) or -NiAl layer, which forms a protective -Al₂O₃ scale. The coated Nb–5Mo–15W alloy was oxidized in air at 1373K for up to 360ks, showing very good oxidation resistance.     

Effect of nitrogen and chromium on the mechanical properties of austenitic steels at −196°C

Conclusion Nitrogen lowers and chromium raises (with >3% N) the strength (_b0.2), ductility (, ), and fracture toughness of austenitic stainless steel of the Kh(18-24)N20 type in the aged condition. The effect of chromium on the properties is due to a change in the solubility of nitrides.I. P. Bardin Central Scientific-Research Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy. Translated from Metallovedenie Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 8, pp. 6–8, August, 1979.     

Dependence of the Protective Concentration of a Mixture of Inhibitors from Several Reaction Series on the Polarities of Substituents in Their Molecules

Protective concentrations of mixtures of inhibitors from several reaction series (RSs), which decrease the corrosion rates a given number of times, are exponentially dependent on the sum of partial polarities of substituents in compounds belonging to the chosen RSs, provided that the total concentration of compounds for each RS is constant. The dependence is linearized in semilogarithmic log C _prvs – m coordinates.     

The Effect of Polar Substituents in Aniline and Pyridine Derivatives on the Inhibition of Steel Corrosion in Acids

The inhibition of 3 corrosion in hydrochloric acid by vinylanilines, vinylpyridines, and substituted pyridines was studied. The effects of the vinyl group and polar substituents are discussed. The corrosion rate was found to correlate with the amine basicity pK _a , the monomer polarity e in the Alfrey–Price scheme for vinyl-containing amines, and ¯⁰ constants of substituents in substituted pyridines. The corresponding equations are present.